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Showing papers on "Electrochromism published in 1991"


Patent
18 Jul 1991
TL;DR: An electrochromic window/glazing assembly is disclosed which reduces the transmission of near-infrared and ultraviolet radiation while protecting against risk of laceration or chemical contact if broken/damaged, against ultraviolet (UV) radiation degradation, and against fogging or misting in high humidity conditions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An electrochromic window/glazing assembly disclosed which reduces the transmission of near-infrared and ultraviolet radiation while protecting against risk of laceration or chemical contact if broken/damaged, against ultraviolet (UV) radiation degradation, and against fogging or misting in high humidity conditions. The window assembly may include a pair of glass or other elements confining an electrochromic medium therebetween for varying the light transmittance through the assembly. Transmission of near-infrared radiation is reduced by a reflector incorporating at least one semitransparent, elemental, thin metal film. Preferably, the thin metal film has a physical thickness of between about 80 angstroms to about 300 angstroms and of sheet electrical resistance of no greater than about 8 ohms/square, and is sandwiched between optically transparent thin metal compound films to form a thin film stack. One of the elements also may be laminated from a pair of optically transparent, tinted, tempered safety, or other glass panels and incorporate UV radiation reducing paint/lacquer coatings or tinted or clear polymeric films. The tinted glass preferably absorbs substantially more light in those regions of the visible spectrum higher than about 560 nanometers than in other regions of the visible spectrum.

230 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1991-Nature
TL;DR: In this paper, a melt-quenching technique was used to stabilize α-AgI at room temperature and showed diffraction peaks characteristic of the high-temperature phase of AgI and displayed ionic conductivities of about 10−1S cm−1.
Abstract: SINCE the discovery1 that the high-temperature phase of silver iodide (α-AgI) has an ionic conductivity comparable to that of the best liquid electrolytes, solid electrolytes have attracted wide interest. Possible applications of these materials range from solid-state batteries to electrochromic displays and sensors2. Although α-AgI displays conductivities of more than 10 S cm−1 (ref. 3), owing to the almost liquid-like mobility of Ag+ ions, the crystal transforms below 147 °C to the β-phase with a conductivity of only ∼10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature. Efforts to achieve good conductivities at lower temperatures have focused on the addition of a second component to AgI to form solid solutions or new compounds such as RbAg4I5 and Ag2HgI4 (refs 4–7). Here we report our success in depressing the α→β transformation temperature so as to stabilize α-AgI itself at room temperature. We use a melt-quenching technique to prepare crystallites of α-AgI frozen into a silver borate glass matrix. The quenched material showed diffraction peaks characteristic of α-AgI and displayed ionic conductivities of about 10−1S cm−1. Further development of these glass/crystal composites may make the high ionic conductivity of α-AgI available for room-temperature solid-state applications.

177 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, thin films of 3D transition metal oxides, TiO x, MnO x, CrOx, CoO x and NiO x were prepared by electron-beam evaporation.

143 citations


Patent
17 Apr 1991
TL;DR: In this article, an improved working electrode for use in display devices is disclosed, where the working electrode comprises a transparent metal grid having a coating of metal oxide thereon, while suitable metal grids include Cu, Au, Ag, Al, Pt, Ni and Zn.
Abstract: An improved working electrode for use in display devices is disclosed. The working electrode comprises a transparent metal grid having a coating of metal oxide thereon. Suitable metal grids include Cu, Au, Ag, Al, Pt, Ni and Zn, while suitable metal oxide coatings include In2 O3, SnO2 and indium tin oxide (ITO). The display devices preferably include an electrochromic material comprising an aqueous solution of an electrochemically depositable metal. Display devices in which the present working electrode is used possess favorable characteristics such as rapid response times, wide dynamic range, high transmittance and improved uniformity. The devices are particularly suitable for large surface area applications.

