Showing papers on "Electrochromism published in 1976"
TL;DR: In this article, the time dependence of the coloration (formation of HxWO3) of amorphous films of WO3 is described and analyzed in terms of a barrier for current flow at the WO 3•electrolyte interface.
Abstract: Measurements of the time dependence of the coloration (formation of HxWO3) of amorphous films of WO3 are described and analyzed in terms of a barrier for current flow at the WO3‐electrolyte interface. A novel feature is that as coloration proceeds, the chemical potential of hydrogen in the HxWO3 increases, opposing further coloration.
127 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the main features of a passive thin-film display cell based on the electrochemically reversible formation of a tungsten bronze according to the reaction are considered, where a critical requirement of these cells is that Dτ(qCm/Q)2 ≈ 1, where the symbols are, in order, the M+ diffusion coefficient, the required device response time, the electronic charge, the maximum practical volume concentration of M in the WO3 film and lastly the area colouring charge.
116 citations
Patent•
27 May 1976TL;DR: In this article, a method for forming a counter-electrode in a variable light modulating device of the electrochromic type is described, which is a paper composition of fibrous pulp and carbon.
Abstract: Disclosed is a method for forming a counter-electrode in a variable light modulating device of the electrochromic type. The counter-electrode is a paper composition of fibrous pulp and carbon.
70 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrical properties of amorphous evaporated electrochromic MoO/sub 3/ (molybdenum trioxide) films were studied in various ambients.
Abstract: Electrical properties of amorphous evaporated electrochromic MoO/sub 3/ (molybdenum trioxide) films were studied in various ambients. It was found that at a given applied voltage there is a ''humidity threshold'' below which coloration does not occur. The transient behavior of the current and remnant voltage in low humidity (precoloration), high humidity (postcoloration), and in the transition stage is shown to be consistent with an electrochemical interpretation of the coloration process. Changes in solubility upon electrical coloration and uv photocoloration verify that a chemical change accompanies the color change. (auth)
68 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the bulk of the carotenoids are oriented at a rather flat angle in the membrane (approximately 16 degrees) and the preferential orientations of the dipole moment differences of the red and blue absorption bands of the bulk chlorophylls in the membranes are drawn.
40 citations
Patent•
27 Jan 1976TL;DR: An electrochromic data display and imaging device which may be formed by sandwich arrangement of the imaging area and the counter-electrode area with a suitable ion-conducting layer between is presented in this article.
Abstract: An electrochromic data display and imaging device which may be formed by sandwich arrangement of the imaging area and the counter-electrode area with a suitable ion-conducting layer between. The imaging area is in the form of discrete electrochromic areas in a desired pattern, and a circuit is provided for multiplexing these areas to provide alphanumeric or other type displays.
26 citations
Patent•
IBM1
TL;DR: In this paper, a reversible display device based upon the electrochromic properties of triaryl pyrazoline compounds when used in conjunction with a complementary redox material was proposed. But this device was not shown in practice.
Abstract: This invention relates to a reversible display device based upon the electrochromic properties of triaryl pyrazoline compounds when used in conjunction with a complementary redox material.
26 citations
Patent•
27 Oct 1976TL;DR: In this paper, an electrochromic variable light modulating device including an improved ion conducting layer is described, which comprises a polymeric composition containing polyethylene sulfonic acid, a pigment and water.
Abstract: Disclosed is an electrochromic variable light modulating device including an improved ion conducting layer. The ion conductor comprises a polymeric composition containing polyethylene sulfonic acid, a pigment and water.
25 citations
Patent•
13 Apr 1976TL;DR: In this article, an electro-optical device for controlling visible and infrared absorption by windows in homes, commercial buildings and the like, typically comprising in sandwiched arrangement a pair of electrodes, and a film of a transition metal compound and a liquid electrolyte disposed between the electrodes is provided.
Abstract: Electro-optical device useful in control of visible and infrared absorption by windows in homes, commercial buildings and the like, typically comprising in sandwiched arrangement a pair of electrodes, and a film of a transition metal compound and a liquid electrolyte disposed between the electrodes is provided. The device exhibits coloration and bleaching thereof over large areas by control of, the polarity of an applied electric field.
