Showing papers on "Electrochromism published in 2016"
TL;DR: In this article, a simple, scalable method is proposed to fabricate transparent conductive thin films using delaminated Ti3C2 MXene flakes by spray coating, which can be used as transparent conductors in electronic, electrochromic, and sensor applications.
Abstract: MXenes, a new class of 2D transition metal carbides and carbonitrides, show great promise in supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries, fuel cells, and sensor applications. A unique combination of their metallic conductivity, hydrophilic surface, and excellent mechanical properties renders them attractive for transparent conductive electrode application. Here, a simple, scalable method is proposed to fabricate transparent conductive thin films using delaminated Ti3C2 MXene flakes by spray coating. Homogenous films, 5–70 nm thick, are produced at ambient conditions over a large area as shown by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The sheet resistances (Rs) range from 0.5 to 8 kΩ sq−1 at 40% to 90% transmittance, respectively, which corresponds to figures of merit (the ratio of electronic to optical conductivities, σDC/σopt) around 0.5–0.7. Flexible, transparent, and conductive films are also produced and exhibit stable Rs values at up to 5 mm bend radii. Furthermore, the films' optoelectronic properties are tuned by chemical or electrochemical intercalation of cations. The films show reversible changes of transmittance in the UV–visible region during electrochemical intercalation/deintercalation of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. This work shows the potential of MXenes to be used as transparent conductors in electronic, electrochromic, and sensor applications.
529 citations
TL;DR: A concept of multifunctional smart glass, which can change its color to dynamically adjust the daylight and solar heat input of the building or protect the users' privacy during the daytime, is presented.
Abstract: ConspectusThe rational design and exploration of electrochromic devices will find a wide range of applications in smart windows for energy-efficient buildings, low-power displays, self-dimming rear mirrors for automobiles, electrochromic e-skins, and so on. Electrochromic devices generally consist of multilayer structures with transparent conductors, electrochromic films, ion conductors, and ion storage films. Synthetic strategies and new materials for electrochromic films and transparent conductors, comprehensive electrochemical kinetic analysis, and novel device design are areas of active study worldwide. These are believed to be the key factors that will help to significantly improve the electrochromic performance and extend their application areas.In this Account, we present our strategies to design and fabricate electrochromic devices with high performance and multifunctionality. We first describe the synthetic strategies, in which a porous tungsten oxide (WO3) film with nearly ideal optical modulati...
461 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the working principles of supercapacitors, batteries, and electrochromic devices are discussed in detail, and the challenges of the integrated electro-chromic energy system for simultaneous realization of electrochromism and energy storage are highlighted.
378 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a silver grid/PEDOT:PSS hybrid transparent film with high conductivity and excellent stability is successfully fabricated for flexible electronics and optoelectronic devices.
Abstract: Silver grids are attractive for replacing indium tin oxide as flexible transparent conductors. This work aims to improve the electrochemical stability of silver-based transparent conductors. A silver grid/PEDOT:PSS hybrid film with high conductivity and excellent stability is successfully fabricated. Its functionality for flexible electrochromic applications is demonstrated by coating one layer of WO3 nanoparticles on the silver grid/PEDOT:PSS hybrid film. This hybrid structure presents a large optical modulation of 81.9% at 633 nm, fast switching, and high coloration efficiency (124.5 cm2 C−1). More importantly, an excellent electrochemical cycling stability (sustaining 79.1% of their initial transmittance modulation after 1000 cycles) and remarkable mechanical flexibility (optical modulation decay of only 7.5% after 1200 compressive bending cycles) is achieved. A novel smart supercapacitor is presented that functions as a regular energy-storage device and simultaneously monitors the level of stored energy by a rapid and reversible color variation even at high current charge/discharge conditions. The film sustains an optical modulation of 87.7% and a specific capacitance of 67.2% at 10 A g−1 compared to their initial value at a current density of 1 A g−1. The high-performance silver grid/PEDOT:PSS hybrid transparent films exhibit promising features for various emerging flexible electronics and optoelectronic devices.
371 citations
TL;DR: The as-synthesized flexible electrochromic SC electrodes exhibit great electrochemical performances and high coloration efficiency, which demonstrate their potential applications in flexible smart windows combining energy storage and electrochromism.
