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Electric power
About: Electric power is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 73036 publications have been published within this topic receiving 636991 citations.
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Enel1
TL;DR: In this article, the control strategies adopted at ENEL (the Italian Electric Power Company) for the automatic voltage regulation and for the short and very short term reactive power scheduling are presented.
Abstract: The paper presents the control strategies adopted at ENEL (the Italian Electric Power Company) for the automatic voltage regulation and for the short and very short term reactive power scheduling. The advanced project is based upon a three level hierarchical control of voltage and reactive power (primary, secondary and tertiary regulation) and a reactive power dispatch procedure. The three levels are characterized by specific control actions which affect systems of different size and complexity, operating in three steps. In particular, the slowest third level executes the optimal voltage profile defined by the short or very short term reactive power scheduling. The need of an effective co-ordination between the off-line reactive scheduling procedures and the on-line voltage control is pointed out in the work. Besides, the paper presents a computation procedure realized in order to simulate the steady state behaviour of the electric power system submitted to the hierarchical voltage control system and its interaction with the VAr optimisation program. >
148 citations
Patent•
28 Dec 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a real-time monitoring system for overhead electric power line faults in which the working state of the power line can be accurately and rapidly determined, and the generated communication costs are cheap.
Abstract: The present utility model relates to an overhead electric power line fault real-time monitoring system. The system comprises a wireless type electric power line fault indication sensor, a single mode base station, a dual mode base station, and a monitoring center. The wireless type electric power line fault indication sensor is provided with a first RF transmit-receive module, the single mode base station is provided with a second RF transmit-receive module, and the dual mode base station is provided with a third RF transmit-receive module and a GSM transmit-receive module. The wireless type electric power line fault indication sensor is respectively connected with the single mode base station and the dual mode base station in a data transmission way, the single mode base station is connected with the dual mode base station in a data transmission way, the GSM transmit-receive module is connected with an operator communication center in a data transmission way, and the operator communication center is connected with the monitoring center in a data transmission way. By adopting the system, the working state of the electric power line can be monitored in real time, fault positions can be accurately and rapidly determined, and the generated communication costs are cheap.
148 citations
TL;DR: A review on thermal management in data centers and various potential cooling technologies developed respecting energy saving constraint, which includes free cooling, liquid cooling, two-phase technologies and building envelope is presented.
148 citations
TL;DR: Considering the viewpoint of a retailer, the authors analyzes the problem of setting up contracts on both the supplier and end-user sides to maximize profits while maintaining an acceptable level of settlement risk.
Abstract: Considering the viewpoint of a retailer, this paper analyzes the problem of setting up contracts on both the supplier and end-user sides to maximize profits while maintaining an acceptable level of settlement risk. The proposed stochastic optimization model can assist retailers with these efforts and guide them in their contractual arrangements. A realistic example illustrates the capabilities of the methodology proposed.
147 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study was made on seven palm oil mills in the Perak state in Malaysia and the primary objectives of the study were to determine boiler and turbine efficiencies, energy utilization factor, oil extraction rate and heat/power ratio for various palm oil mill working under similar conditions and adopting same processes.
Abstract: Palm oil mills in Malaysia operate on cogeneration system using biomass residue as fuel in the boiler. The boiler produces high pressure and temperature steam which expands in a backpressure steam turbine and produces enough electric power for the internal needs of the mill. The exhaust steam from the turbine goes to an accumulator which distributes the steam to various processes in the mill. The study were made on seven palm oil mills in the Perak state in Malaysia. The primary objectives of the study are to determine boiler and turbine efficiencies, energy utilization factor, oil extraction rate and heat/power ratio for various palm oil mills working under similar conditions and adopting same processes. The palm oil industry is one of those rare industries where very little attempt is made to save energy. The energy balance in a typical palm oil mill is far from optimum and there is considerable scope for improvement. Bench-marking is necessary for the components in the mill. Energy-use bench-marking can give an overview of energy performance of the mills. The calculations were done to get net gain in power when back pressure turbine is replaced by a condensing turbine. It was found that the boiler and turbine have low thermal efficiencies compared to conventional ones used in power plants due to non-homogeneity and non-uniform quality of the fuel. The extraction rate was around 0.188. The use of condensing turbine increase the power output by 60% and the utilization factor was found to be 65% for the cogeneration system.
147 citations