Showing papers on "Electric power system published in 1998"

Power System Analysis

Abstract: This text is intended for undergraduates studying power system analysis and design. It gives an introduction to fundamental concepts and modern topics with applications to real-world problems. This is the first text in this area to fully integrate MATLAB and SIMULINK throughout. It also provides students with an author-developed POWER TOOLBOX DISK organized to perform analyses and explore power system design issues with ease.

Voltage Stability of Electric Power Systems

Abstract: Foreword. Preface. Part I: Components and Phenomena. 1. Introduction. 2. Transmission System Aspects. 3. Generation Aspects. 4. Load Aspects. Part II: Instability Mechanisms and Analysis Methods. 5. Mathematical Background. 6. Modelling: System Perspective. 7. Loadability, Sensitivity and Bifurcation Analysis. 8. Instability Mechanisms and Countermeasures. 9. Criteria and Methods for Voltage Security Assessment. References. Index.

The unified power quality conditioner: the integration of series- and shunt-active filters

Abstract: This paper deals with unified power quality conditioners (UPQCs), which aim at the integration of series-active and shunt-active power filters. The main purpose of a UPQC is to compensate for voltage flicker/imbalance, reactive power, negative-sequence current and harmonics. In other words, the UPQC has the capability of improving power quality at the point of installation on power distribution systems or industrial power systems. This paper discusses the control strategy of the UPQC, with a focus on the how of instantaneous active and reactive powers inside the UPQC. Experimental results obtained from a laboratory model of 20 kVA, along with a theoretical analysis, are shown to verify the viability and effectiveness of the UPQC.

Harmonic and reactive power compensation based on the generalized instantaneous reactive power theory for three-phase four-wire systems

Abstract: This paper presents harmonic and reactive power compensation based on a generalized theory of instantaneous reactive power for three-phase power systems. This new theory gives a generalized definition of instantaneous reactive power, which is valid for sinusoidal or nonsinusoidal and balanced or unbalanced three-phase power systems with or without zero-sequence currents and/or voltages. The properties and physical meanings of the newly defined instantaneous reactive power are discussed in detail. A harmonic and reactive power compensator based on the new theory for a three-phase harmonic-distorted power system with zero-sequence components in the load current and/or source voltage is then used as an example to show harmonic and reactive power measurement and compensation using the new theory. Simulation and experimental results are presented.

Wireless integrated network sensors: Low power systems on a chip

Abstract: Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) now provide a new monitoring and control capability for transportation, manufacturing, health care, environmental monitoring, and safety and security WINS combine sensing, signal processing, decision capability, and wireless networking capability in a compact, low power system WINS systems combine microsensor technology with low power sensor interface, signal processing, and RF communication circuits The need for low cost presents engineering challenges for implementation of these systems in conventional digital CMOS technology This paper describes micropower data converter, digital signal processing systems, and weak inversion CMOS RF circuits The digital signal processing system relies on a continuously operating spectrum analyzer Finally, the weak inversion CMOS RF systems are designed to exploit the properties of high-Q inductors to enable low power operation This paper reviews system architecture and low power circuits for WINS

Power systems restructuring : engineering and economics

Abstract: Preface. 1. Setting the Stage L. Hyman. Part I: Theoretical Challenges in Real-Time Operation. 2. Power Systems Operation: Old vs. New M. Ilic, F. Galiana. 3. Framework and Methods for the Analysis of Bilateral Transmissions F. Galiana, M. Ilic. Part II: Industry Experiences and Challenges. 4. The Political Economy of the Pool R. Green. 5. Practical Requirements for ISO Systems R. Masiello. Part III: Markets of the Future. 6. Agent Based Economics G. Sheble. 7. One-Part Markets for Electric Power: Ensuring the Benefits of Competition F.C. Graves, et al. Part IV: Planning in the New Industry. 8. System Planning under Competition R. Coxe, M. Ilic. 9. Transmission Networks and Market Power Z. Younes, M. Ilic. 10. Competitive Electric Services and Efficiency S.R. Connors. Part V: Power Systems Control in the New Industry. 11. New Control Paradigms for Deregulation L.H. Fink. 12. The Control and Operation of Distributed Generation in a Competitive Electric Market J. Cardell, M. Ilic. 13. Application of Dynamic Generation Control for Predatory Competitive Advantage in Electric Power Markets T. Gorski, C. DeMarco. Index.

