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Showing papers on "Electricity generation published in 1972"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the use of large superconducting inductors for "pumped" energy storage as an alternate to pumped hydro-storage is discussed and a preliminary analysis is made for a 400 MW-10 000 MWh unit.
Abstract: The use of large superconducting inductors for "pumped" energy storage as an alternate to pumped hydro-storage is discussed. It is suggested that large units might be developed at less than $200/kW and with losses less than the 50 percent representative of pumped hydrostorage. Particular notice is taken of the ability of such peaking units to damp overall power system electromechanical oscillations. Attention is also given to the stress considerations in magnet windings and to the optimization of superconductor and structural material. A preliminary analysis is made for a 400 MW-10 000 MWh unit.

186 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model for a drum boiler whose purpose is to describe the gross behaviour of the boiler is presented, and the model is verified by experiments on a 160 Mw boiler.
Abstract: In the analysis of power systems it is highly desirable to have models of the different power generators. In this paper we present, a model for a drum boiler whose purpose is to describe the gross behaviour of the boiler. The major control variables are fuel flow and control valve setting. The output variables are drum pressure and active output power. The model is verified by experiments on a 160 Mw boiler.

150 citations


Patent
29 Dec 1972
TL;DR: In this article, a gas turbine power plant is provided with an industrial gas turbine which drives a rotating brushless exciter generator coupled to a power system through a breaker, and one or more of the turbine-generator plants are operated by a hybrid digital computer control system during sequenced startup, synchronizing, load, and shutdown operations.
Abstract: A gas turbine power plant is provided with an industrial gas turbine which drives a rotating brushless exciter generator coupled to a power system through a breaker. One or more of the turbine-generator plants are operated by a hybrid digital computer control system during sequenced startup, synchronizing, load, and shutdown operations. The program system for the computer and external analog circuitry operate in a multiple gas turbine control loop arrangement. Logic macro instructions are employed in programming the computer for logic operations of the control system.

64 citations


Patent
04 May 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, the secondary cycle of a nuclear-fired electric power generation system is monitored and compared with bogie figures by a programmed digital computer which prints out the results at intervals and on demand.
Abstract: On-line monitoring of system, component and instrumentation performance is provided for the secondary cycle of a nuclear fueled electric power generation system. The performance figures are periodically calculated and compared with bogie figures by a programmed digital computer which prints out the results at intervals and on demand. Calculations of parameters for portions of the turbine system operating in the wet steam region are made through successive iterations based on assumed values and convergence steering data generated from heat or flow balances around adjacent components. A two step input reasonability check identifies, and under certain conditions substitutes for, abnormal values of the analog signals supplied to the digital computer from the plant secondary cycle.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The problem of disposing of the waste heat produced as a result of the generation of electrical energy has its roots in the growth of demand for electrical power and in the economics of power production as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The problem of disposing of the waste heat produced as a result of the generation of electrical energy has its roots in the growth of demand for electrical power and in the economics of power production. Electrical gen­ erating capacity in the United States is expected to continue doubling each decade. As hydroelectric sites are developed to their full capacity, the de­ mand will be met increasingly by fossil-fuel and nuclear steam plants. Regional economics and economics of scale have resulted in increases in plant size and concentrations of waste heat. The efficiency of steam-electric power production by either fossil or nu­ clear fuels is governed by the thermodynamics of the heat cycle. The ideal or Camot efficiency is determined by the temperature of the heat source and by the temperature of the surrounding air or water, which acts as a heat sink. The ideal efficiency is given by

31 citations


Patent
27 Mar 1972
TL;DR: In this article, a control for a free turbine type of power plant utilized as an auxiliary power unit for aircraft generating electricity, supplying pneumatics and/or hydraulic pressure, maintains turbine speed at a constant value by modulaing engine power and compressor load independently of each other.
Abstract: A control for a free turbine type of power plant utilized as an auxiliary power unit for aircraft generating electricity, supplying pneumatics and/or hydraulic pressure, maintains turbine speed at a constant value by modulaing engine power and compressor load independently of each other.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a direct method is introduced for minimizing the shift of generation required to meet temporary operating criteria, such as the elimination of overload lines or transformers, or fixed flows on inter-ties or critical lines.
Abstract: A direct method is introduced for minimizing the shift of generation required to meet temporary operating criteria, such as the elimination of overload lines or transformers, or fixed flows on inter-ties or critical lines. Also, a linear model for multiple contingencies is presented.

