Showing papers on "Electricity generation published in 1969"

System of electricity generation for motor-driven vehicles

Abstract: A system of electricity generation for electric motor-driven vehicles consisting of a wind tunnel mounted on an equipped vehicle having open forward and rearward air intake and discharge ends, respectively, the forward open end being flared outwardly constituting an airscoop; plus a Venturi within the air tunnel communicating with the airscoop, and a battery of wind-activated electrically interconnected generators mounted within the tunnel in line communication with its open forward and rearward air intake and discharge ends.

Smog-free automobile and method of operating same

Abstract: A smog-free automobile is described burning fuel and substantially pure oxygen and spray water cooling the cylinder walls and pistons during exhaust. A dual combustion system is utilized, Otto cycle for cruise power and diesel cycle above cruise power, and water is recovered from the exhaust. The fuel can be pure hydrogen or liquid gasoline. With liquid gasoline, oxygen input atomizes the gasoline and with hydrogen fuel both hydrogen and oxygen can be produced by electrolysis, ideally utilizing nuclear electric generation for a complete smog-free system operation. Gaseous material is stored in a plurality of high-pressure vessels and in the case of hydrogen fuel with the pressure vessels at the rear of the auto. Separate sets of vessels are provided for cruise power supply and above cruise power supply and valving is provided to use the opposite set of tanks in case fuel for one operation is exhausted.

Identifying potential geothermal reservoirs in Denmark

Abstract: Concerns about climate change have led to increased interest in geothermal energy as one way of reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and thus limit CO2 emissions. Use of geothermal energy is based on well-established technologies, a high degree of security of supply, and little visual or noise inconvenience. More than one hundred plants have been established in Europe. There is a large potential for using geothermal energy from the Danish subsurface, as first pointed out by Balling (1976). Geothermal energy is highly suitable for district heating systems and is expected to cover a large part of the demand for district heating in the future. Two Danish geothermal plants, the Thisted plant in northern Jylland and the Margretheholm demonstration plant near Copenhagen (Fig. 1), have shown that it is possible to produce large amounts of warm water for district heating. Only 5–10% of the total energy output from the plant is used to extract the heat from the subsurface by pumping warm formation water to the surface and returning it to the subsurface in a closed system. The plants use absorption warmth pumps, which need steam and hence give rise to consumption of (fossil) fuel. Both Danish plants have two wells, a production well and an injection well in which the cooled formation water is returned to the geological reservoir at about 1 km away from the production point, in order to avoid mixing of warm and cold water (Fig. 2). Geothermal energy can also be used for electricity production, but Danish subsurface tem-peratures are currently not believed to be sufficiently high to produce electricity directly.

Electromagnetic induction apparatus for high-voltage power generation

Abstract: The power capability of insulating core-type transformers is greatly increased by creating additional magnetomotive force in certain secondary coils without any consequent power loss. At the same time, surge protection is provided for the primary power source without adversely affecting the auxiliary power source by using additional secondary cores with a resistive circuit isolating the high-voltage power supply from damaging highvoltage transient surges and providing artificial capacitance between the additional secondary cores and ground potential.

Multicomputer Configurations and Diakoptics: Real Power Flow in Power Pools

Abstract: Techniques and methods are presented for conducting simplified power-flow calculations in power pools by employing the simultaneous computing capability of the computers in the separate areas of the pool.

Control means for stabilizing a steam-driven reheat-type turbine generator after sudden runback of electric generation

Abstract: The invention provides a means of minimizing acceleration of a steam-driven reheat-type turbine generator after sudden partial runback of electric generation as a result of stored energy in the turbine driver whereby flow of reheated steam to the reheat turbine through the intercepter valves is controlled as a function of upstream pressure and similarly steam flow to the high pressure turbine is controlled by pressure of said high pressure turbine to regulate electrical output after runback and while simultaneously releasing surplus energy.

Alternative Fluids for Power Generation

Abstract: In the search for an alternative fluid to water for large power plant, examination of basic properties discloses no other single fluid which advantageously covers the entire range of temperature from 1050° to 80°F, offers so high a heat drop per pound, or so low a boiler feed debit. Most alternative fluids have a lower sonic velocity. Discussion is therefore confined to three cases of substitution:(a)In a binary superposition cycle above steam.(b)In a binary subposition cycle below steam.(c)In low temperature recuperation applied to process heat or gas turbine exhaust heat.

Temperature Modification and Costs of Electric Power Generation

Abstract: The electric power industry has long been known to be sensitive to weather events. In particular, daily temperatures in distribution areas are known to affect electric power consumption. In this paper the relationship between power consumption and daily temperatures is estimated using simple regression techniques. The resulting relationships permit an investigation of the consequences of temperature modification for 14 midwestern electric power production companies. Comparisons between power production costs for observed and modified historical and experimentally generated temperature series suggest that changes of 3–5F in average daily temperature can reduce costs substantially. Exact differentials in production cost which can be attributed to temperature modification are presented so as to be useful in firm, industry and public policy decisions.