Available transfer capability calculations

Abstract: This paper reports on the features and implementation of a program for available (transmission) transfer capability (ATC) calculations. A novel formulation of the ATC problem has been adopted based on full AC power flow solution to incorporate the effects of reactive power flows, voltage limits and voltage collapse as well as the traditional line flow (thermal loading) effects. An efficient continuation power flow approach with adaptive localization enhances speed in processing a large number of contingencies to determine ATC for each specified transfer. Test and performance results for practical power system models are presented.

Study of maximum power tracking techniques and control of DC/DC converters for photovoltaic power system

Abstract: As the electric power supplied by solar arrays depends on the insolation, temperature and array voltage, it is necessary to control the operating points to draw the maximum power of the solar array. The object of this paper is to investigate the maximum power tracking algorithms which were often used to compare the tracking efficiencies for the system operating under different controls. Besides, different type DC/DC converters were designed to evaluate the converter performance. A simple method which combines a discrete time control and a PI compensator is used to track the maximum power points (MPPs) of the solar array. The implementation of the proposed converter system was based on a digital signal processor (DSP) and the experimental results are presented.

Technique for contingency monitoring and voltage collapse prediction

Abstract: Investigation and online monitoring of power system stability have become vital factors to electric utility suppliers. At present power system utilities operate very close to the limit of system stability owing to an increasing number of new economic and environmental restrictions. Researchers have been trying to find out the most effective way for online system status monitoring, so that necessary precautions can be taken prior to voltage collapse. Several methods have been proposed for analysing voltage collapse phenomena. An effective method for online system status monitoring and thus voltage collapse prediction is described. The basic methodology implied in this technique is the investigation of each line of the system through calculating line stability indices. The proposed method was tested on the IEEE 24-bus reliability test system and has been found to be accurate and precise in voltage collapse prediction. A comparative study with other methods has also been carried out indicating that the proposed method has some advantages over the others.

Operation of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) under practical constraints

Abstract: The UPFC is the most versatile and complex power electronic equipment that has emerged for the control and optimization of power flow in electrical power transmission systems. It offers major potential advantages for the static and dynamic operation of transmission lines, but it brings with it major design challenges, both in the power electronics and from the perspective of the power system. As the UPFC transitions from concept to full-scale power system implementation, the control and protection of this sophisticated equipment are of primary concern. This paper describes the basic control, sequencing and protection philosophies that govern the operation of the UPFC, subject to the practical constraints encountered in an actual high power installation. The operation of the UPFC is illustrated with representative results from a TNA study, undertaken jointly by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and Westinghouse Science and Technology Center (STC).

Statcom controls for operation with unbalanced voltages

Abstract: Voltage sourced static VAr compensators such as the Statcom need to be able to handle unbalanced voltages. Mild imbalance can be caused by unbalanced loads while severe short-term imbalance can be caused by power system faults. A synchronous frame voltage regulator is presented that works even when three phase symmetry is lost. This regulator addresses voltage imbalance by using separate regulation loops for the positive and negative sequence components of the voltage. The proposed regulator allows the Statcom to ride through severe transient imbalance without disconnecting from the power system and, further, to assist in rebalancing voltages. The regulator maintains sufficient bandwidth to perform flicker compensation. The controller's performance is simulated for a Statcom in a model distribution system where it is subjected to a severe single line to ground fault and a rapidly varying three phase load.

Probabilistic evaluation of the effect of maintenance on reliability. An application [to power systems]

Abstract: The purpose of maintenance is to extend equipment lifetime, or at least the mean time to the next failure. While too little maintenance may have very costly consequences, maintenance, too, incurs expenditures and it may not be economical to perform it too frequently. Therefore, the two costs must be balanced. In the past, attempts to approximate this balance have often been based on trial and error. In this paper, a probabilistic model is proposed for the purpose, and a computer program based on this model is described. The model provides a quantitative connection between reliability and maintenance, a link missing in the heuristic approaches. The component ageing process is modelled, and the mean and distribution of the remaining life to failure are predicted for any stage of ageing. The method is applied to a practical example.