137 citations


Patent
26 Feb 1991
TL;DR: In this article, an array of matrix addressable pairs of electrodes mounted face up on the same substrate are derivatized with either electrochromic materials or electroluminescent material to form the pixels of the display.
Abstract: A display having an array of matrix addressable pairs of electrodes mounted face up on the same substrate The pairs of electrodes are derivatized with either electrochromic materials or electroluminescent material to form the pixels of the display In the electrochromic embodiment of the invention, a layer of a solid polymer electrolyte is included The air of electrodes may also be left clean of derivatizing material, but with an electroluminescent substance dissolved in the solid polymer electrolyte An electrochemiluminescent embodiment is also provided where the electrochemiluminescent substance can be dissolved in the solid polymer electrolyte A method of patterning the electrolyte layer to form relatively non-conductive borders around each of the pairs by selective exposure of the electrolyte layer in the region of the border to electromagnetic radiation to cause permanent change in the chemical composition of the electrolyte so that the exposed border regions are rendered relatively non-conductive is also provided An electrically reconfigurable photomask having an area comprised of an arrangement of electrochromic covered electrode pairs constituting pixels, the opacity and transmissivity of which may be controlled by application of an electrical bias to yield complete control over the transmissivity and opacity of each pixel of the areas, is also provided

111 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the cyclic voltammogram of Langmuir-Blodgett (L-B) films on indium-tin oxide Nesa glass electrodes showed smaller peak splitting and more symmetrical shape than those of corresponding solvent-cast films.
Abstract: Heavy rare-earth metal diphthalocyanine complexes with alkoxy or alkyl substituents dissolved in common organic solvents formed stable Langmuir-Blodgett (L-B) films. The cyclic voltammogram of L-B films on indium-tin oxide Nesa glass electrodes showed smaller peak splitting and more symmetrical shape than those of corresponding solvent-cast films. The multicolor electrochromism was found both in L-B film and cast film systems in contact with an aqueous HCl-KCl electrolyte. For the completion of the color change, different potentials should be applied with different substituents. More than 1 V (versus SCE) was necessary for the tert-butyl-substituted complexes and less than 0.8 V for the propoxy-substituted ones. After about 7 h of repetitive cycling at 100 mV/s between 0 and 0.6 {approximately} 0.9 V, the relative Q-band intensity decreased by 2-5%, demonstrating good electrochemical stability.

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three different types of nickel oxide electrochromic films are colored and bleached in 1M KOH solution: porous NiO prepared by anodic oxidation of nickel, NiO(OH) x obtained by reactive evaporation, and Ni(OH 2 cathodically deposited.
Abstract: Three different types of nickel oxide electrochromic films are colored and bleached in 1M KOH solution: porous NiO prepared by anodic oxidation of nickel, NiO(OH) x obtained by reactive evaporation, and Ni(OH) 2 cathodically deposited. Their crystallographic and chemical identification in the colored and bleached states after one cycle and after long time performance testing is obtained by Raman spectroscopy. Nuclear reaction analysis is also performed

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the quartz crystal microbalance is used as a sensitive detector of mass changes taking place during an electrochromic process, and three different types of materials are studied and their electrogravimetric responses compared: hydroxide film prepared by cathodic deposition from a Ni2+•containing solution, porous and stoichiometric nickel oxide films formed by anodic oxdation of a nickel electrode in a concentrated solution; and nonstoichiometric films prepared by electron-beam evaporation.
Abstract: In the present paper the quartz crystal microbalance is used as a sensitive detector of mass changes taking place during an electrochromic process. Electrochemical and electrochromic characteristics of nickel oxide electrodes strongly depend on the preparation method of the samples. Three different types of materials are studied and their electrogravimetric responses compared: hydroxide film prepared by cathodic deposition from a Ni2+‐containing solution; porous and stoichiometric nickel oxide films formed by anodic oxdation of a nickel electrode in a concentrated solution; and nonstoichiometric films prepared by electron‐beam evaporation. A formula describing the colored film is proposed, taking into account the effect of hydrated alkaline cation (Li+; K+) incorporation.

105 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report work on the preparation of code-posited Ni/WO{sub 3} and Co/WOWO{Sub 3} films which give significantly faster response times and consume less power than traditional WO{ sub 3} film.
Abstract: Tungsten trioxide is being developed as a electrochromic material for smart windows. However, the relatively high electrical resistivity and overpotential for hydrogen evolution and oxidation affect their response time and electrical power consumption. Previous work on Pt/WO{sub 3} indicated that admixing of Pt onto WO{sub 3} significantly reduced the overpotential for hydrogen oxidation and evolution reactions since the formation of hydrogen tungsten bronze results in the spill-over of the hydrogen reaction to the tungsten bronze surface. This paper reports work on the preparation of code-posited Ni/WO{sub 3} and Co/WO{sub 3} films which give significantly faster response times and consumes less power than traditional WO{sub 3} films.