23 citations


01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a concept involving a 60-day Mars mission is the gas-core nuclear-rocket engine, which uses a fissioning uranium plasma to heat hydrogen and then expands it through a nozzle to convert the thermal energy into thrust.
Abstract: An important component for a concept involving a 60-day Mars mission is the gas-core nuclear-rocket engine. A gas-core reactor, however, has also other potential applications including MHD power generators, breeder reactors, and nuclear-powered lasers. The gas-core engine uses a fissioning uranium plasma to heat hydrogen and then expands it through a nozzle to convert the thermal energy into thrust. To obtain a higher specific impulse than the 825 sec of the solid-core nuclear-rocket engine, a gas core has to produce hotter hydrogen.

20 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental principles of applying probability calculations to the analysis of generating capacity reserve requirements for two or more interconnected power systems were developed, and the effect of emergency support interaction between interconnected, but otherwise independent systems was analyzed.
Abstract: This paper developes the fundamental principles of applying probability calculations to the analysis of generating-capacity reserve requirements for two or more interconnected power systems. Building on concepts developed for a single power system, the authors analyze the effect of emergency support interaction between interconnected, but otherwise independent systems.

19 citations


01 Dec 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discussed the applications of solar energy for thermal energy for buildings; chemical and biological conversion of organic materials to liquid, solid, and gaseous fuels; and the generation of electricity.
Abstract: The applications are discussed of solar energy for thermal energy for buildings; chemical and biological conversion of organic materials to liquid, solid, and gaseous fuels; and the generation of electricity. It is concluded that if solar development programs are successful, building heating for public use is possible within 5 years, building cooling in 6 to 10 years, synthetic fuels from organic materials in 5 to 8 years, and electricity production in 10 to 15 years.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of rapid a- stability analysis of electric power systems containing as many as 60 generators by using Liapunov functions was explored, some for the first time.
Abstract: This paper explores the feasibility of rapid a- stability analysis of electric power systems containing as many as 60 generators by using Liapunov functions. Many Liapunov functions, approximate integrals, and critical value equations are presented, some for the first time. The results of applying these functions with the aid of a CDC 6600 digital computer to electric ric power systems whose number of generators is 4, 10, 20, or 60 are given for both the computation time and result accuracy. Recommendations are made for additional research on the development of more accurate ate functions for el'ectric power system analysis.

01 Jun 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the integrated engine-generator concept of locating an electric generator inside an aircraft turbojet or turbofan engine concentric with, and driven by, one of the main engine shafts is discussed.
Abstract: The integrated engine-generator concept of locating an electric generator inside an aircraft turbojet or turbofan engine concentric with, and driven by, one of the main engine shafts is discussed. When properly rated, the generator can serve as an engine starter as well as a generator of electric power. The electric power conversion equipment and generator controls are conveniently located in the aircraft. Preliminary layouts of generators in a large engine together with their physical sizes and weights indicate that this concept is a technically feasible approach to aircraft secondary power.


Book
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: An introduction to the principles of nuclear fission power generation is given in this article, where the physical processes which occur in a nuclear reactor and the theory behind the calculations are discussed.
Abstract: An introduction to the principles of nuclear fission power generation. Describes the physical processes which occur in a nuclear reactor and discusses the theory behind the calculations. Also covers heat transfer in reactors, thermodynamic power cycles, reactor operators, and radiation shielding. Material covered includes topics on the effects of nuclear radiation on humans, the safety of nuclear reactors and of those parts of the nuclear fuel cycle which deal with fuel element manufacture and the reprocessing of irradiated fuel.


Journal ArticleDOI
A.D. Patton1
TL;DR: Probability models for stand-by generators for bulk power system security assessment and methods for collecting and analyzing field data to obtain parameters needed for probability models are described.
Abstract: The paper continues the description of a probability method for bulk power system security assessment begun in companion papers. The present paper describes probability models for stand-by generators. Also discussed are methods for collecting and analyzing field data to obtain parameters needed for probability models.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the suitability of the interaction between a thin, solid, spiraling electron beam of 5-15kV energy and a microwave cavity, for the purpose of generating watts of CW millimeter-wave power was made.
Abstract: A study is made of the suitability of the interaction between a thin, solid, spiraling electron beam of 5-15-kV energy and a microwave cavity, for the purpose of generating watts of CW millimeter-wave power. The effect of finite energy spread in the electron beam is considered both theoretically and experimentally. Measured results are given for a prototype device operating at 9.4 GHz. Power outputs of 5 W and electronic efficiencies near 2 percent have been obtained. The data agree well with the theory, subject to some ambiguity in the energy-distribution parameters. The performance is strongly limited by the energy spread in the beam.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed an approach to transform solar energy of evaporation into hydraulic energy by building a dam from Saudi Arabia to Bahrain, and another from Bahrain to Qatar.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Turbo-MHD cycle technology of nuclear electric power systems with high temperature reactor for space and terrestrial applications was used in this paper for NASA's Space and Earth Science Applications Program.
Abstract: Turbo-MHD cycle technology of nuclear electric power systems with high temperature reactor for space and terrestrial applications


