Showing papers on "Electricity generation published in 1971"
TL;DR: A new method of scheduling thermal generating units to achieve minimum operating costs including both running and start-up costs while at the same time maintaining a desired level of system security is described.
Abstract: The paper describes a new method of scheduling thermal generating units to achieve minimum operating costs including both running and start-up costs while at the same time maintaining a desired level of system security.
80 citations
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01 Sep 1971
TL;DR: The historical development of energy and power resources is discussed and the magnitude of our expanding need for power is examined in this article, where economic, social, and environmental problems created by rapidly expanding needs are described.
Abstract: The historical development of energy and power resources is discussed and the magnitude of our expanding need for power is examined. The economic, social, and environmental problems created by our rapidly expanding needs are described. The outlook for continued energy development is discussed.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a more direct control of the stability can be achieved by regulating the power input to the turbine, which is achieved by simultaneous control of field excitation and the turbine.
Abstract: Methods which have been proposed for increasing the margin of stability in large generators generally act by controlling the generator electrical power output. A more direct control of the stability can be achieved by regulating the power input to the turbine. Simultaneous control of the field excitation and the turbine
32 citations
TL;DR: The trend in turbine-generator characteristics as unit sizes become larger is in an adverse direction from the standpoint of power system stability as discussed by the authors, and the effectiveness of independent pole switching and other control measures available to the system planner are shown.
Abstract: The trend in turbine-generator characteristics as unit sizes become larger is in an adverse direction from the standpoint of power system stability. Results of specific studies as well as a general rule of thumb for evaluating this effect are given. The effectiveness of independent pole switching and other control measures available to the system planner are shown.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of obtaining the optimal scheduling of a pumped storage hydroelectric plant in combination with, several interconnected power systems was addressed. But the problem was not addressed in this paper.
Abstract: This paper deals with the problem of obtaining the optimal scheduling of a pumped storage hydroelectric plant in combination with, several interconnected power systems. A special case of interest is the scheduling of pumped storage when the plant is jointly owned by several electric utilities. A mnathematical model is developed in order to determine the power flows between the different power systems and the pumped storage plant as well as the water flows inside the plant.
27 citations
26 citations
Patent•
29 Mar 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the motion of waves is converted into energy in the form of compressed air which is stored in large containers and used to drive turbine-generators to generate electricity.
Abstract: Motion of waves is converted into energy in the form of compressed air which is stored in large containers. Compressed air flowing from the containers is utilized to drive turbine-generators to generate electricity. The turbine-generators are selectively driven by stored energy which may be controlled. Generation of electricity may be varied to meet the demand regardless of the tides or the state of the waves.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of choosing the stabilizing structures of power system generators with forced excitation control reliably ensuring steady-state stability of the system operation is considered, and the synthesis method outlined for this purpose makes it possible to determine (with minimum stability calculations) both the generator operational condition parameters and the orders of their derivatives to be used for the control stabilization.
Abstract: This paper considers the problems of choosing the stabilizing structures of power system generators with forced excitation control reliably ensuring steady-state stability of the system operation. The synthesis method outlined for this purpose makes it possible to determine (with minimum stability calculations) both the generator operational condition parameters and the orders of their derivatives to be used for the control stabilization.
21 citations
TL;DR: The operating characteristics of generators are discussed with particular emphasis on those used in the generation of power for industry and related to a reactive capability curve.
Abstract: The operating characteristics of generators are discussed with particular emphasis on those used in the generation of power for industry. Methods of operation of generators within safe limits are presented and related to a reactive capability curve.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a field test program is described which was used to evaluate and then to adjust the 33 power system stabilizers installed on the Pacific Gas and Electric Company's system.
Abstract: A field test program is described which was used to evaluate and then to adjust the 33 power system stabilizers installed on the Pacific Gas and Electric Company's system. Also included is a comparison of the results of these tests with those of a digital computer simulation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic thermodynamic characteristics of the plant which satisfies two requirements, such as electric power generation and central heating and cooling, are discussed, and the characteristic chart of this total energy system in part-load is presented for determining the operating conditions.
Abstract: Total energy system of gas turbine is a gas turbine powered energy plant which generates the heat output besides the shaft power. In this paper, the basic thermodynamic characteristics of the plant which satisfies two requirements, such as electric power generation and central heating and cooling, are discussed. The high temperature of turbine exhaust causes a lower thermal efficiency than other conventional prime movers, but by recovering the wasted heat by boiler from 60% to 85% of the input energy is converted to shaft power and available heat. And the excess air ratio in gas turbine cycle is so large that supplementary fuel can be fired in the waste heat boiler. Thus, by controlling the supplementary fuel and the by-pass valve of the regenerator, this system shows fine flexibility in its operation. Also, the characteristic chart of this total energy system in part-load is presented for determining the operating conditions.
