Showing papers on "Electricity generation published in 1980"

Thin film solar cells

Abstract: Until recently, photovoltaic cells were only used for specialised electricity generation such as power for spacecraft. With the prospect of advanced cells and mass-production techniques, large-scale production of electricity seems to be an economically viable prospect within the next decade

Cogeneration of electric energy and nitric oxide.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte fuel cell operating on ammonia fuel has been constructed and tested. The yield of nitric oxide can exceed 60 percent with simultaneous electric energy production. Two dimensionless numbers have been identified which govern the product selectivity and power output of this fuel cell. The cell appears to be a promising candidate for nitric acid and electric energy cogeneration.

Optimal Generation Scheduling of Hydrothermal Power Systems

Abstract: In this paper decomposition and coordination techniques are applied to minimize the operation al cost of hydrothermal power systems. Through this for muXation large systems are dealt with by a more general and precise model that includes thermal operation costs and hydroelectric power generation as nonlinear functions, water head variations, stochastic load demands, hydraulic networks with cascade plants, time delays, and spilling. An economic interpretation and an example are given.

Peak power generation

Abstract: Electric power is provided during periods of peak demand, employing a turbine generator facility activated by the expansion of compressed air, withdrawn from an underground air storage reservoir, in a substantially isothermal system. A generator system, which may comprise a steam boiler or a fuel gasifier, is employed for isothermal compression of air into reservoir storage during periods of low power demand.

Methods and apparatus for maximizing and stabilizing electric power derived from wind driven source

Abstract: The shaft of a wind turbine is connected to the rotor of a three-phase AC generator. The rotor windings, in turn, are connected to the rotor windings of a DC-energized, AC exciter via a differential frequency-converter. A frequency-detector, which monitors the output of the AC generator, is connected to the input of the frequency-converter to maintain the output of the generator at 60 Hz. A "real" power sensing circuit, connected to the output of the generator, develops a control signal which, when subtracted from a second control signal generated by a power management control circuit, maintains the power output of the generator at the maximum possible level for each particular power output from the wind turbine which drives the generator.

Method for generating power upon demand

Abstract: Fuel for satisfying low, normal and high electric power generation requirements is obtained from coal in the form of syngas and dimethyl ether fired in turbine-compressor arrangements driving electric generators, wherein the storable ether fuel is fired in turbine-generator arrangements to supplement that normally produced by firing and expanding syngas in appropriate turbine-generator arrangements. High pressure steam generated in the process is expanded in steam turbines to also generate power. Steam product of the combination operation is used in the coal gasification step to produce additional syngas.

Hydro-electric power plant

Abstract: A hydro-electric power plant for use in any location having flowing streams of water including a diversion dam which extends part way into the flowing stream to divert water to a spillway which includes a plurality of water wheels driven by the water flow to operate turbine-generators for the generation of electricity.

Generation of electricity with wind power.

Abstract: THE work of the Section on Rural Electrification of the British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association has already included research on the small-scale generation of electricity, principally by wind power. Recent shortages of power and fuel have aroused interest in the possibility of utilizing wind power on a large scale for the generation of electricity in Great Britain. Following earlier discussions with the relevant Ministries and other interested parties, the Association has established a new Section on Power Generation with the following terms of reference : "To study the technical and economic problem of large-scale aerodynamic generation in Great Britain ; including the collection of all available information and evidence, the principles of the selection of sites and the wind energy derivable therefrom, the co-ordination of wind-driven generators with supply systems, the essential design features of wind-driven generators and the design problems which remain to be solved". The chairman of the new Sectional Committee is to be Mr. T. G. N. Haldane of Messrs. Merz and McLellan. The Committee is expected to comprise representatives from electricity supply, electrical manufacturers, consulting engineers, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Lord President‘s Office, the Meteorological Office, the Ministry of Fuel and Power and the Ministry of Supply. Representatives of the aircraft industry will also be invited, as may seem desirable. The research officer for the new Section will be Mr. E. W. Golding, who is in charge of the Association‘s work on rural electrification and its field station at Shinfield Green, near Reading.

