Electric-vehicle battery

About: Electric-vehicle battery is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1965 publications have been published within this topic receiving 24522 citations.

Overview of wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicle battery charging

Abstract: In this study, a comprehensive review of existing technological solutions for wireless power transfer used in electric vehicle battery chargers is given. The concept of each solution is thoroughly reviewed and the feasibility is evaluated considering the present limitations in power electronics technology, cost and consumer acceptance. In addition, the challenges and advantages of each technology are discussed. Finally, a thorough comparison is made and a proposed mixed conductive/wireless charging system solution is suggested to solve the inherent existing problems.

Design Methodology of LLC Resonant Converters for Electric Vehicle Battery Chargers

Abstract: In this paper, an inductor–inductor–capacitor (LLC) resonant dc–dc converter design procedure for an onboard lithium-ion battery charger of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is presented. Unlike traditional resistive load applications, the characteristic of a battery load is nonlinear and highly related to the charging profiles. Based on the features of an LLC converter and the characteristics of the charging profiles, the design considerations are studied thoroughly. The worst-case conditions for primary-side zero-voltage switching (ZVS) operation are analytically identified based on fundamental harmonic approximation when a constant maximum power (CMP) charging profile is implemented. Then, the worst-case operating point is used as the design targeted point to ensure soft-switching operation globally. To avoid the inaccuracy of fundamental harmonic approximation approach in the below-resonance region, the design constraints are derived based on a specific operation mode analysis. Finally, a step-by-step design methodology is proposed and validated through experiments on a prototype converting 400 V from the input to an output voltage range of 250–450 V at 3.3 kW with a peak efficiency of 98.2%.

Model-Based Electrochemical Estimation and Constraint Management for Pulse Operation of Lithium Ion Batteries

Abstract: High-power lithium ion batteries are often rated with multiple current and voltage limits depending on the duration of the pulse event. These variable control limits, however, are difficult to realize in practice. In this paper, a linear Kalman filter based on a reduced order electrochemical model is designed to estimate internal battery potentials, concentration gradients, and state-of-charge (SOC) from external current and voltage measurements. A reference current governor predicts the operating margin with respect to electrode side reactions and surface depletion/saturation conditions responsible for damage and sudden loss of power. The estimates are compared with results from an experimentally validated, 1-D, nonlinear finite volume model of a 6 Ah hybrid electric vehicle battery. The linear filter provides, to within ~ 2%, performance in the 30%-70% SOC range except in the case of severe current pulses that draw electrode surface concentrations to near saturation and depletion, although the estimates recover as concentration gradients relax. With 4 to 7 states, the filter has low-order comparable to empirical equivalent circuit models commonly employed and described in the literature. Accurate estimation of the battery's internal electrochemical state enables an expanded range of pulse operation.

Electric vehicle battery technologies: From present state to future systems

Abstract: Electric and hybrid vehicles are associated with green technologies and a reduction in greenhouse emissions due to their low emissions of greenhouse gases and fuel-economic benefits over gasoline and diesel vehicles. Recent analyses show nevertheless that electric vehicles contribute to the increase in greenhouse emissions through their excessive need for power sources, particularly in countries with limited availability of renewable energy sources, and result in a net contribution and increase in greenhouse emissions across the European continent. The chemical and electronic components of car batteries and their waste management require also a major investment and development of recycling technologies, to limit the dispersion of electric waste materials in the environment. With an increase in fabrication and consumption of battery technologies and multiplied production of electric vehicles worldwide in recent years, a full review of the cradle-to-grave characteristics of the battery units in electric vehicles and hybrid cars is important. The inherent materials and chemicals for production and the resulting effect on waste-management policies across the European Union are therefore reported here for the scope of updating legislations in context with the rapidly growing sales of electric and hybrid vehicles across the continent. This study provides a cradle-to-grave analysis of the emerging technologies in the transport sector, with an assessment of green chemistries as novel green energy sources for the electric vehicle and microelectronics portable energy landscape. Additionally, this work envisions and surveys the future development of biological systems for energy production, in the view of biobatteries. This work is of critical importance to legislative groups in the European Union for evaluating the life-cycle impact of electric and hybrid vehicle batteries on the environment and for establishing new legislations in context with waste handling of electric and hybrid vehicles and sustain new innovations in the field of sustainable portable energy.