01 Sep 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a broad examination of the likely role of nuclear power in relation to other sources of primary energy for electricity generation in the UK, and briefly review the historical reasons for the choice of different types of reactors in various countries.
Abstract: The paper commences with a broad examination of the likely role of nuclear power in relation to other sources of primary energy for electricity generation in the UK, and then briefly reviews the historical reasons for the choice of different types of reactors in various countries. The design and operational performance of the Mk. I gas-cooled-reactor stations (Magnox) of the UK's first nuclear-power programme are fully discussed. The paper continues with an account of the progress to date in the design and construction of the Mk. II gas-cooled reactor, stations (a.g.r.) of the second nuclear-power programme and a description of the a.g.r. system. Basic descriptions are given of the more advanced types of thermal-reactor systems available for large-scale application and from which a successor or concomitant to the a.g.r. may be chosen, namely the Mk. III gas-cooled reactor, also known as the high-temperature reactor (h.t.r.), and the steam-generating heavy-water reactor (s.g.h.w.r.), and also of the type which should become available for commercial exploitation within a few years, the fast-breeder reactor. The paper concludes by considering the dilemma facing the CEGB in the immediate future before deciding on which more advanced reactor type to adopt. The advantages and disvantages of the four options open to the CEGB—choice of the h.t.r.s.g.h.w.r. or a light-water reactor, or adherence to the a. g.r.—are explained. The cost of introducing a more advanced reactor system can be so great that the case for internationally financed launching programmes is indisputable. In spite of the present uncertainties about the direction of nuclear power, there is no dilemma about the merit of nuclear power for electricity generation in the long term.
01 Jun 1971
TL;DR: NERVA nuclear rocket engine for space propulsion and long duration auxiliary power generation as discussed by the authors was used in the Space Launch Vehicle (SV) and Space Station (S2) missions.
Abstract: NERVA nuclear rocket engine for space propulsion and long duration auxiliary power generation
01 Jun 1971
TL;DR: NERVA nuclear rocket engine for space propulsion and long duration auxiliary power generation as mentioned in this paper was used in the Space Launch Vehicle (SV) and Space Station (S2) missions.
Abstract: NERVA nuclear rocket engine for space propulsion and long duration auxiliary power generation
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a method of combining the power output of an even number of high-efficiency avalanche diodes was described, which achieved a power of 620 W at 1.026 GHz.
Abstract: A new method of combining the power output of an even number of high-efficiency avalanche diodes will be described. Four diodes operated in a microstrip circuit have generated a power of 620 W at 1.026 GHz.
Patent•
15 Mar 1971
TL;DR: A turbine driven high frequency generator located in a chamber at the bottom of a deep hole in the earth or on the ocean floor is described in this article, where the turbine head is a head with respect to the turbine that is great enough to drive the generator which has a generating capacity sufficient to vaporize a substantial part of the water supplied to furnaces from the turbine.
Abstract: A turbine driven high frequency generator located in a chamber at the bottom of a deep hole in the earth or on the ocean floor thereby providing a natural head with respect to the turbine that is great enough to drive the generator which has a generating capacity sufficient to vaporize a substantial part of the water supplied to furnaces from the turbine. The steam produced in the furnaces is piped upward to a condenser, located at or near the surface, in which it is condensed into potable water and the water supplied to the turbine passes through the condenser to be preheated before dropping through said head to the turbine.
[...]
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: The concept of total energy is well established in Britain and elsewhere, though not always known by this name or widely publicised as mentioned in this paper, and has been applied to combined heat and power systems where onsite generation and heat recovery optimise the use of fuel within the site, usually to provide the bulk of the energy requirements.
Abstract: Total Energy is the marketing name for a practice, well established in Britain and elsewhere, though not always known by this name or widely publicised. A total energy system meets all the energy requirements of a site with fuel by on-site generation of electricity, waste heat recovery from the prime-movers and the provision of supplementary heat as required. Fig. 1 shows this concept in a diagrammatic form: fuel is supplied to a prime-mover to generate electricity and a proportion of the heat in the exhaust gases and cooling water is recovered and used as hot water, hot gases or steam. The term is also applied more generally to combined heat and power systems where on-site generation and heat recovery optimise the use of fuel within the site, usually to provide the bulk of the energy requirements.