77 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the precursors for the sol-gel synthesis of tungsten oxide thin films can be obtained via the reaction of Tungsten oxychloride WOCl4 with alcohols.
Abstract: Versatile molecular precursors for the sol–gel synthesis of tungsten oxide thin films can be obtained via the reaction of tungsten oxychloride WOCl4 with alcohols. Oligomeric species [WOCl4 –x(OR)x]n are formed. Their molecular structure is analysed by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 183W), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Hydrolysis of these precursors leads to the formation of tungsten oxide colloidal solutions. They can be easily deposited by dipcoating. Thin films ca. 3000 A thick are obtained. Their morphology depends on the nature of the alcohol. Homogeneous films are obtained with bulky alkyl groups such as PriOH. These amorphous tungsten oxide layers exhibit electrochromic properties and could be used for display devices or smart windows. They can also be easily transformed, at room temperature, into crystalline hydrates WO3·nH2O (n= 1 or 2) when left in a humid atmosphere.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mechanism of electrochromism for an amorphous WO3 film has been studied in this paper, and it has been concluded that the electrons injected occupy the conduction band after coloration and that electro-chromism of amorphouw3 film is due to an intraband transition between an electron injected in the conduct band and an empty state.
Abstract: The mechanism of electrochromism for an amorphous WO3 film has been studied. The film was prepared by using vacuum evaporation. X‐ray phototelectron spectroscopy analysis has revealed that a state appears below the Fermi level after coloration in a LiClO4‐propylene carbonate electrolyte and that the Fermi level increases in proportion to the amount of injected lithium. In addition, a decrease in the density of state of the conduction band has been observed in a colored film by using electron energy loss spectroscopy analysis in transmission electron microscopy. It has been concluded that the electrons injected occupy the conduction band after coloration and that electrochromism of amorphous WO3 film is due to an intraband transition between an electron injected in the conduction band and an empty state.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochromic reaction of a tungsten trioxide electrode prepared by electrochemical deposition was studied, and the dependence of electro chromic efficiency on the coloration/bleaching current density, the wavelength of the light source and the film thickness were analyzed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis and redox behavior of polyaniline in aqueous solutions of benzene sulphonic acid and 4-toluene sulfonic acid was described.
Abstract: This report describes the synthesis and redox behaviour of polyaniline in aqueous solutions of benzene sulphonic acid and 4-toluene sulphonic acid. The characterization of the polymer was carried out by electronic spectra, FTIR studies and 1HNMR in DMSO-d6.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an electrochromic window was built using WO3 and V2O5 as the counterelectrode, and the electrolyte was a lithium conducting polymer constituted by a Poly (ethylene oxide) - lithium salt complex.
Abstract: An electrochromic window was built using WO3 as the electrochromic material and V2O5 as the counterelectrode. Both were deposited onto ITO coated glass panes by vacuum evaporation and were amorphous to X-ray diffraction. The electrolyte was a lithium conducting polymer constituted by a Poly (ethylene oxide) - lithium salt complex. The electrochemical characterization of electrodes was realized by cyclic voltammetry, coulometric titration, and impedance spectroscopy, which allowed the determination of the chemical diffusion coefficients of lithium into WO3 and V2O5. Potentiostatic cycling of the complete transmissive cell yields a transmission variation from 41 to 13% at 633 nm with a response time of 10 seconds at room temperature.