Power generation plant

Abstract: POWER GENERATION PLANT INCLUDES A PRIMARY STEAM POWER GENERATION CYCLE AND A SECONDARY POWER GENERATION CYCLE EMPLOYING A WORKING FLUID OF LOW FREEZING POINT, THE VAPOURISATION OF THE WORKING FLUID BEING PERFORMED BY HEAT EXCHANGE WITH THE VAPOUR EXHAUSTED FROM THE PRIMARY CYCLE IN ADDITION, THE PLANT INCLUDES A REFRIGERATING CYCLE WHICH IS APPROPRIATE TO LOWER THE TEMPERATURE AT THE COLD SOURCE OF THE SECONDARY CYELE THIS REFRIGERATING CYCLE IS INTENDED TO BE BROUGHT INTO OPERATION DURING THE HOURS OF SLACK DEMAND FOR MOTIVE POWER

Pumped storageߞthe handmaiden of nuclear power

Abstract: The power companies of the New England states, where fossil-fuel cost is high, have determined that low-variable-cost nuclear generation is desirable for this region. The construction of pumped-storage hydro plants, favored by the topography of the area, will offset the relatively high fixed costs of nuclear plants by maximizing the capacity-use factor of the nuclear facilities and thereby minimizing the total cost per unit of energy output. This combination provides efficient base load, economical peaking capacity, and effective spinning reserve, along with many recreational and other social benefits.

Method and system for magnetohydrodynamic generation of electricity

Abstract: In the magnetohydrodynamic generation of electricity, a method and system are provided employing liquified natural gas as a source of refrigeration, as a source of gaseous medium to be ionized, as a power source for the generation of oxygen employed in the combustion process for ionization of gases, and as a fuel for various power and heat generation functions.

Governors with Load Sensing

Abstract: Load-sensing governors have become a commercial reality since the 1939-45 war, but their use appears to have been restricted largely to applications where the load is an electrical machine.The need to reduce transient speed errors in order to maintain constant frequency during large load changes in electricity generation and computer applications is well recognized.This paper reports on improvements made in the performance of speed governors, by the addition of load sensing, when applied to normally aspirated reciprocating internal combustion engines. Its aim is to stimulate interest amongst engineers seeking improvement in the transient performance of various kinds of governed machinery.A simple linearized theoretical treatment of the load-sensing control system, which predicts, approximately, the behaviour of a real system, is presented in this paper. Experimental tests, carried out on automotive 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines, indicated that load changes could not occur with absolutely zero tempora...

Application of Digital Computer Systems in Nuclear Power Plants

Abstract: 1. The third-generation digital-process computers using solid-state integrated circuits have demonstrated better than 99 percent system availability and have proven reliable during operation. 2. On-line plant computers in nuclear-power plants are technically and economically justifiable by the ever-increasing requirements of surveillance and assimilation of such a quantity of plant parameters that conventional instrumentation is inadequate and cumbersome. 3. In-core instrument signals are best processed by an on-line real-time computer to yield detailed core information which can be used to maximize core power. 4. The computer is ideally suited for rapid and early detection of abnormal plant conditions, faulty sensors, and malfunctioning equipment. By proper programming, the computer can either alert the operator or initiate corrective action in sufficient time to prevent or minimize equipment failure and plant outages. 5. By performing essentially continuous calibration and checks of instrumentation, the operating limit uncertainties can be reduced with a consequential increase in the plant capacity. This is a particularly important advantage for nuclear plants which must adhere to technical specifications that impose power and other limits which are verified by instrumentation. 6. The trend toward very large and high power nuclear reactors results in core dynamics not previously considered a problem. Axial, azimuthal, and possibly radial xenon oscillations as well as xenon redistribution after power changes must be taken into consideration. With reactors operating close to thermal hydraulic limits, these transient conditions must be coped with relatively quickly.