TCSC controller design for damping interarea oscillations

Abstract: The thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), a prominent FACTS device, can rapidly modulate the impedance of a transmission line, resulting in improvement of power system performance. The purpose of the work reported in this paper is to design a controller to damp interarea oscillations. The authors have applied the residue method to linearized power system equations and obtained a generalized form which is suitable for different controller input/output channels and therefore suitable for different control devices. This method, together with modal sensitivities, is applied to TCSCs to determine the location, feedback signal and controller design. The damping result is illustrated by comparing changes in damping ratio and identifying the increase of transfer capacity.

The CRC handbook of mechanical engineering

Abstract: Mechanics of Solids, Bela I. Sandor Introduction Statics Dynamics Vibrations Mechanics of Materials Structural Integrity and Durability Comprehensive Example of Using Mechanics of Solids Methods Engineering Thermodynamics, Michael J. Moran Fundamentals Control Volume Applications Property Relations and Data Combustion Exergy Analysis Vapor and Gas Power Cycles Guidelines for Improving Thermodynamic Effectiveness Fluid Mechanics, Frank Kreith Fluid Statics Equations of Motion and Potential Flow Similitude: Dimensionless Analysis and Data Correlation Hydraulics of Pipe Systems Open Channel Flow External Incompressible Flows Compressible Flow Multi-Phase Flow Non-Newtonian Flow Tribology, Lubrication, and Bearing Design Pumps and Fans Liquid Atomization and Spraying Flow Measurement Micro/Nanotribology Heat and Mass Transfer, Frank Kreith Conduction Heat Transfer Convection Heat Transfer Radiation Phase-Change Heat Exchangers Temperature and Heat Transfer Measurements Mass Transfer Applications Non-Newtonian Fluids - Heat Transfer Electrical Engineering, Giorgio Rizzoni Introduction Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Resistive Network Analysis AC Network Analysis AC Power Frequency Response, Filters, and Transient Analysis Electronics Power Electronics Operational Amplifiers Digital Circuits Measurements and Instrumentation Electromechanical Systems Mechanical System Controls, Jan F. Kreider Human-Machine Interaction The Need for Control of Mechanical Systems Control System Analysis Control System Design and Application Advanced Control Topics Energy Resources, D. Yogi Goswami Introduction Types of Derived Energy Fossil Fuels Biomass Energy Nuclear Resources Solar Energy Resources Wind Energy Resources Geothermal Energy Energy Conversion, D. Yogi Goswami Steam Power Plant Gas Turbines Internal Combustion Engines Hydraulic Turbines Stirling Engines Advanced Fossil Fuel Power Systems Energy Storage Nuclear Power Nuclear Fusion Solar Thermal Energy Conversion Wind Energy Conversion Energy Conversion of the Geothermal Resource Direct Energy Conversion Ocean Energy Technology Combined Cycle Power Plants EMERGY Evaluation and Transformity Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Shan K. Wang Introduction Psychrometrics Air Conditioning Processes and Cycles Refrigerants and Refrigeration Cycles Outdoor Design Conditions and Indoor Design Criteria Load Calculations Air Handling Units and Packaged Units Refrigeration Components and Evaporative Coolers Water Systems Heating Systems Refrigeration Systems Thermal Storage Systems Air Systems Absorption Systems Air Conditioning Systems and Selection Desiccant Dehumidification and Air Conditioning Transportation, Frank Kreith Transportation Planning Design of Transportation Facilities Operations and Environmental Impact Transportation Systems Alternative Fuels for Motor Vehicles Electric Vehicles Intelligent Transportation Systems Engineering Design, Leonard D. Albano and Nam P. Suh Introduction Elements of the Design Process Concept of Domains The Axiomatic Approach to Design Algorithmic Approaches to Design Strategies for Product Design Design of Manufacturing Systems and Processes Precision Machine Design Robotics Computer-Based Tools for Design Optimization Materials, Richard L. Lehman and Malcolm G. McLaren Metals Polymers Adhesives Wood Portland Cement Concrete Composites Ceramics and Glass Modern Manufacturing, Jay Lee and Robert Schafrik Introduction Unit Manufacturing Processes and Assembly Processes Essential Elements in Manufacturing Processes and Equipment Modern Design and Analysis Tools for Manufacturing Rapid Prototyping Underlying Paradigms in Manufacturing Systems and Enterprise Management for the 21st Century Robotics, Frank L. Lewis Introduction Commercial Robot Manipulators Robot Configurations End Effectors and Tooling Sensors and Actuators Robot Programming Languages Robot Dynamics and Control Planning and Intelligent Control Design of Robotic Systems Robot Manufacturing Applications Industrial Material Handling and Process Applications of Robots Mobile, Flexible-Link, and Parallel-Link Robots Computer-Aided Engineering, Kyran Mish Introduction Computer Programming and Computer Architecture Computational Mechanics Computer Intelligence Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Environmental Engineering, Jan F. Kreider Introduction Benchmarks and Reference Conditions Sources of Pollution and Regulations Regulations and Emission Standards Mitigation of Water and Air Pollution Environmental Modeling Global Climate Change Engineering Economics and Project Management, Chan S. Park and Donald D. Tippet Engineering Economic Decisions Establishing Economic Equivalence Measures of Project Worth Cash Flow Projections Sensitivity and Risk Analysis Design Economics Project Management Communications and Information Systems, Lloyd W. Taylor Introduction Network Components and Systems Communications and Information Theory Applications Mathematics, William F. Ames and George Cain Tables Linear Algebra and Matrices Vector Algebra and Calculus Difference Equations Differential Equations Integral Equations Approximation Methods Integral Transforms Calculus of Variations Approximation Optimization Methods Engineering and Statistics Numerical Methods Experimental Uncertainty Analysis Chaos Fuzzy Sets and Logic Patent Law and Miscellaneous Topics, Frank Kreith Patents and Other Intellectual Property Product Liability and Safety Bioengineering Mechanical Engineering Codes and Standards Optics Water Desalination Noise Control Lighting Technology Appendices, Paul Norton Properties of Gases and Vapors Properties of Liquids Properties of Solids SI Units Miscellaneous Index