Patent
25 Jun 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the bipyridinium salts are used as solutions of variable transmittance in solution-phase electrochromic devices, including single-compartment and self-erasing.
Abstract: The present invention provides solutions of certain 4,4'-bipyridinium salts, such as salts of 1,1'- dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetraalkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium cations. The solutions of the invention are employed as solutions of variable transmittance in solution-phase electrochromic devices, including such devices that are single-compartment and self-erasing. In the solutions of the invention in such devices, the bipyridinium salts are cathodic electrochromic compounds, as reduction of a cation of such a salt causes its molar extinction coefficient at at least one wavelength in the visible range to increase markedly. Electrochromic devices, in which solutions of the invention provide variable transmittance, are, in turn, components of variable transmittance in display devices, windows and other types of light filters, and variable reflectance mirrors, such as those that can be used as dimmable rearview mirrors in motor vehicles.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, experimental and theoretical cyclic voltammograms for electronically conducting polypyrrole film were obtained from the identical conditions and compared to each other to characterize electrochemical behavior of the polymer.
Abstract: Experimental and theoretical cyclic voltammograms for electronically conducting polypyrrole film are obtained from the identical conditions and compared to each other to characterize electrochemical behavior of the polymer. A comparison of the simulated and experimental cyclic voltammograms shows quantitative agreement. The profiles of the dependent variables show that the switching process is governed by the availability of the counterion to the polypyrrole electrode and the amount of electroactive sites. Sensitivity analysis shows that the double layer effects have more influence in the cyclic voltammograms than the electrokinetic effects. Electronically conductive polypyrroles are an extremely interesting class of materials that have gained popularity in the last decade. It has been accepted that the polypyrrole films have a number of potential technological applications in the areas of energy storage (1-5), solar energy conversion (6-11), and electrochromic display devices (12-15). There is no doubt that polypyrrole is an interesting electrode material. However, the knowledge of electrochemical switching behavior of polypyrrole films published to date remains far from complete. Among those unsettled problems, the electronic and ionic charge transport mechanisms within the polypyrrole films have been fundamentally important since the switching process under most circumstances is controlled by these factors. Thus, an unders tanding of charge transport within these polymers is a prerequisite to developing further practical applications. Among the available electroanalytical techniques, the cyclic voltammetry technique has been widely used to understand the electroactivity and the electrochemical properties of polypyrrole films because it can better describe the characteristics of the electrochemical switching behavior between conducting and insulating states (12-19). In this paper, both experimental and theoretical approaches are used. Experimental cyclic voltammetry is performed for electrochemically synthesized 1 ~m thick polypyrrole film doped with perchlorate in 1M LiC104-PC solution. A mathematical model, which is based on the conservation of mass and charged species, the porous electrode theory, the double layer theory, and the modified Butler-Volmer-type pseudo homogeneous electrochemical reaction rate expression, is developed. This model is an extension of previous work published in this laboratory (20, 21). Since the electrochemical properties and microscopic structure of polypyrrole film are locally defected, volume-averaged values is used to describe local variables throughout the polymer film to account for the effect of their nonhomogeneity (20, 21). The validity of the model is tested by comparing the model predictions to the experimental data. The model is used to characterize dynamic behavior (i.e., the relationship between microscopic structure, charge transport, and electrochemical characteristics) within the polypyrrole films by studying the profiles of dependent variables. Also, the model is used to verify the interesting parameters to characterize the properties of polypyrrole by sensitivity analysis and studying the effect of each parameter ;The efforts to estimate values for the parameters that would yield the best agreement between model predictions and experimental data are included. * Electrochemical Society Active Member. ** Electrochemical Society Student Member. 1Present Address: Duracell USA, Technical Center, Bethel, Connecticut 06801. 2Present Address: Inland Steel Company, Research Laboratories, East Chicago, Indiana 46312. Experimental Descriptions All experiments are carried out in a s ingle-compartment electrochemical cell with the classic three-electrode configuration; a plat inum rotating disk electrode as a working electrode, a pla t inum counterelectrode, and a saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE). A rotating disk electrode (RDE) is used here because of its well-defined hydrodynamics (22, 23). A Luggin capillary tip of the reference electrode is placed as close as possible to the center of the working electrode surface. This enables one to minimize ohmic loss and to use the reference electrode to detect the solution potential near the working electrode. The system is deoxygenated by nitrogen bubbl ing throughout experiments. Electrochemical synthesis is carried out using an EG&G Princeton Applied Research (PAR) Model 173 potentiostat/galvanostat equipped with a PAR Model 179 digital coulometer. Polypyrrole film is deposited electrochemically on the plat inum rotating disk electrode surface at a constant current density of 1 mA/cm 2 in propylene carbonate solution containing 0.1MLiCI04 and O.1M pyrrole monomer. The film thickness is controlled by monitoring the amount of total charge consumed during polymerization. That is, the film thickness is proportional to the total i !i! .iii / co,,.Ec oR

