Topic
Electric resistance welding
About: Electric resistance welding is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 16761 publications have been published within this topic receiving 154851 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a wide study on the hybrid CO2 LASER-MIG welding and investigates the influence of the shielding gas both on the stability of the process and on the dimensional characteristics of the weld bead.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the interfacial reaction between aluminum 6111-T4 and DC04 uncoated steel has been investigated as a function of welding time, showing that deformation induced vacancies during the thermomechanical welding process accelerates formation of intermetallic layer at the interface.
69 citations
Book•
29 May 2002
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art in Fusion Bonding of polymer composites can be found in this paper, where the authors present a detailed review of the current state of the art in this field.
Abstract: 1 Introduction- 11 Advanced Thermoplastic Matrix Composites (TMPCs)- 12 Joining Technology for Composite Materials- 13 References- 2 The State of the Art in Fusion Bonding of Polymer Composites- 21 Introduction- 22 Traditional Technologies- 221 Mechanical Fastening- 2211 Bolted/Riveted Joints- 2212 Integral Fit Joint Technology- 222 Adhesive Bonding- 223 Solvent Bonding- 23 Fusion Bonding Technology- 231 Introduction- 232 Fusion Bonding Techniques- 2321 Bulk Heating- 2322 Fractional Heating- 2323 Electromagnetic Heating- 2324 Two-stage Techniques- 24 Joining of Dissimilar Materials- 241 Introduction- 242 Metal Substrates- 2421 Surface Preparation- 2422 Fusion Bonding of TPMCs and Metal Substrates- 243 TSMC Substrates- 2431 TP Hybrid Interlayer- 2432 TP Film Co-cure- 25 Comparative Assessment- 251 Joint Performance- 2511 Strength- 2512 Durability- 252 Process Performance- 2521 Cost and Processing Time- 2522 Quality- 2523 Suitability to Automation/Production Environment- 2524 Minimal Surface Preparation- 253 Process Adaptability- 2531 Flexibility- 2532 Large-scale Joining- 2533 Portability/Application to Repair- 254 Environmental Aspects- 2541 Reprocessing/Recycling- 2542 Environmental Friendliness- 26 Concluding Remarks- 27 References- 3 Heat Transfer in Fusion Bonding- 31 Introduction- 32 Heat Generation- 321 Ultrasonic Welding- 322 Induction Welding- 323 Resistance Welding- 3231 Joule Heating- 3232 IRW- 33 Heat Transfer- 331 Modelling the Geometry through the FEM- 332 Heat Transfer Theory- 333 Modelling of Interfaces Between Plies- 334 Non-uniform Heating- 335 Improvement of Heat Transfer in Penetration Area- 34 Modelling Thermal Degradation- 341 Approximation of Thermal Degradation- 342 Thermal Degradation Kinetic Model- 35 Aspects Influencing Heat Transfer in Resistance Welding- 351 Material Properties- 352 Basic Results for Heat Transfer- 353 Effect of Latent Heat- 354 Effect of Rough Contact Surfaces- 355 Non-uniform Heat Generation in Resistance Welding- 36 Simulations of Resistance Welding- 361 Temperature Uniformity in Welding Interface- 362 Processing Windows- 363 Heat Transfer to Laminate- 364 IRW- 3641 In-air HE- 3642 Embedded HE- 37 Concluding Remarks- 38 References- 4 Consolidation Mechanisms- 41 Introduction- 42 Basic Mechanisms for Fusion Bonding- 421 Consolidation Mechanisms- 422 Intimate Contact Model- 423 Autohesion Model- 424 Non-isothermal Bonding Process- 43 Simulations of Consolidation for Resistance Welding- 431 Material Properties- 432 Effect of Surface Roughness on Intimate Contact- 433 Processing Windows- 434 Effect of Consolidation Pressure on Intimate Contact- 435 IRW- 4351 Simulations of Consolidation- 4352 Comparison with Experimental Data- 44 De-consolidation Phenomenon- 45 Concluding Remarks- 46 References- 5 Crystallisation Kinetics- 51 Introduction- 52 Description of Crystallisation Kinetics and Crystal Melting Kinetics Models- 521 Ozawa's Crystallisation Kinetics Model- 522 Velisaris and Seferis' Crystallisation Kinetics Model- 523 The Choe and Lee Crystallisation Kinetics Model- 524 Icenogle's Crystallisation Kinetics Model- 525 The Maffezzoli et al Crystal Melting Kinetics Model- 53 A Transient Crystallinity Model for Resistance Welding- 54 Simulations of the Crystallinity Level- 541 Crystallisation Kinetics- 542 Crystallisation Kinetics Coupled with Crystal Melting Kinetics- 543 Influence of Environmental Temperature- 544 Influence of Latent Heat of Crystallisation and Crystal Melting- 545 Evaluation of the CF-PP/PP Welding