365 citations
TL;DR: This work achieves fast, high-contrast electrochromic switching by significantly enhancing the interaction of light—propagating as deep-subwavelength-confined surface plasmon polaritons through arrays of metallic nanoslits, with an electrochrome polymer—present as an ultra-thin coating on the slit sidewalls.
Abstract: With vibrant colours and simple, room-temperature processing methods, electrochromic polymers have attracted attention as active materials for flexible, low-power-consuming devices. However, slow switching speeds in devices realized to date, as well as the complexity of having to combine several distinct polymers to achieve a full-colour gamut, have limited electrochromic materials to niche applications. Here we achieve fast, high-contrast electrochromic switching by significantly enhancing the interaction of light--propagating as deep-subwavelength-confined surface plasmon polaritons through arrays of metallic nanoslits, with an electrochromic polymer--present as an ultra-thin coating on the slit sidewalls. The switchable configuration retains the short temporal charge-diffusion characteristics of thin electrochromic films, while maintaining the high optical contrast associated with thicker electrochromic coatings. We further demonstrate that by controlling the pitch of the nanoslit arrays, it is possible to achieve a full-colour response with high contrast and fast switching speeds, while relying on just one electrochromic polymer.
209 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that gel-based ECDs have significant potential as low power displays in printed electronics powered by thin-film batteries.
Abstract: Ion gels composed of a copolymer and a room temperature ionic liquid are versatile solid-state electrolytes with excellent features including high ionic conductivity, nonvolatility, easily tunable mechanical properties, good flexibility and solution processability. Ion gels can be functionalized by incorporating redox-active species such as electrochemiluminescent (ECL) luminophores or electrochromic (EC) dyes. Here, we enhance the functionality of EC gels for realizing multicolored EC devices (ECDs), either by controlling the chemical equilibrium between a monomer and dimer of a colored EC species, or by modifying the molecular structures of the EC species. All devices in this work are conveniently fabricated by a "cut-and-stick" strategy, and require very low power for maintaining the colored state [i.e., 90 μW/cm(2) (113 μA/cm(2) at -0.8 V) for blue, 4 μW/cm(2) (10 μA/cm(2) at -0.4 V) for green, and 32 μW/cm(2) (79 μA/cm(2) at -0.4 V) for red ECD]. We also successfully demonstrate a patterned, multicolored, flexible ECD on plastic. Overall, these results suggest that gel-based ECDs have significant potential as low power displays in printed electronics powered by thin-film batteries.
194 citations
TL;DR: A brief summary of the recent progress in tungsten oxide for optoelectronic applications is provided, including not only the traditional field of electrochromism/photochromism, but also new areas of application, such as visible-light-driven photocatalysis, photothermal therapy, and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
Abstract: Tungsten oxide is a versatile transition-metal oxide with a vast number of polymorphs and sub-stoichiometric compositions, featuring innate tunnels and oxygen vacancies. The structure-determined nature, such as altered optical absorption and metal-like conductivity, makes tungsten oxide an attractive candidate for optoelectronic applications. A brief summary of the recent progress in tungsten oxide for optoelectronic applications is provided, including not only the traditional field of electrochromism/photochromism, but also new areas of application, such as visible-light-driven photocatalysis, photothermal therapy, and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Also, the prospects for future applications of tungsten oxide are summarized and highlighted.
194 citations
TL;DR: Porous WO3 films with ultra-high transmittance modulation were successfully fabricated on different substrates by a novel electrochemical deposited method.
Abstract: Porous WO3 films with ultra-high transmittance modulation were successfully fabricated on different substrates by a novel, facile and economical pulsed electrochemical deposited method with 1.1 s interval time between each pulse. The near ideal optical modulation (97.7% at 633 nm), fast switching speed (6 and 2.7 s), high coloration efficiency (118.3 cm2 C−1), and excellent cycling stability are achieved by the porous WO3 on ITO-coated glass. The outstanding electrochromic performances of the porous WO3 film were mainly attributed to the porous structure, which facilitates the charge-transfer, promotes the electrolyte infiltration and alleviates the expansion of the WO3 during H+ insertion compared to that of the compact structure. In addition, the relationships between the structural and electrochemical activity of the electrochromic WO3 films were further explored by the scanning electrochemical microscopy. These results testify that the porous structure can promote the infiltration of electrolyte and reduce the diffusion path, which consequently enhance the electrochemical activity.