Patent
25 Jun 1991
TL;DR: In this article, a solution-phase electrochromic device was proposed for variable transmittance in display devices, windows and other types of light filters, and variable reflectance mirrors, such as those that can be used as dimmable rearview mirrors in motor vehicles.
Abstract: The present invention provides solution-phase electrochromic devices, including such devices that are single-compartment and self-erasing, in which the media of variable transmittance are solutions comprising, as cathodic electrochromic compounds, certain 4,4'-bipyridinium salts, such as salts of 1,1'-dibenzyl-2,2',6,6'-tetraalkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium cations. Electrochromic devices of the invention are components of variable transmittance in display devices, windows and other types of light filters, and variable reflectance mirrors, such as those that can be used as dimmable rearview mirrors in motor vehicles.

Patent
Masayuki Yamada1, Yoshijiro Ushio1
21 Nov 1991
TL;DR: An electrochromic device comprises a first electrode layer, an intermediate layer including an electro-chromic layer, a second electrode layer and an electrode member connected to one of the first and second electrode layers and extending in a predetermined direction perpendicular to the direction of lamination, and the resistances R 1, R 2 and the internal resistance R 3 satisfy predetermined conditions to achieve uniform coloration as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An electrochromic device comprises a first electrode layer, an intermediate layer including an electrochromic layer, a second electrode layer, the first electrode layer, intermediate layer and second electrode layer being laminated in succession, and an electrode member connected to one of the first and second electrode layers and extending in a predetermined direction perpendicular to the direction of lamination of the first electrode layer, intermediate layer and second electrode layer. The resistances R 1 , R 2 respectively of the first and second electrode layers and the internal resistance R 3 of the intermediate layer satisfy predetermined conditions to achieve uniform coloration.