The feasibility of the gaseous-core nuclear reactor for electric-power generation,

Abstract: : An examination of the potential of the gaseous-core nuclear reactor as a means of generating electric power. An analysis of the radiation-heat-transfer process in the core of a gaseous-core power-production reactor is combined with an estimate of the quantity of uranium required for criticality to determine the core pressure and temperature for various values of power generation and core diameters, with varying assumptions as to the effect of ionization of the fissile gas and the uncertainty of the Rosseland mean opacity. Even under the most unfavorable assumptions, attractive power levels can be obtained in reactors of practical size at gas pressures and wall temperatures that present structural materials can contain. The extreme operating endurance and high power densities of the power system make it attractive for space as well as terrestrial power generation. (Author)

Experiments with pilot balloon soundings at some power station sites

Abstract: Ente Nazionale per l'Energia Elettrica (E.N.E.L.), like other large electric power agencies all over the world, is facing the problem of smoke dispersion from the stacks of large power stations. We are carrying out a research programme on some aspects of this problem. Because of topographical and orographical features of our country, the usual formulae for effective stack height and gas dispersion have to be used very carefully and a deep understanding of the local behaviour of the low atmosphere is always necessary. For this purpose, we tried pilot balloon sounding at three power stations, on the Po valley, on the shore of the Ligurian sea and in a mountain valley in southern Italy. We obtained useful informaton about the motion and the layering of the low atmosphere between 75 and 1500 m. Power generation certainly is not the main source of air pollution, and its contribution is small compared with such other sources, as space heating or transportation (Cisler I966), but, like other power agencies over the world, E.N.E.L. feels it necessary to make a large effort in order to reduce to a minimum the air pollution coming from its thermal power plants. Consequently E.N.E.L. is studying on a large scale the problems of smoke diffusion and air pollution. E.N.E.L. activity in this field is divided in two main branches. The first is aiming to study in general some aspects of local meteorology and atmospheric diffusion, such as temperature field studies on a meteorological tower 120 m high at Trino Vercellese. The goal of the other one is to determine local conditions on sites suitable for new power plants, to achieve the best comrpromise between the plant and the surrounding environment. Results from research and experience all over the world give us a well founded confidence that, apart from a few exceptional cases, tall stacks are the best way to reduce to a mninimum the

Static Power Supplies for Pulsed Loads

Abstract: The paper gives a short up-to-date account of the theoretical and practical investigations that have been carried out during the past 21/2 years into the possibility of supplying the ±160 MW magnet pulse of the 300 GeV accelerator directly from the "mains".

Improvements in or relating to magnetohydrodynamic electric power generation

Abstract: 1,135,200. Gas turbine plant. UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY. March 3, 1966 [May 20, 1965], No.21482/65. Heading F1G. [Also in Division H2] In an MHD power plant, the working fluid exhausting from the MHD generator is passed as heating fluid through a heater arranged to heat the working fluid for a turbine which fluid has already been compressed by a compressor driven by the turbine. Hot gas from a gas-cooled nuclear reactor 2 enters an MHD generator 1 at a temperature of say 2000‹K. and leaves it at say 1692‹K. The gas then passes through heat exchangers 3, 4 and a pre-cooler 7 which reduce the temperature successively to say 1230‹K. 414‹K. and then 310‹K. before the gas enters a two-stage compressor 5a, 5b After compression, the gas is heated say from 384‹K. to 1200‹K. in the heat exchanger 4 and, after expansion in a turbine 6, is heated say from 1050‹K. to 1512‹K. in the heat exchanger 3 before returning to the nuclear reactor 2. The precooler 7 and an inter-cooler 8 are cooled by an external medium. The pre-cooler 7 serves as a final cold trap for removing alkali metal used for seeding. If the MHD generator ceases to extract energy from the gas (e.g. if the electrical output is tripped out), a sensing means (not shown) opens valves 9 to bleed off a stream of cold low-pressure gas from the first compressor stage 5a to cool the gas entering the heat exchangers; the excess heat is rejected in the pre-cooler 7. The plant may be of open cycle type, the pre-cooler 7 being omitted, the compressor 5a drawing air from the atomsphere and the heat exchanger 4 discharging into the atmosphere. In this case, the heat source if preferably not a nuclear reactor.

Design Characteristics and Performance of a Combustor for Use as an Ionized Gas Source in Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation Studies

Abstract: : Design characteristics and performance of a combustor for use as a high energy, ionized gas source in magnetohydrodynamic power generator studies are described. The liquid oxygen (LO2)/JP-4 combustor was operated over a chamber pressure range from 240 to 300 psia and at a characteristic exhaust velocity efficiency of 91 plus or minus 1 percent for oxidizer/fuel ratios ranging from 2.0 to 3.1. Combustor power output was approximately 17.5 to 20.5 megawatts (MW) over its range of operation. Provisions were incorporated into the design for injection of a saturated solution of water and cesium carbonate seeding agent into the thrust chamber to provide a high ion concentration in the exhaust gases.

Electrical Features of the Northfield Pumped Storage Project

Abstract: The electrical aspects of the underground 1000-MW Northfield Mountain pumped storage station to be installed by Northeast Utilities are covered. Proposed electrical equipment, arrangements, and plant operation are reviewed for this project which is scheduled for completion in early 1972.