16 citations
Patent•
27 Oct 1976TL;DR: In this article, an electrochromic variable light modulating device including an improved ion conducting medium comprising a solid or semi-solid layer of polymer of the ion exchange type wetted with a small amount of water and/or acid electrolyte solution is described.
Abstract: Disclosed is an electrochromic variable light modulating device including an improved ion conducting medium comprising a solid or semi-solid layer of polymer of the ion exchange type wetted with a small amount of water and/or acid electrolyte solution.
16 citations
01 Jun 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the mean components in the direction of the field for the dipole moment differences between the ground state and the excited states of the blue and the red absorption bands were calculated by comparing the electrochromic spectra with the first and second derivative of the absorption spectrum.
Abstract: The spectra of the linear and the quadratic electrochromism of asymmetrically oriented chlorophyll b molecules are measured in thin capacitors. The linear electrochromism can be described mainly by shifts of the blue and the red absorption band in the electrical field.
The quadratic electrochromism can be described mainly by a broadening of the blue and a shift of the red absorption band. According to theoretical considerations of a foregoing paper [1], the mean components in the direction of the field for the dipole moment differences between the ground state and the excited states of the blue and the red absorption band can be calculated, by comparing the electrochromic spectra with the first and second derivative of the absorption spectrum. The polarizability difference for the red absorption band is also obtained in this way.
The linear electrochromism around 480 nm agrees well with a light-induced absorption-change of a chloroplast suspension at this wave length [5]. From the comparison, valuable conclusions concerning the light-induced electric field and the asymmetrical distribution of the molecules in the biological membrane can be drawn: The porphyrin rings of the chlorophyll b molecules must be oriented with the corner bearing the phytol chain towards inside of the thylacoid and must be subdued after a short single flash to a light-induced electric field of about 105 V/cm. This agrees well with other calculations [16].
Patent•
12 Nov 1976TL;DR: An electrochromic display cell is a type of display where a dry ceramic-like electrolyte acts as the structural support substrate for display electrode and counter-electrode layers as well as the electrical contact layers as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An electrochromic display cell wherein a dry ceramic-like electrolyte acts as the structural support substrate for display electrode and counter-electrode layers as well as the electrical contact layers which comprise the display cell.
Patent•
IBM1
TL;DR: In this article, an electrochromic display device having first and second electrodes, and a plurality of display electrodes, all immersed in a liquid electrolyte, is considered, and Heptyl viologen dibromide is suggested as one possible electrolyte.
Abstract: An electrochromic display device having first and second electrodes, and a plurality of display electrodes, all immersed in a liquid electrolyte. Drive means act to first generate a potential difference between said first and second electrodes to cause a color species to be deposited on said first electrode and, thereafter, act to generate a potential difference between said first electrode and selected ones of said plurality of display electrodes to cause the color species to be transferred to the selected ones of said plurality of display electrodes. Heptyl viologen dibromide is suggested as one possible electrolyte.
Patent•
18 Aug 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a data controller is used to convert a display information signal to a signal indicating a state of non-display in response to a display erase signal applied to a control terminal.
Abstract: A driver circuit for driving an electrochromic display device having switching elements connected between a power source and the electrodes of the electrochromic display device. The driver circuit includes a data controller which converts a display information signal to a signal indicating a state of non-display in response to a display erase signal applied to a control terminal. A drive signal generator is responsive to the signal from the data controller to produce a bleaching signal by which a display of the electrochromic display device is erased.
Patent•
23 Apr 1976TL;DR: An electrochromic data display and light modulating device may be formed by sandwich arrangement of the imaging or light-modulating layer and the counter-electrode layer, with a suitable porous insulating layer between, and an electrolyte permeating the porous layer.
Abstract: An electrochromic data display and light modulating device which may be formed by sandwich arrangement of the imaging or light modulating layer and the counter-electrode layer, with a suitable porous insulating layer between, and an electrolyte permeating the porous insulating layer.
Patent•
26 Oct 1976TL;DR: In this paper, the electron-hole pairs are formed in the photoconductive material, which produces persistent coloration in the electrochromic material in an area which corresponds to the optical information.