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the new plans for off-shore nuclear plants will eliminate the problem of thermal pollution in the U.S. The wisdom of allowing so much vital power generating capacity to be dependent on imported fuel is questionable.
Abstract: As the scarcity and cost of fossil fuels increase, nuclear fission holds promise as the next important source of energy. Coal, our most abundant fossil fuel, is also our dirtiest. Coal has an environmental cost. Because of price increases and availability problems, natural gas may well be out of the picture as a boiler fuel for power generation by 1990. Since 1967, the U.S. has been importing more petroleum to meet the demand. Many east coast power companies have turned to imported low sulfur oil. The wisdom of allowing so much vital power generating capacity to be dependent on imported fuel is questionable. Nuclear energy can be used to meet the energy needs of today. Although the nuclear power plant is rather inefficient, it is ahead of the fossil fuels because of the environmental impact situation. The new plans for off-shore nuclear plants will eliminate the problem of thermal pollution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of large-scale terrestrial plants for future generation of pollution free electrical power from solar energy was investigated. But the authors did not consider the environmental impact of solar energy.
Abstract: Feasibility of large-scale terrestrial plants for future generation of pollution free electrical power from solar energy

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the new plans for off-shore nuclear plants will eliminate the problem of thermal pollution in the U.S. The wisdom of allowing so much vital power generating capacity to be dependent on imported fuel is questionable.
Abstract: As the scarcity and cost of fossil fuels increase, nuclear fission holds promise as the next important source of energy. Coal, our most abundant fossil fuel, is also our dirtiest. Coal has an environmental cost. Because of price increases and availability problems, natural gas may well be out of the picture as a boiler fuel for power generation by 1990. Since 1967, the U.S. has been importing more petroleum to meet the demand. Many east coast power companies have turned to imported low sulfur oil. The wisdom of allowing so much vital power generating capacity to be dependent on imported fuel is questionable. Nuclear energy can be used to meet the energy needs of today. Although the nuclear power plant is rather inefficient, it is ahead of the fossil fuels because of the environmental impact situation. The new plans for off-shore nuclear plants will eliminate the problem of thermal pollution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey on the development of high-temperature reactors and its present state is presented, along with future development potentialities and possible trends, and the important question of direct utilization of nuclear heat is raised in this connection.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, generalized relations for generator excitation power requirements are given for steady-state excitation, transient field forcing, and power damping operations, and it is found that the effect of powering the exciter from the main generator is to reduce the amount of damping that can be provided by excitation control.
Abstract: Generalized relations for generator excitation power requirements are given for steady-state excitation, transient field forcing, and power damping operations. These relations give the excitation power in per-unit, on the generator MVA base, as a function of the generator per-unit reactances and field time constant. The effect upon power damping of drawing the required excitation power from the main generator shaft is also investigated. It is found that, in general, the effect of powering the exciter from the main generator is to reduce the amount of damping that can be provided by excitation control. However, in the case of a topical conventional generator, the resultant reduction in damping is usually so slight (about 2%) as to be negligible.

01 Mar 1972
TL;DR: In this article, a cost study was made to assess the potential of the large-scale use of solar cell power for terrestrial applications, and it was shown that even for optimistic projections of technology, electric power from solar cells is approximately two to three orders of magnitude more costly than current electric power generation from either fossil or nuclear fuel powerplants.
Abstract: A cost study was made to assess the potential of the large-scale use of solar cell power for terrestrial applications. The incentive is the attraction of a zero-pollution source of power for wide-scale use. Unlike many other concepts for low-pollution power generation, even thermal pollution is avoided since only the incident solar flux is utilized. To provide a basis for comparison and a perspective for evaluation, the pertinent technology was treated in two categories: current and optimistic. Factors considered were solar cells, array assembly, power conditioning, site preparation, buildings, maintenance, and operation. The capital investment was assumed to be amortized over 30 years. The useful life of the solar cell array was assumed to be 10 years, and the cases of zero and 50-percent performance deg-radation were considered. Land costs, taxes, and profits were not included in this study because it was found too difficult to provide good generalized estimates of these items. On the basis of the factors considered, it is shown that even for optimistic projections of technology, electric power from large-sclae terrestrial use of solar cells is approximately two to three orders of magnitude more costly than current electric power generation from either fossil or nuclear fuel powerplants. For solar cell power generation to be a viable competitor on a cost basis, technological breakthroughs would be required in both solar cell and array fabrication and in site preparation.