179 citations
Journal Article•
179 citations
TL;DR: The fully screen-printed active-matrix electrochromic display with good switching characteristics, facile manufacturing, and long-term stability is promising for the mass production of large-area and low-cost flexible displays for applications such as disposable tags, medical electronics, and smart home appliances.
Abstract: Semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes are ideal semiconductors for printed electronics due to their advantageous electrical and mechanical properties, intrinsic printability in solution, and desirable stability in air. However, fully printed, large-area, high-performance, and flexible carbon nanotube active-matrix backplanes are still difficult to realize for future displays and sensing applications. Here, we report fully screen-printed active-matrix electrochromic displays employing carbon nanotube thin-film transistors. Our fully printed backplane shows high electrical performance with mobility of 3.92 ± 1.08 cm2 V–1 s–1, on–off current ratio Ion/Ioff ∼ 104, and good uniformity. The printed backplane was then monolithically integrated with an array of printed electrochromic pixels, resulting in an entirely screen-printed active-matrix electrochromic display (AMECD) with good switching characteristics, facile manufacturing, and long-term stability. Overall, our fully screen-printed AMECD is promisi...
TL;DR: A room-temperature solution process to fabricate electrochromic films of niobium oxide glass and 'nanocrystal-in-glass' composites via acid-catalysed condensation of polyniobate clusters leads to a unique one-dimensional chain-like NbOx structure, which significantly enhances the electro chromic performance, compared to a typical three-dimensional Nb Ox network obtained from conventional high-tem temperature thermal processing.
Abstract: Amorphous transition metal oxides are recognized as leading candidates for electrochromic window coatings that can dynamically modulate solar irradiation and improve building energy efficiency. However, their thin films are normally prepared by energy-intensive sputtering techniques or high-temperature solution methods, which increase manufacturing cost and complexity. Here, we report on a room-temperature solution process to fabricate electrochromic films of niobium oxide glass (NbOx) and 'nanocrystal-in-glass' composites (that is, tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanocrystals embedded in NbOx glass) via acid-catalysed condensation of polyniobate clusters. A combination of X-ray scattering and spectroscopic characterization with complementary simulations reveals that this strategy leads to a unique one-dimensional chain-like NbOx structure, which significantly enhances the electrochromic performance, compared to a typical three-dimensional NbOx network obtained from conventional high-temperature thermal processing. In addition, we show how self-assembled ITO-in-NbOx composite films can be successfully integrated into high-performance flexible electrochromic devices.
TL;DR: In this paper, a complementary electrochemical and mass spectrometric technique based on a scanning flow cell (SFC) and inductively coupled plasmas spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to record and analyze the time and potential-resolved iridium dissolution profiles.
TL;DR: Co-anode and co-cathode photovoltachromic supercapacitors (PVCSs) are demonstrated by vertically integrating a perovskite solar cell (PSC) with MoO3/Au/MoO3 transparent electrode and electrochromicsupercapacitor.
Abstract: Photovoltachromic cells (PVCCs) are of great interest for the self-powered smart windows of architectures and vehicles, which require widely tunable transmittance and automatic color change under photostimuli. Organolead halide perovskite possesses high light absorption coefficient and enables thin and semitransparent photovoltaic device. In this work, we demonstrate co-anode and co-cathode photovoltachromic supercapacitors (PVCSs) by vertically integrating a perovskite solar cell (PSC) with MoO3/Au/MoO3 transparent electrode and electrochromic supercapacitor. The PVCSs provide a seamless integration of energy harvesting/storage device, automatic and wide color tunability, and enhanced photostability of PSCs. Compared with conventional PVCC, the counter electrodes of our PVCSs provide sufficient balancing charge, eliminate the necessity of reverse bias voltage for bleaching the device, and realize reasonable in situ energy storage. The color states of PVCSs not only indicate the amount of energy stored an...