Evolutionary computation in power systems

Abstract: This paper provides an overview and a list of references on the use of Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) in Power Systems and related fields. As didactic examples, the paper presents two applications of EA for two different problems in Power Systems.

Genetic algorithm evolution of utility bidding strategies for the competitive marketplace

Abstract: This paper describes an environment in which distribution companies (discos) and generation companies (gencos), buy and sell power via double auctions implemented in a regional commodity exchange. The electric utilities' profits depend on the implementation of a successful bidding strategy. In this research, a genetic algorithm evolves bidding strategies as gencos and discos trade power. A framework in which bidding strategies may be tested and modified is presented. This simulated electric commodity exchange can be used offline to predict whether bid strategies will be profitable and successful. It can also be used to experimentally verify how bidding behavior affects the competitive electric marketplace.

Simultaneous coordination of power system stabilizers and FACTS device stabilizers in a multimachine power system for enhancing dynamic performance

Abstract: By using the concept of induced torque coefficients, a method is developed for the simultaneous coordination of power system stabilizers (PSSs) and FACTS device stabilizers (FDSs) in order to enhance the damping of the rotor modes of oscillation in a multimachine system. The proposed coordination scheme employs linear programming. However, because eigenanalysis using the QR algorithm is required, it is limited to systems with less than 600-700 states. A case study is given which illustrates the coordination of PSSs and FDSs in a three-area system with 29 stations, 3 SVCs and 400 states.

Robust decentralized control for multimachine power systems

Abstract: In this paper, a new robust linear decentralized controller is proposed to enhance the transient stability of nonlinear multimachine power systems. Only local measurements are required in the proposed controller. The feedback gain of each generator is obtained by solving an algebraic Riccati equation based on the bounds of the machine parameters. The stability analysis shows that the decentralized controller can guarantee the system stability over the whole operating region and regardless of fault locations or parameter uncertainties of the transmission network. Compared with nonlinear controllers, linear controllers are of simpler structure and easier to be implemented. A three-machine power system is considered as an application example. Simulation results show that despite the interconnections between different generators, nonlinearities in the system, different operating points, and different fault locations, the proposed robust decentralized controller can greatly enhance power system transient stability.

Allocating transmission system usage on the basis of traceable contributions of generators and loads to flows

Abstract: It is generally agreed that the usage of a transmission system should be allocated among generators and loads on the basis of their contribution to the maximum flow in each branch. Identifying maximum flow conditions requires the consideration of a variety of load levels and of all contingencies within the security criteria. Instead of relying on marginal contributions to allocate the usage of the transmission system, this paper proposes a method based on the traceable contributions of each generator and of each load to branch flows. These contributions are "traceable" because their computation is based on tracking through the network the power produced by each generator or consumed by each load.