Electrical power generating system

Abstract: An electrical power generating system includes a prime mover having a throttle control for converting a source of input energy into a mechanical output. The system includes an electrical generator having a plurality of output windings and a field winding for exciting the output windings. The generator is mechanically coupled to the mechanical output of the prime mover. Means are provided for sensing a plurality of parameters related to the performance of the system and further means are provided for converting each of the sensed parameters into a digital signal indicative of the magnitude of the sensed parameter. Additional means are provided responsive to the digital signals for developing a plurality of electrical output signals. The electrical output signals are utilized to control either or both the generator and the prime mover to thereby control the output of the power generating system. The system is further provided with circuits for sensing the phase position of the generator output voltage and current and the voltage in a main electrical power conductor. Accordingly, when the generator output is added to the power in the main power conductors, it is done so in phase. Some of the parameters sensed are generator output voltage, current and frequency, generator field winding current and engine throttle position. A digital logic circuit controls the excitation of the generator field winding to thereby control the generator output voltage and current.

Solar energy system

Abstract: A solar energy system is disclosed in which the solar energy is converted to electrical energy for immediate use or the energy may be stored for use at a later date. The solar energy is converted to electrical energy by a large photo-voltaic array and the output of the photo-voltaic array is fed through an inverter and other control circuitry to produce an a.c. electrical output of a predetermined magnitude. The a.c. electrical output may be used directly or the electrical energy may be fed to a storage system for later use. In one embodiment the a.c. electrical energy is employed to drive a pneumatic pump or air compressor for storing the energy in the form of a compressed gas, either in a rigid tank or in a resiliently expandable tank. The compressed air from the tank is released through a control valve and is fed through a pneumatic motor. The pneumatic motor drives an electric generator for producing an a.c. electrical output at the desired times. In another embodiment of the invention, the electrical storage system comprises a system suitable to lift a weight. The potential energy is later converted to kinetic energy by lowering the weight and through a linkage system, is utilized for the generation of electricity through an electric generator.

Superconductors in electric-power technology

Abstract: The development of electric power technology and of super conductor devices since the discovery in 1911 of superconductivity is reviewed in detail with information on superconductor theory, materials development, helium and hydrogen refrigeration, the design and performance of superconducting devices built in the US, Europe, and Japan, potential applications of superconducting magnets and coils in the electric power system, and the benefits of improving the efficiency of power transmission by the use of still-to-be-developed superconductors which can withstand high current densities and strong magnetic fields. (LCL)

Material selection guidelines for geothermal power systems: An overview

Abstract: Perhaps the most important difference between traditional electric power generation and geothermal power generation is the potentially severe corrosion of metals caused by the use of the geothermal fluids. The object of this overview is to present the principal results of work conducted for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract EG-77-C-04-3904. Process streams are identified by the presentation of nine geothermal power cycles applicable to four types of liquid-dominated geothermal resources found in the United States. Of the many constituents in geothermal fluids, seven key chemical species are identified that account for most corrosion phenomena in geothermal power systems. These species are: oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, chloride, sulfate, and hydrogen ion concentrations. Based on analyses of actual geothermal materials test data and test methods, the performance of metals in geothermal fluid, steam, and condensate is presented for carbon and stainless steels, titanium, nickel, copper, and many other alloys. The applicability of new nonmetallic materials in geothermal systems is also addressed. Finally, the similarities and differences between seawater and geothermal corrosion phenomena are discussed.

Energy generation system

Abstract: A power producing system employs floats that move up or down in tanks that may be located wherever desired, to produce power

Generation control system for vehicles

Abstract: A generation control apparatus for vehicles comprises a voltage regulator circuit for controlling the generation of power by a vehicle generator. The power is supplied to the voltage regulator circuit through a first circuit including an ignition switch and a second circuit not including the ignition switch. The supply of power through the second circuit is dependent upon the generating condition of the generator thus allowing the control of the power generation by means of the current flowing through a charge indicator even if the detection of the power generation is prevented. In this way, even if a fault such as a break occurs in the first circuit, the generating operation is maintained until the engine is turned off and the generator has stopped.

System for generation of electricity by utilization of heat exchange between liquefied natural gas and intermediate heat medium

Abstract: A system for generation of electricity which comprises warming an intermediate heat exchange medium, cooled and liquefied as the result of having been used for warming LNG to vaporize, with water or sea water to vaporize, introducing the vaporized intermediate heat medium into a turbine equipped with an electric power generator for driving and using again the intermediate heat medium discharged from the turbine for warming LNG to vaporize while the intermediate heat medium discharged from the turbine is contacted with the condensed liquid of the intermediate heat medium with intervention of a packing material.