Abstract: Optical information is stored in a member which includes a layer of electrochromic material and an electrolyte in contact with the electrochromic material. The electrolyte has particles of photoconductive material therein. The member is exposed to optical information such that electron-hole pairs are formed in the photoconductive material. The creation of the electron-hole pairs produces persistent coloration in the electrochromic material in an area which corresponds to the optical information. If desired, the stored information can be erased by applying an electric field to the member.
Patent•
03 Mar 1976TL;DR: Disclosed is a segmented electrochromic display and imaging device which provides for the operation of separate discrete display segments within a unitary structure formed by sandwich arrangement of imaging elements, a common counter-electrode and a common electrolyte layer.
Abstract: Disclosed is a segmented electrochromic display and imaging device which provides for the operation of separate discrete display segments within a unitary structure formed by sandwich arrangement of imaging elements, a common counter-electrode and a common electrolyte layer. The device can be used for animated pictorial information and alpha numeric information.
Patent•
15 Mar 1976TL;DR: An electrochromic device is defined as a device in which the medium contains a low concentration of an auxiliary redox system and a relatively large concentration of inert electrolyte.
Abstract: An electrochromic device in which the electrochromic medium contains a low concentration of an auxiliary redox system and a relatively large concentration of an inert electrolyte
Patent•
26 Aug 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the display pattern is defined by insulator material applied on selected areas of the electrochromic material to reduce the build-up of reverse EMF upon activation of the cell and longer color persistence.
Abstract: Electrochromic display device employed in a liquid EC system in which an electrode and electrochromic material applied thereon are segmented to define segments corresponding to elements of a displaying pattern and electrode segment portions in excess of the area required to define the displaying pattern are coated with an insulator material, excess area portions of electrochromic material also being similarly coated if necessary, whereby there is reduced build-up of reverse EMF upon activation of the cell and longer color persistence is achieved without use of a complicated drive circuit. To simplify device manufacture for mass-production purposes electrochromic material may be applied in a single layer on an electrode and the display pattern is defined by insulator material applied on selected areas of the electrochromic material.
Patent•
12 Nov 1976TL;DR: A totally dry solid electrochromic display cell comprising a tungsten oxide display electrode, a ceramic-like ion conductive electrolyte of a sodium zirconium silicon phosphoric oxide electrolyte and a counter electrode of a "bronze" having a metallic coating is described in this article.
Abstract: A totally dry solid electrochromic display cell comprising a tungsten oxide display electrode, a ceramic-like ion conductive electrolyte of a sodium zirconium silicon phosphoric oxide electrolyte and a counter electrode of a sodium "bronze" having a metallic coating.
Patent•
26 Jul 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the display grade of a display device using an electrochromic material (ECD) is enhanced by applying regenerating pulses only to decoloring segments or both coloring and decoring segments.
Abstract: PURPOSE: The display grade of a display device using an electrochromic material (ECD) is enhanced by applying regenerating pulses only to decoloring segments or both coloring and decoring segments COPYRIGHT: (C)1978,JPO&Japio
Patent•
02 Apr 1976TL;DR: In this paper, an improved electrochromic display device and a method of making it are disclosed, which includes a proton free substance used as the electrolyte which increases the lifetime of the display, even at high switching voltages.
Abstract: An improved electrochromic display device and a method of making it are disclosed. The display device includes a proton free substance used as the electrolyte which increases the lifetime of the display, even at high switching voltages. The disclosed method includes the initial dehydration of the electrolyte material and the subsequent addition of a drying agent to it.
01 Mar 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochromic spectra of dyes in thin capacitors are measured and discussed theoretically in terms of a foregoing paper, in order to provide a basis for the identification and analysis of Electrochromic absorption-changes of Dyes in biological membranes.
Abstract: K.-U. Sewe
In order to provide a basis for the identification and analysis of electrochromic absorption-changes of dyes in biological membranes, electrochromic spectra of dyes in thin capacitors are measured and discussed theoretically in terms of a foregoing paper [1].