Control of parallel inverters in distributed AC power systems with consideration of the line impedance effect

Abstract: The authors have developed a new control technique which allows paralleled inverters to share linear or nonlinear load in a distributed AC power supply system. This technique does not require control interconnections and automatically compensates for inverter parameter variations and line impedance imbalances. Simulation results are provided in the paper to prove the concept.

Capacitors : Pulsed powder science and technology

Abstract: Over the last decade, significant increases in capacitor performance, especially in reliability and energy/power densities, have been achieved for energy discharge applications in plasma science and fusion research applications through a combination of advanced manufacturing techniques, new materials, and diagnostic methodologies to provide requisite life-cycle performance for high energy pulse applications. Recent innovations in analysis of aging are introduced for predicting component performance and fault tolerance, especially relevant for very high energy storage applications necessary for next generation simulators, electrically energized fusion research machines, and advanced high power electronics for commercial, industrial, and military applications. Included in this study will be developments in capacitor technologies for electronics filtering and resonant energy transfer applications, as well as multisecond energy reservoir applications for uninterruptible power sources and the like. Next generation power electronics, driven by advances in solid state switching technologies, will require reduced capacitor dissipation factor by 1/3 to 1/10 at the same cost, particularly for ac applications. In addition, higher power electronics will require robust high frequency mica capacitor technology for >300°C operation, up to 5 kV. The increasing expansion of the motor drive and industrial switched mode power supply (SMPS) market will be driven in cost by the availability of electrolytic capacitors of 750-850 Vdc ratings, at 450 Vdc cost and size. New formation processes and electrolytes are anticipated to be needed to achieve these extended performance levels. At higher frequencies, advanced power electronics drives the need for lower equivalent series resistance (ESR) « 0.1% to 100 MHz, multimicrofarad value solid tantalum capacitors, having fail-safe surface mount configurations. Emerging power electronics applications in the millisecond and longer time are projected to have a broad application need for electrochemical chemical double layer capacitors, especially for compact sizes as this technology has the potential of achieving energy densities of many 20 kJ/kg for discharge times of tens of seconds. The prismatic power conditioning system, designed to be compliant with the available volume and surfaces into which it is to be placed, is described in some detail. It permits flexibility for the design engineer to optimize the design without having to allocate a specific space for the power conditioning system or subcomponents. Such prismatic geometry power and power conditioning systems are becoming commercially feasible in the low power consumer and industrial regime because of dramatic advances in multichip module switching, energy storage, and planarized interconnections. This work builds on assessing the applicability of these technologies to the megawatt-class average power, power electronics regime. Higher power density prismatic power electronics enables a broad range of applications in the commercial arena in areas such as motor drives, inverters, power quality systems, and mobile power systems.

Real-time contingency evaluation and ranking technique

Abstract: The tendency towards maximising economic benefits has led power systems utilities to run close to the limits of stable operation. This has necessitated the study of the stressed situation of the power system network to accomplish efficient energy management without losing its reliability. On-line monitoring of power system stability has become a vital factor for electric utilities. An effective method for real-time monitoring of system status and thus voltage collapse prediction is described. The proposed technique investigates each line of the system through calculating an indicator that varies from 0 (no load condition) to 1 (maximum permissible loading condition). The basic concept of maximum power transfer through a line is utilised. The proposed contingency evaluation technique is applied on the IEEE 24 bus and IEEE 6 bus reliability test system and is found to be accurate in assessing the stressful status of the lines.

On-line dynamic preventive control: an algorithm for transient security dispatch

Abstract: This paper describes the philosophy and the implementation of a preventive control algorithm for application in power system dynamic security assessment. The methodology consists of an optimization procedure where: the objective function takes into account economic costs; inequality constraints confine the trajectory of the system in a practical domain of the state space; and equality constraints derive from the discretization of the differential-algebraic equations of the power system sparse representation. The algorithm has been implemented to reschedule the power system generation in order to guarantee transient stability. The feasibility of the approach is shown through computer simulation tests on a realistic sized test network.