Electric power generating system

Abstract: An electric power generating system adapted for use in a vehicle including at least one electric generator and one battery; and at least one energy converter for receiving superfluous movement of the vehicle and producing pressure fluid flow from such movement, and a power transmitting means for receiving and changing the fluid flow into rotational power. The power transmitting means transmits rotational power to the electric generator only when stored rotational power reaches a predetermined level. Therefore, the generator is operated by superfluous movement of the vehicle to generate electricity.

Cogeneration of electricity and useful heat

Abstract: A separate abstract was prepared for each of the 4 sections, namely: Cogeneration Methodology; Cogeneration Technology; Project Implementation Considerations; and National Implementation Considerations. In the Introduction and Overview of the book, R.W. Barnes covers Electrical Power Generation, Cogeneration Systems, Energy Conservation Potential, and Challenges Facing Cogeneration. (MCW)

The Asynchronous Condenser: A Brushless, Adjustable Power Factor Induction Machine

Abstract: A new mechanism of continuously generating reactive kVA from the stator of abrsh ess induction machine is formulated and tested on 10 kW and 35 H. P. laboratory machines. A space-transient magnetic wave, travelling at rotor speed must be artificially created and at least two distinct windings of different pole-pitch must be incorporated. The per -unit kvar generation effect increases with machine rating, and leading power factor operation of the entire machine is viable for large industrial motors and power system induction generators.

Removal of carbon dioxide in geothermal power systems

Abstract: A process for removing carbon dioxide in geothermal power generating processes employing a geothermal fluid such as geothermal brine containing carbon dioxide, to improve the efficiency of geothermal power generation, comprises introducing an aqueous alkaline solution, preferably an aqueous calcium hydroxide solution, into a vapor stream obtained from the brine during power generation, to remove carbon dioxide from the stream. In the case, for example, of power generation by direct contact heat exchange between geothermal brine and a working fluid such as isobutane, where the working fluid is expanded to generate power, aqueous calcium hydroxide can be introduced into a direct contact condenser into contact with the working fluid therein to remove CO 2 present in the working fluid, thereby aiding in reducing loss of working fluid from the system and aiding in reducing pump power. The aqueous alkaline, e.g., calcium hydroxide, solution alternatively can be contacted with the geothermal fluid prior to flashing or prior to direct contact heat exchange with a working fluid, to remove CO 2 from uncondensible gas contained in the fluid.

Electricity Generation Choices for the Near Term

Abstract: Electricity demand is expected to increase during the next few decades, especially if it is accepted that the primary goal of energy conservation is to reduce oil consumption. Although the renewable resources in principle have unlimited potential, it is not clear that they can make a major contribution to electricity expansion within the 20th century. Coal and nuclear power are the practical alternatives. The adverse effects of nuclear power probably remain less than those of coal, despite the impact of the Three Mile Island accident. It is important to explore and exploit all options, especially the endangered nuclear option.

The necessity for nuclear power

Abstract: 1 The Need for More Energy.- 2 Energy Demand.- 3 The Availability of Oil.- 4 Coal.- 5 Nuclear Power.- 6 How Much Nuclear Plant in Operation by the year 2000?.- 7 Nuclear Power Utilisation.- 8 Nuclear Process Heat.- 9 The Comparative Hazards of Energy Production and Use.- 10 The Hazards of Fuel Production.- 11 The Hazards of Power Generation.- 12 Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect.- 13 Hazard of Major Accidents.- 14 Three Mile Island.- 15 Waste Disposal.- 16 Nuclear Safeguards and Non-proliferation.- 17 Opposition to Nuclear Power.- 18 Conclusion.

Formation and Transmission of Magnetic Cumulation Generators Electromagnetic Energy Pulses

Abstract: The magnetic cumulation generator (MCG) output energy pulse parameters can be varied in a wide range. It is an essential advantage of MCG as a means of powering in many new research areas. In some cases its energy is to be transmitted at considerable distance. A limited set of efficient MCG devices combined with pulse forming unit can meet the requirements of various energy users. Another way is to resort to multielement systems formation. Some ways of energy pulse formation and energy transfer are cited in the report. They all make use of the energy generation and consumption processes separation in time and the respective zones separation in space.