Um elektrochrome Absorptionsanderungen von Farbstoffen in biologischen Membranen identifizieren und analysieren zu konnen, werden Elektrochromiespektren von Farbstoffen in Dunnschichtkondensatoren gemessen und anhand einer vorhergehenden Arbeit [1] theoretisch diskutiert.
Patent•
08 Dec 1976TL;DR: A display and printing method using an electrochromic imaging material is described in this paper, where a colored image is generated by the formation of an image pattern on a photoconductive surface.
Abstract: A display and printing method using an electrochromic imaging material. The electrochromic material forms a colored image in response to the formation of an image pattern on a photoconductive surface. The electrochromic material is between an electrode and the photoconductive surface when image formation takes place. The image may be utilized in a display device or in printing.
Patent•
18 Oct 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a driver circuit for an electrochromic display device for an electronic timepiece is presented, where drive signals are applied through a plurality of source follower first and second metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors to segment electrodes of the display device.
Abstract: A driver circuit for an electrochromic display device for an electronic timepiece. In a first preferred embodiment, drive signals are applied through a plurality of source follower first and second metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors to segment electrodes of the electrochromic display device. The first and second transistors have source electrodes connected together and also connected to the segment electrode to lower the voltage being applied across the segment electrode and a common electrode to drive the display device at a lower voltage. In a second preferred embodiment, the common electrode of the display device is alternately coupled to the high and low potentials of the battery by means of an inverter circuit composed of source follower transistors, which function to reduce the voltage being applied across the segment electrodes and the common electrode.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: A review of the possibilities for display construction and practical examples can be found in this article, where theoretical as well as practical performance characteristics are discussed critically and present results are evaluated.
Abstract: Several electrochromic displays have been proposed in the last ten years. In general they differ from other non-emissive display devices in that they are based on electrochemical reactions. Most of their principles are briefly mentioned. More attention is devoted to electrochromic display devices dealing with tungsten oxides and viologens, with special emphasis on the latter. In order to obtain good display performance it is necessary to look for an optimal combination of electrochemical conditions and normal display requirements. As a result, special demands for display construction and practical examples are discussed in detail. Correct display performance can be obtained by the use of proper electronic addressing systems. A review of the possibilities is given. Theoretical as well as practical performance characteristics are discussed critically and present results are evaluated.
Patent•
12 Apr 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, an electrochromic display cell has in sandwich layered form a first transparent substrate with a plurality of digits each being formed thereon by the plurality of selectively energizable transparent electrodes and an electro-chromic layer on each of the transparent electrodes.
Abstract: An electrochromic display cell having in sandwich layered form a first transparent substrate with a plurality of digits each being formed thereon by a plurality of selectively energizable transparent electrodes and an electrochromic layer on each of the transparent electrodes, a second substrate with a plurality of separate and selectively energizable counter-electrodes each being associated with a digit, and a separate electrolyte layer between each counter-electrode and its associated digit. In the preferred embodiment, each corresponding transparent electrode of each digit is interconnected on the first transparent substrate to form groups of commonly energized segments with each group having a single electrical connection to/from the display.
TL;DR: In this article, a liquid solution of an organic donor of the pyrazoline class in a halogenated solvent placed between two transparent electrodes shows blue-color-generating electrochromism whose coloring intensity can be controlled by external illumination.
Abstract: A liquid solution of an organic donor of the pyrazoline class in a halogenated solvent placed between two transparent electrodes shows blue‐color‐generating electrochromism whose coloring intensity can be controlled by external illumination. The effect seems to be applicable to optically addressable direct‐view passive displays.
Patent•
23 Sep 1976TL;DR: In this article, an electrochromic data display and imaging device which may be formed by sandwich arrangement of an imaging area and a counter-electrode area with a suitable ion-conducting layer between, having a line of a plurality of alpha-numeric characters, and circuit means for improving the addressing speed of the device.
Abstract: Disclosed is an electrochromic data display and imaging device which may be formed by sandwich arrangement of an imaging area and a counter-electrode area with a suitable ion-conducting layer between, having a line of a plurality of alpha-numeric characters, and circuit means for improving the addressing speed of the device.