Understanding Electric Utilities and De-Regulation

Abstract: THE ELECTRIC INDUSTRY AND ITS TRADITIONAL REGULATED STRUCTURE Introduction Electric Utility Functions and Systems Electric Utility Resources and Organization Vertical Integration and Monopoly Regulation Electric Utility Business Frameworks Government Regulatory Agencies and Commissions Electrical Equipment Suppliers and Developers A Complex Industry Undergoing Major Changes THE ELECTRIC INDUSTRY UNDER DE-REGULATION - AN OVERVIEW Introduction De-Regulation: Concepts and Evolution No Competition at the Retail Level Competition at the Wholesale Generation Level Independently Operated Regional Transmission Grids The Electricity Doesn't Care Although People and Money Do The Electric Utility Industry Under De-Regulation An Industry In Need of Fine Tuning A HISTORY OF THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY Three Intertwined Aspects Grew Simultaneously Growth of Electrical Usage The Growth of Electrical Systems Technology The Rise of the Electrical Utility Industry Looking to the Future For Further Reading ELECTRIC POWER Introduction Voltage, Current, and Power Characteristics of Electric Power and Systems Key Points For Further Reading USING ELECTRIC ENERGY Introduction A Flexible Form of Energy Four Basic Applications Electricity is Bought for End-Uses The Utility's Perspective on Customer Power Usage Conservation, Energy Efficiency, and Demand-Side Management Summary For Further Reading CREATING ELECTRICITY: POWER GENERATION Generating Electric Power Electric Generating Systems Types of Generating Plants Summary For Further Reading RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION Free Fuel and Low Environmental Impact Hydro Power Wind-Driven Power Generation Solar Power Other Renewable Generation Technologies Are Renewable Resources Practical? For Further Reading DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND STORAGE Distributed Power Generation Types of Distributed Generators Distributed Power Storage Summary For Further Reading ELECTRIC UTILITY POWER SYSTEMS Introduction T&D System Equipment T&D System Layout Summary For Further Reading REGULATION AND DE-REGULATION Introduction Why Were Electric Utilities Regulated? Why De-Regulate? The Good and Bad of Utility Regulation Goals for and Effects of De-Regulation Comparing Four Approaches to Regulation and De-Regulation Increased Services From and Financial Pressures On LDCs For Further Reading DE-REGULATION AT THE WHOLESALE POWER LEVEL Introduction The Wholesale Power Marketplace Do Buyers Submit Bids? Buying Energy vs. Buying Capacity How is Wholesale Power Priced? Summary THE POWER GRID IN THE DE-REGULATED INDUSTRY Generation and Transmission in a De-Regulated Industry The Wholesale Transmission Level What is Being Sold at the Transmission Level? How Is Transmission Service Priced? The Eventual Winner: Locationally-Based Pricing? Summary of Key Points For Further Reading POWER DISTRIBUTION IN A DE-REGULATED INDUSTRY Introduction Open Access Distribution Changes in Distribution Operations Will Distribution Performance Improve Due to "Competition"? For Further Reading RETAIL SALES IN A FULLY DE-REGULATED INDUSTRY Introduction Load Aggregation and Services RESCO Identities and Industry Position How Does It All Work? For Further Reading SERVICE RELIABILITY AND AGING INFRASTRUCTURES Introduction Aging T&D Infrastructures Sustainable-Point Analysis of Aging Infrastructures Outages and Reliability For Further Reading SYSTEM BLACKOUTS AND OPERATIONAL COMPLEXITY Introduction Blackouts: An Overview Synchronized Operation of Power Systems Why Do Blackouts Occur? Summary and Concluding Comments For Further Reading GLOSSARY INDEX

Transmission dispatch and congestion management in the emerging energy market structures

Abstract: In this paper, the authors define a system of advanced analytical methods and tools for secure and efficient operation of power systems in emerging energy markets. For this purpose, they first define the concept of the independent system operator (ISO) as a "generic" operator of an open-access transmission system. They then identify those functions of the ISO that are essential for the security and efficiency of power system operation and identify and describe a system of analytical tools that would enable the ISO to perform the bulk of these functions.

An iterative technique for fast and accurate measurement of power system frequency

Abstract: This paper describes the design, computational aspects and implementation of an iterative technique for measuring power system frequency. The technique provides accurate estimates to a resolution of 0.01-0.02 Hz for near-nominal, nominal and off-nominal frequencies in about 20 ms. Computation requirements are modest and the technique has been implemented on a modern digital signal processor. The proposed technique was extensively tested using voltage signals obtained from a dynamic frequency source and from a power system. Some test results are presented in the paper.