TL;DR: In this article, a computer program for estimating the weight of a high-power dc-to-dc power conditioner as functions of output power, operating frequency, input voltage range, maximum input voltage, and efficiency is described.
Abstract: Aspects of high-power high-voltage power conditioner design and weight estimation relevant to space subsystems are discussed. Weight has become an increasingly important parameter with the advent of larger and more sophisticated spacecraft, especially those for high-power communication. A computer program for estimating the weight of a high-power dc-to-dc power conditioner as functions of output power, operating frequency, input voltage range, maximum input voltage, and efficiency, respectively, is described, including computer-aided design of inductors and transformers. Curves of typical power conditioner weight as functions of the preceding parameters, derived from the power conditioner weight program, are presented.
01 Apr 1971
23 Nov 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the overall thermal efficiencies of electrical power generation were determined for Liquid Metal Fast Breeder, High Temperature Gas Cooled, Boiling Water, and Pressurized Water Reactors and for coal-, oil-, and gas-fired systems.
Abstract: The overall thermal efficiencies of electrical power generation were determined for Liquid Metal Fast Breeder, High Temperature Gas Cooled, Boiling Water, and Pressurized Water Reactors and for coal-, oil-, and gas-fired systems. All important energy consuming steps from mining through processing, transporting, and reprocessing the fuels were included in the energy balance along with electrical transmission and thermal losses and energy expenditures for pollution abatement. The results of these studies show that the overall fuel cycle efficiency of the light water nuclear fueled reactors is less than the efficiency of modern fossil fuel cycles. However, the nuclear fuel cycle based on the fast breeder reactors should produce power more efficiently than the most modern supercritical fossil fuel cycles. The high temperature gas cooled reactor has a cycle efficiency comparable to the supercritical coal fuel cycle.
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: The Sea Wave Electric Power System (SWEPS) as discussed by the authors is a new method of combining sea wave power and air driven turbines to generate electrical energy, which is an abbreviation for sea wave electric power system.
Abstract: SWEPS is a new method of combining sea wave power and air driven turbines to generate electrical energy. The acronym SWEPS is an abbreviation for Sea Wave Electric Power System. This Arrangement involves a means of using sea wave power to compress air to high pressure and using that air to drive a high speed air operated turbogenerator. The idea, primarily conceived to furnish power for Sea Relay and Weather Towers, might be modified for use to generate power for commercial consumption by mounting the apparatus on a floating pier or buoy supported platform.
Book•
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of power generation on the land, the water, the air, and the biosphere are discussed, and technologies available for abatement and control of damaging environmental effects and power generation techniques that could prove more compatible with the environment.
Abstract: Enormous increases in the demand for power throughout the world make it imperative to reduce the environmental hazards and pollution associated with power generation. This book discusses the effects that power generation has had on the land, the water, the air, and the biosphere. It reviews the technological means available for abatement and control of damaging environmental effects and describes power generation techniques that could prove more compatible with the environment.To meet the growing demand for power in the United States, generating capacity must be doubled in the next ten years. Plants scheduled to be retired in that interval must also be replaced. Although there are promising, advanced techniques for generating power more efficiently and more cleanly at some future time, the problem at hand is how to construct the needed capacity for the next twenty years. This book focuses on those newer techniques which in realistic engineering terms show promise of large-scale application in that period of time.The primary means of generating power are nuclear, hydroelectric, and fossil fuel. What effects do these have on the environment? Nuclear generating plants and nuclear fuel processing plants release radionuclides in a variety of gaseous, liquid, and solid chemical forms. Hydroelectric dams drastically alter the landscape and produce direct change in the ecology of life systems. Fuel combustion pollutes air with smoke and oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon. Mining activities scar land and pollute rivers. Nuclear- and fossil-fueled plants waste more energy than is contained in the usable power that they produce; most of the wasted energy warms lakes and rivers whose waters are diverted for cooling purposes.What can be done to control these widespread environmental effects? One proposal in this book is to encourage reduction of radioactive wastes from nuclear power generation by reducing the federal guidelines for radiation exposure of the population. This subject is particularly controversial. In separate chapters, the bases for the federal guidelines are questioned and supported by the respective proponents, and the technology for control is reviewed.Another proposal suggests wider application of improved combustion techniques for coal, the most abundant energy resource. Pollutants that formerly went up the stack can now be removed earlier in the process of combustion. Coal is also a source material for gaseous and liquid fuels, for which natural supplies are dwindling and to which our fuel economy is heavily committed.Man's desire for power must be reconciled with the needs of his environment. This book presents the many and varied relationships between power generation and environmental change and provides a basis for understanding the consequences of increased power generation capacity.