TL;DR: In this article, a molecule engineering approach for the tuning and syntheses of green-brown switchable electrochromic materials and also demonstrate their applications in chameleonic fabric devices is presented.
Abstract: The syntheses of adaptive camouflage devices based on novel side-chain engineered organic electrochromic materials have been demonstrated. Herein we report a molecule engineering approach for the tuning and syntheses of green-brown switchable electrochromic materials and also demonstrate their applications in chameleonic fabric devices. We have also successfully demonstrated the fabrication of chameleonic fabric devices.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors designed and constructed a new type of solid-state electrochromic batteries powered by perovskite solar cells for smart windows, which can exhibit multifunctionality of solar energy harvesting, electrochemical energy storage and reutilization.
Abstract: We design and construct a new type of solid-state electrochromic batteries powered by perovskite solar cells for smart windows. In addition to optical modulation, this integrated system can exhibit multifunctionality of solar energy harvesting, electrochemical energy storage and reutilization. The solid-state electrochromic batteries are composed of a reduced graphene (rGO)-connected bilayer NiO nanoflake array cathode and a WO3 nanowire array anode. The charge storage and release are accompanied by color changes (between transparent and blue) and relatively fast (2.5–2.6 s) and large optical modulation (up to 62% at the infrared range, 1000–2000 nm). The electrochromic batteries can act as a power source and exhibit a capacity of 75 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 and good cycling life.
TL;DR: The main class of organophosphorus compounds (triaryl phosphines, phosphazenes, phospholes, phosphetes and diphosphacyclobutanes) have been used in electronic devices.
Abstract: This review presents the main class of organophosphorus compounds (triaryl phosphines, phosphazenes, phospholes, phosphetes and diphosphacyclobutanes), which have been used in electronic devices (organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photovoltaic cells (OPV cells), dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and electrochromic cells).
TL;DR: A versatile ink formulation was successfully developed to prepare NiO and WO3 nanostructured films with strong adhesion to ITO coated glass using inkjet printing for energy saving electrochromic applications, achieving a high performance electro chromic electrode.
Abstract: Nanostructured thin films are important in the fields of energy conversion and storage. In particular, multi-layered nanostructured films play an important role as a part of the energy system for energy saving applications in buildings. Inkjet printing is a low-cost and attractive technology for patterning and deposition of multi-layered nanostructured materials on various substrates. However, it requires the development of a suitable ink formulation with optimum viscosity, surface tension and evaporation rate for various materials. In this study, a versatile ink formulation was successfully developed to prepare NiO and WO3 nanostructured films with strong adhesion to ITO coated glass using inkjet printing for energy saving electrochromic applications. We achieved a high performance electrochromic electrode, producing porous and continuous electrochromic films without aggregation. The NiO film with 9 printed layers exhibits an optical modulation of 64.2% at 550 nm and a coloration efficiency (CE) of 136.7 cm(2) C(-1). An inkjet-printed complementary all solid-state device was assembled, delivering a larger optical modulation of 75.4% at 633 nm and a higher CE of 131.9 cm(2) C(-1) among all solid-state devices. The enhanced contrast is due to the printed NiO film that not only performs as an ion storage layer, but also as a complementary electrochromic layer.
TL;DR: In this article, the interfacial charge transport using low-HOMO level ( 90 min) at the voltage-off state with a high color contrast (879 cm2 C−1).
Abstract: Energy saving electrochromic windows were established by controlling the interfacial charge transport using low-HOMO level ( 90 min) at the voltage-off state with a high color contrast (879 cm2 C−1).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report two new materials that have the MOF-74 topology and display redox activity stemming from a naphthalene diimide salicylic acid (NDISA) ligand.
TL;DR: PVA gel-based electrochromic devices, containing a single viologen, providing a colorless and two different well-defined colored states are reported on, marking a significant breakthrough toward the generation of full-color devices, expanding the potential of electro chromic technology.