Patent
31 Jul 1991
TL;DR: A lithium-ion conducting solid electrolyte of the present invention comprises a parent material, a lithiumion conducting sulfide glass represented by the formula Li 2 S--X (X is at least one sulfide selected from the group consisting of B 2 S 3, SiS 2, P 2 S 5, Al 2 S3, and GeS 2 ), and a high-temperature lithium-ionsion conducting compound (i.e. Li 3 PO 4 or Li 2 SO 4 ).
Abstract: A lithium-ion conducting solid electrolyte of the present invention comprises a parent material, a lithium-ion conducting sulfide glass represented by the formula Li 2 S--X (X is at least one sulfide selected from the group consisting of B 2 S 3 , SiS 2 , P 2 S 5 , Al 2 S 3 , and GeS 2 ), and a high-temperature lithium-ion conducting compound (i.e. Li 3 PO 4 or Li 2 SO 4 ). The lithium-ion conducting solid electrolyte has higher ionic conductivity and higher decomposition voltage compared to the parent material. By the use of this solid electrolyte for electrical/chemical components such as batteries, condensers, electrochromic displays, and the like, electronic apparatus that includes such elements may have improved performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
Ray H. Baughman1
TL;DR: In this article, the potential application areas for conducting polymer devices, including batteries and redox capacitors, electromechanical actuators, electrochromic windows and displays, chemical separation and chemical delivery systems, and indicators and sensors, are described.
Abstract: Applications opportunities are described for conducting polymer devices, including (1) batteries and redox capacitors, (2) electromechanical actuators, (3) electrochromic windows and displays, (4) chemical separation and chemical delivery systems, and (5) indicators and sensors. Each of these potential application areas depends upon the dramatic property changes which occur during chemical or electrochemical doping. Since the properties profiles of conducting polymers can be reversibly changed either chemically or electrochemically, these polymers also provide exciting candidates for intelligent materials systems - where sensor, logic element, and actuator functions can be either partially or fully integrated. Results of device and properties investigations are used to evaluate future possibilities for conducting polymers in intelligent material systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of recent studies on proton conducting solid polymeric electrolytes is presented, based on their own results as well as on investigations described by other authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the absence of oxygen, the electrochemical oxidation and reduction of thin polymeric films of cobalt, nickel, and palladium phthalocyanines have been prepared on optically transparent glass electrodes by anodic electropolymerization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a composite Nb2On/silicone electrode, prepared from a solution containing Nb:Si:H2O in the molar ratio 5 : 13 : 82.
Abstract: Alcoholysis of NbCl5 in EtOH gives a viscous solution of NbClx(OEt)5 –x which may be used to spin-coat optically transparent electrodes (indium tin oxide, ITO). The electrode is converted to Nb2O5 by immersion in 1 mol dm3 H2SO4. Electron microscopic examination of the resulting 5–10 µm thick films revealed extensive shrinkage and cracking on gel drying. These films proved to be electrochromic (λmaxca. 800 nm) but unstable to voltammetric cycling in MeCN–(0.5 mol dm–3)LiClO4. Greater stability (> 30 cycles) was achieved with a composite Nb2On/silicone electrode, prepared from a solution containing Nb:Si:H2O in the molar ratio 5 : 13 : 82. This increase in durability was achieved with no sacrifice in electrochromic efficiency. The electrochromic colouration efficiency (6 cm2 C–1) compares favourably with that for sputtered Nb2O5 films. The colouration–bleaching cycle of the composite is complete in < 40 s, and the electrochromical kinetics of colouration and bleaching follow a diffusional model with DLi= 6 × 10–8 cm2 s–1 for Nb2O5 and 3.2 × 10–8 cm2 s–1 for the composite. The mechanism of the electrochromic response and its decay are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, electrochromic nickel oxide films were deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering of a Ni target in gas mixtures of Ar and O2, and large reversible changes in visible absorption were obtained within the first 10 bleach/color cycles.
Abstract: Electrochromic nickel oxide films were deposited by radio‐frequency magnetron sputtering of a Ni target in gas mixtures of Ar and O2. When electrochemically cycled in 0.1 N KOH solution, large reversible changes in visible absorption were obtained within the first 10 bleach/color cycles. Films which showed the greatest changes in optical properties and charge capacity were produced within a narrow range of oxygen flow rates. The coloration efficiency was found to be insensitive to the sputtering conditions and stoichiometry, with a value of 34±4 cm2C−1 at 550 nm. This indicates that microstructure and charge capacity determine the absorption coefficient. The reaction rate was found to depend on the concentration of OH− in the electrolyte, indicating that OH− diffusion in the electrolyte limits the rate of reaction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, optical absorption of LiyV2O5 films in the 0.3 < λ < 2.5 μm wavelength range, encompassing visible light and solar radiation, in relation to the micro-structure was studied.
Abstract: Films of lithiated vanadium pentoxide (LiyV2O5) are of interest for ion storage in electrochromic “smart windows” and in lithium battery technology. In this paper we study optical absorption of LiyV2O5 films in the 0.3 < λ < 2.5 μm wavelength range, encompassing visible light and solar radiation, in relation to the micro-structure.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties and characteristics of an optical switching based on polymethylthiophene as the primary electrochromic material and Li-intercalated nickel; oxide as the counter electrode, have been investigated in terms of electrical and optical response.


Patent
26 Nov 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance and operating characteristics of electrochromic devices may be improved by the incorporation of a moisture control layer comprised of either water reservoir material or water scavenger material in conjunction with a moisture permeable intermediate barrier layer within the device.
Abstract: The performance and operating characteristics of electrochromic devices may be improved by the incorporation of a moisture control layer comprised of either water reservoir material or water scavenger material in conjunction with a moisture permeable intermediate barrier layer within the device. The water reservoir material provides a source of water for those electrochromic stacks which require water for proper operation. For stacks which require protection from moisture, water scavenger material may be utilized. A moisture permeable intermediate barrier layer separates the moisture control layer from the electrochromic stack. The invention is also directed towards methods of incorporating such layers into electrochromic devices during their manufacture.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a purplish gray, air-stable, polymeric film (poly(5-amino-1-naphthol), poly(5,1-ANT)), which presented a nonfibrillar morphology, on basal-plane pyrolytic graphite and In-Sn oxide conducting glass (ITO) electrodes, showed a reversible, well-defined oxidation-reduction response in both aqueous solutions of pH 1-13 and protic non-aqueous solutions, and was semiconducting.