Transient stability enhancement of electric power generating systems by 120-degree phase rotation

Abstract: A method and system for enhancing the transient stability of an intertied three-phase electric power generating system. A set of power exporting generators (10) is connected to a set of power importing generators (20). When a transient cannot be controlled by conventional stability controls, and imminent loss of synchronism is detected (such as when the equivalent rotor angle difference between the two generator sets exceeds a predetermined value, such as 150 degrees), the intertie is disconnected by circuit breakers. Then a switch (30) having a 120-degree phase rotation, or a circuit breaker having a 120-degree phase rotation is placed in the intertie. The intertie is then reconnected. This results in a 120-degree reduction in the equivalent rotor angle difference between the two generator sets, making the system more stable and allowing more time for the conventional controls to stabilize the transient.

Steam Turbines for Cogeneration Power Plants

Abstract: Steam turbines for cogeneration plants may carry a combination of industrial, space heating, cooling and domestic hot water loads. These loads are hourly, weekly, and seasonally irregular and require turbines of special design to meet the load duration curve, while generating electric power. Design features and performance characteristics of one of the largest cogeneration turbine units for combined electric generation and district heat supply are presented. Different modes of operation of the cogeneration turbine under variable load conditions are discussed in conjunction with a heat load duration curve for urban heat supply. Problems associated with the retrofitting of existing condensing type turbines for cogeneration applications are identified.

Is there a better automobile engine

Abstract: Although the conventional spark-ignition and diesel engines have been around for a long time, there is considerable potential for further development. Within ten years, however, the picture may well begin to change, with a wider variety of automotive power systems attracting attention including the stratified-charge engine, the direct-injection diesel, the gas turbine, the Stirling Cycle engine, electric power systems, and hybrid power systems.

Diffuser-augmented Wind Turbine Analysis

Abstract: The performance of diffuser-augmented wind turbines has been established by matching the forces acting an a blade element to overall momentum and energy balances. This permits the radial variation, wake rotation and Reynolds number effects on the turbine blades to be taken into account. Good agreement with experimental data is obtained for both turbines and turbine-simulating screens. Optimising the pitch setting to take account of the total drag as well as the power output indicates that a substantial drag reduction with only a small loss of power output is possible; this is relevant to jet-stream electricity generation.

A Quantitative Evaluation of Closed-Cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Technology in Central Station Applications

Abstract: The results of an independent quantitative evaluation by Rand of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) for central station applications are summarized. The methodology developed and implemented for the quantitative analysis of cost sensitivities and engineering uncertainties provides the Office of Energy Research (OER) with the capability for evaluating the effects of alternative OTEC R and D strategies. The analysis also provides a general quantitative approach to assess advanced energy technologies. This study focuses on closed-cycle OTEC for delivery of electric power to the United States. Performance and costs of complete commercial OTEC systems are analyzed at the system level using inputs from component analyses and thermal-resource data for sites in the Gulf of Mexico. Such sites could feed the Gulf Coast from the west coast of Florida to the New Orleans areas. In this evaluation, the energy conversion analysis, i.e., the study of the power system, is based on a thermodynamic analysis of the complete system, which includes allowances for losses in all circuits. A cost-minimization scheme is used to ensure that the cycle component choices are near optimal. To make these cost-minimization calculations, cost algorithms are developed for the principal components. Off-design operations are of great importance in themore » Gulf of Mexico because of significant seasonal surface temperature variations and the quite large resulting variations of output power. These effects are accounted for in this study by calculating the off-design performance of the power systems and by selecting the cycle that maximizes the average power over the year. Capital cost estimates are made for the complete system. (WHK)« less

Comparison of costs for solar electric sources with diesel generators in remote locations

Abstract: Three alternative sources for generating power in remote regions of the world are discussed. These include diesel-electric, photovoltaic and solar thermal-electric devices. Fuel cost, and more specifically, transportation costs of that fuel, dramatically determine which device will be most cost effective over a ten-year period under specific conditions. In areas where fuel is readily available, diesel still appears to be the best alternative, financially. Even today, however, solar-thermal generators appear to make sense in a number of realistic scenarios, especially those involving developing countries. Photovoltaics do not yet seem to be competitive, but technical advances may in fact change this in the future. Cultural factors must also be taken into account when choosing a device. These comparisons are all represented graphically and numerically. 7 references.