Abstract: Stimuli-responsive reversible coloration-change materials represent a highly demanded type of smart systems useful for a wide variety of applications, with a significant growing interest in multicolor abilities. In particular, electrochromic materials have received a great deal of attention due to their versatility and broad range of industrial uses. However, most of the existing electrochromic technologies provide a single coloration, while achieving multiple colors based on simple approaches remains a challenge. The present article reports on PVA gel-based electrochromic devices, containing a single viologen, providing a colorless and two different well-defined colored states. The successful fabrication of a device, based on two viologens (multi-EC gel) with a simple architecture (glass/TCO/multi-EC gel/TCO/glass), with five different multiswitchable colors based on four-zoned electrodes (rainbow-like ECD) is also demonstrated. This novel easy-to-make multichromic system represents a significant breakthrough toward the generation of full-color devices, expanding the potential of electrochromic technology.
TL;DR: NBU-3 is the first example of MOF materials containing both photochromic and electrochromic properties, which can be desirable for thin film devices.
Abstract: A multifunctional metal–organic framework, NBU-3, has been explored as a 2D three-connected network based on a naphthalenediimide-based ligand. The NBU-3 crystals display photochromic properties, and NBU-3 thin films on FTO substrates exhibit electrochromic properties. NBU-3 is the first example of MOF materials containing both photochromic and electrochromic properties, which can be desirable for thin film devices.
TL;DR: The RTR-sputtered ICI multilayer is the best substitute for the conventional ITO film electrode in order to realize flexible, transparent, cost-effective and large-area EC devices and TFHs that can be used as flexible and smart windows.
Abstract: We fabricate high-performance, flexible, transparent electrochromic (EC) films and thin film heaters (TFHs) on an ITO/Cu/ITO (ICI) multilayer electrode prepared by continuous roll-to-roll (RTR) sputtering of ITO and Cu targets. The RTR-sputtered ICI multilayer on a 700 mm wide PET substrate at room temperature exhibits a sheet resistance of 11.8 Ω/square and optical transmittance of 73.9%, which are acceptable for the fabrication of flexible and transparent EC films and TFHs. The effect of the Cu interlayer thickness on the electrical and optical properties of the ICI multilayer was investigated in detail. The bending and cycling fatigue tests demonstrate that the RTR-sputtered ICI multilayer was more flexible than a single ITO film because of high strain failure of the Cu interlayer. The flexible and transparent EC films and TFHs fabricated on the ICI electrode show better performances than reference EC films and TFHs with a single ITO electrode. Therefore, the RTR-sputtered ICI multilayer is the best substitute for the conventional ITO film electrode in order to realize flexible, transparent, cost-effective and large-area EC devices and TFHs that can be used as flexible and smart windows.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of various deposition techniques on electrochromic and optical properties of Tungsten Oxide (WO 3 ) thin films is discussed. But, the application of WO 3 is not discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of Ni doping on the nanostructure and electrochromic properties of Tungsten trioxide (WO3) films was investigated by a seed-free hydrothermal method on transparent conducting substrates.
Abstract: Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a promising electrochromic material for potential applications in architectural and automotive smart windows. Nanostructured WO3 has attracted particular attention over the past few years due to its potential advantages in electrochromic properties. Herein, Ni-doped WO3 nanostructured films were obtained by a seed-free hydrothermal method directly on transparent conducting substrates. The influences of Ni doping on the nanostructure and electrochromic properties of WO3 films were investigated. Compared to pure WO3 films, Ni doping can increase the crystal defects and induce significant changes in the nanostructure, thus affecting the electrochromic performance of WO3 films. Low concentration Ni-WO3 films exhibited a vertically aligned nanorods morphology, ultrahigh optical modulation (over 85% from 600 to 900 nm), high coloration efficiency (60.5 mc2 C−1 at 600 nm) and excellent cycling stability for about 5500 cycles. Finally, the complementary electrochromic device assembled with 1.5% Ni-WO3 and NiO-based films exhibited vivid color change from transparent to black (x = 0.326, y = 0.369, YL% = 3.29%) with maximum transmittance of about 3.5% in the dark state.
TL;DR: In this paper, the donor-acceptor (D-A) polymer PBOTT-BTD has been synthesized through direct C-H arylation polycondensation, using 3,6-bis(hexyloxy)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene instead of conventional D units and benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole as the A unit.