Configuration- 55 Concluding Remarks- 56 References- 6 Processing-Microstructure-Property Relationship- 61 Introduction- 62 Experimental Techniques- 621 Laminates- 622 HEs- 623 Resistance Welding- 624 Temperature Measurements- 625 Modelling- 63 Assessing Parent Materials Properties- 64 Heat Generation and Heat Transfer- 641 Resistance of HE- 6411 Measurement of Resistance- 6412 Dependency of Resistance of HE on Temperature- 6413 Influence of Clamping Force on Electrical Contact Efficiency- 642 Determination of Power Density- 643 Efficiency of CF HEs- 644 Temperature Measurements in LS Coupons- 645 Comparison with FEM Predictions- 65 Determination of Processing Windows- 651 Optimised Welding Times- 652 Welding Curves and Thickness Reduction- 653 Welding Pressure and Consolidation Quality- 654 Failure Mechanisms- 655 Processing Window- 656 Fabric HEs- 66 Concluding Remarks- 67 References- 7 Full-scale Fusion Bonding- 71 Introduction- 72 Strategies for Transition to Large-scale Fusion Bonding- 721 Ultrasonic Welding- 722 Induction Welding- 723 Resistance Welding- 73 Large-scale Resistance Welding- 731 Current Leakage to Laminate- 732 Heat Transfer in Welding Stack- 733 Large Width LS Coupons- 734 DCB Coupons- 74 Concluding Remarks- 75 References- 8 Fusion Bonding of TSMC/TPMC Joints- 81 Introduction- 82 Experimental- 83 TP Hybrid Interlayer- 84 Modelling- 85 Characterisation of CF-Epoxy/CF-PEI Joints- 851 Consolidation and Microstructure- 852 Failure Mechanisms- 853 Simulated Results- 854 Optimisation of the Processing Windows- 86 Concluding Remarks- 87 References- 9 Fusion Bonding of Metal/TPMC Joints- 91 Introduction- 92 Experimental- 93 Simulation of Resistance Welding of Aluminium/CF-PEI LS Joints- 931 FEM- 932 Simulation of Temperature and Welding Times- 94 Characterisation of Aluminium/CF-PEI LS Joints- 941 Consolidation and Microstructure- 942 Failure Mechanisms- 943 Annealing of Aluminium Substrates- 944 Optimisation of the Processing Window- 95 Concluding Remarks- 96 References- Appendix A Material Properties for Simulations- Appendix B Parameters for Crystallisation and Crystal Melting Kinetics Models- Appendix C Thermal Degradation Kinetic Model- CI Thermal Degradation Model for CF-epoxy Composite- C2 Thermal Degradation Model for PEI- C3 Thermal Degradation Model for PEEK- C4 References
69 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, an expulsion criterion was proposed by comparing the electrode force with that from the liquid nugget: expulsion occurs when the latter exceeds the former, and an effective electrode force, instead of an applied/nondeterministic electrode force was used in the criterion.
Abstract: An expulsion model has been developed for resistance spot welding, based on consideration of the interaction between mechanical and metallurgical processes during welding. An expulsion criterion is proposed by comparing the electrode force with that from the liquid nugget: expulsion occurs when the latter exceeds the former. An effective electrode force, instead of an applied/ nominal electrode force, is used in the criterion. This force can be calculated based on the applied electrode force and its offset from the liquid nugget force, which can be obtained through knowledge of the internal pressure and the dimensions of a nugget. Pressure components in a molten metal include those due to melting, liquid expansion, vapor pressure, and decomposition of surface agents, and are formulated by thermodynamic considerations. Experiments have been conducted to verify the model on an aluminum alloy (AA5754), and good agreement was achieved. The model can also be used to develop guidelines for electrode force selection.
69 citations
Patent•
21 Feb 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for welding a nickel or cobalt-based superalloy article to minimize cracking by preheating the entire weld area to a maximum ductility temperature range, maintaining such temperature during welding and solidification of the weld, raising the temperature for stress relief of the super-alloy, then cooling at a rate effective to minimize gamma prime precipitation.
Abstract: A process is provided for welding a nickel or cobalt based superalloy article to minimize cracking by preheating the entire weld area to a maximum ductility temperature range, maintaining such temperature during welding and solidification of the weld, raising the temperature for stress relief of the superalloy, then cooling at a rate effective to minimize gamma prime precipitation.
69 citations