Abstract: In the quest to develop novel solution-processable neutral green electrochromic polymers, the donor–acceptor (D–A) polymer PBOTT-BTD has been synthesized through direct C–H arylation polycondensation, using 3,6-bis(hexyloxy)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene instead of conventional D units and benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole as the A unit. PBOTT-BTD films obtained through spray-coating were investigated systematically; this green polymer turned blue in the oxidized state, realizing a conversion between two primary colors. PBOTT-BTD exhibited rapid response times, desirable contrasts in both the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions, favorable efficiencies, and reasonable optical memory and stability, making it a promising candidate for use as a new green electrochromic conjugated polymer. Accordingly, PBOTT-BTD might have applicability not only as an electrochromic material but also in NIR or optical memory devices, perhaps even in supercapacitor applications; the use of thieno[3,2-b]thiophene units presenting alkoxy gr...
TL;DR: A prototype Al-tungsten oxide electrochromic battery with interactive color-changing behavior is reported, which may further advance the development of smart energy storage devices with suitability for user-device interactions.
Abstract: A recent technological trend in the field of electrochemical energy storage is to integrate energy storage and electrochromism functions in one smart device, which can establish efficient user-device interactions based on a friendly human-readable output. This type of newly born energy storage technology has drawn tremendous attention. However, there is still plenty of room for technological and material innovation, which would allow advancement of the research field. A prototype Al-tungsten oxide electrochromic battery with interactive color-changing behavior is reported. With the assistance of trace amount of H2 O2 , the battery exhibits a specific capacity almost seven times that for the reported electrochromic batteries, up to 429 mAh g(-1) . Fast decoloration of the reduced tungsten oxide affords a very quick charging time of only eight seconds, which possibly comes from an intricate combination of structure and valence state changes of tungsten oxide. This unique combination of features may further advance the development of smart energy storage devices with suitability for user-device interactions.
TL;DR: In this paper, a class of hybrid electrochromic materials utilizing polythiophenes and tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanoparticles that independently modulate visible and near-infrared (NIR) light is described.
Abstract: In this manuscript, we describe a class of hybrid electrochromic materials utilizing polythiophenes and tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanoparticles that independently modulate visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. By altering the voltage applied across electrodes modified with these composite materials, the electrodes can be repeatedly switched between three distinct modes of operation. These “bright and warm”, “bright and cool”, and “dark and cool” modes vary in their visible and NIR transmission properties and are targeted toward the development of smart windows that can control both solar lighting and heating fluxes. Electrodes containing the composite films, which are fabricated by electropolymerizing polythiophenes on transparent electrodes coated with ITO nanoparticles, possess fast switching times (<90 s), moderate durability, and contrast ratios similar to those of the individual composite components. The maximum contrast ratios of the composite systems are 47% at 700 nm and 39% at 1250 nm. After ...
TL;DR: A novel ternary composite composed of TiO2 nanotubes, polyaniline, and gold nanoparticles, which regenerated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) to complete the enzymatic cycle and led to an improved method for PEC detection of lactate.
Abstract: A novel ternary composite composed of TiO2 nanotubes (TiONTs), polyaniline (PANI), and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) was prepared for photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing. PANI was initially coated on TiONTs with an oxidative polymerization method, and 12-phosphotungstic acid was then used as a highly localized photoactive reducing agent to deposit GNPs on TiONT-PANI. The morphology and composition of the composite were characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopic methods. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was also conducted to demonstrate the excellent electrical conductivity of the composite. A PEC biosensor was fabricated by immobilizing a mixture of lactate dehydrogenase and the composite onto ITO electrodes, which regenerated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to complete the enzymatic cycle and led to an improved method for PEC detection of lactate. Because of the surface plasmon resonance enhanced effect of GNPs, the electrochromic performance of PANI, and excellent conductivity a...
TL;DR: Metal-doping is considered to be an effective way for construction of advanced semiconducting metal oxides with tailored physicochemical properties and this electrode design protocol can provide an alternative way for developing high-performance active materials for bi-functional electrochromic batteries.