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Showing papers on "Electrode array published in 1974"


Patent
Werner Kohler1
14 Nov 1974
TL;DR: A combined current and voltage measuring apparatus for measuring voltage and current on a rod-shaped primary conductor for conducting current at an upper potential includes a cast resin body wherein there is embedded the sensor of a current measuring unit as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A combined current and voltage measuring apparatus for measuring voltage and current on a rod-shaped primary conductor for conducting current at an upper potential includes a cast resin body wherein there is embedded the sensor of a current measuring unit The case resin body is arranged in surrounding relation to the primary conductor and, in addition to carrying the sensor, it is also utilized as dielectric for the upper potential capacitor of a voltage divider which supplies the amplifier of a capacitive voltage measuring unit Embedded in the cast resin body is a cylindrical electrode which forms with the rod-shaped primary conductor extending through the electrode the capacitor on the high-voltage side of the capacitive voltage divider The sensor of the current measuring unit contains a winding without a ferrous core which surrounds the outside of the cylindrical electrode

56 citations


Patent
18 Sep 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, a field effect transistor where at least one of source, drain and gate electrodes on a semiconductor substrate is a multi electrode array above a common conductor on the bottom of the substrate is described.
Abstract: A field effect transistor wherein at least one of source, drain and gate electrodes on a semiconductor substrate is a multi electrode array above a common conductor on the bottom of the substrate. A conductive connection between electrodes of the array and the common conductor is completed through holes in the substrate.

55 citations


Patent
12 Mar 1974
TL;DR: In this article, an electro-optical device employing liquid crystal cell, which consists of a first electrode and a second electrode opposed to the first electrode, at least one of which being light-transparent, and a liquid crystal sandwiched between the first and second electrodes, is driven by voltage pulses with special wave form and changes in its optical transmission or reflection.
Abstract: An electro-optical device employing liquid crystal cell, which consists of a first electrode and a second electrode opposed to the first electrode, at least one of which being light-transparent, and a liquid crystal sandwiched between the first and second electrodes, is driven by voltage pulses with special wave form and changes in its optical transmission or reflection. The liquid crystal is cholesteric liquid crystal having positive dielectric anisotropy. A first circuit connected to the first electrode generates a.c. voltage pulse having phase phi 1 for time duration T1 and a d.c. bias voltage of the same amplitude as that of the a.c. voltage pulse. A second circuit connected to the second electrode generates a.c. voltage having the same amplitude, the same bias as that of the a.c. voltage pulse and phase phi 1 switchable to another phase phi 2 for time interval T2 which is varied with the change of a signal such as image signal. This technique is extended to an X-Y matrix display device which has plural display elements formed at intersections of plural X-electrodes and plural Y-electrodes opposing to and crossing the X-electrodes with a gap.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a distributed RC circuit model is used to describe an interdigital electrode transducer (IDT) having finite conduction in the electrode stripes, which is described by a set of differential equations whose solutions yield the current and voltage distributions along the aperture of the IDT.
Abstract: A distributed RC circuit model is used to describe an interdigital electrode transducer (IDT) having finite conduction in the electrode stripes. The distributed circuit is described by a set of differential equations whose solutions yield the current and voltage distributions along the aperture of the IDT. It is found that the electrode resistance causes a distortion of the excited wave amplitude and phase due to the nonuniform voltage and current distribution. An equivalent circuit for the terminal properties is also derived which illustrates the effects of conduction loss. The theory is also used to predict electrode efficiency, effective aperture weighting, and phase shift in weighted arrays.

55 citations


Patent
Hideaki Kawakami1
15 Oct 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the amplitude of the voltage applied to non-selected cells along a selected scanning electrode is made different from the amplitude applied to the remaining cells along the selected signal electrode, and the bias voltage is determined depending on the number of the scanning electrodes.
Abstract: In a method of driving with a one-line-at-a-time scanning system a liquid crystal matrix display device in which the picture elements are defined by liquid crystal cell portions formed between the scanning and the signal electrodes arranged in the form of a matrix, the amplitude of the voltage applied to non-selected cells along a selected scanning electrode is made different from the amplitude of the voltage applied to non-selected cells along a selected signal electrode; the amplitude of the voltage (bias voltage) applied to non-selected cells along the selected signal electrode is made equal to the amplitude of the voltage applied to the remaining non-selected cells; and the bias voltage is determined depending on the number of the scanning electrodes, so that the operation margin is further improved.

40 citations


Patent
14 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, an electrostatic coating was used to avoid a disruptive electrical discharge from the high voltage electrode to an approaching grounded object, and a fast-acting grounding device was activated in anticipation of sparking conditions to connect the high-voltage electrode to ground.
Abstract: This invention provides an electrostatic coating apparatus to avoid a disruptive electrical discharge from the high voltage electrode to an approaching grounded object. This apparatus employs the current of a high voltage electrostatic system to determine incipient grounding of the high voltage electrode and includes a fast-acting grounding device activated in anticipation of sparking conditions to connect the high voltage electrode to ground. The grounding device is held in the ungrounded position during operation of the electrostatic coating system. The electric current in the ground return of the high voltage source is sensed to provide a signal. All alternating current components of the signal above substantially pure direct current are removed to provide a resulting DC signal that increases as a grounded article approaches a charged electrode. The resultant DC signal is analyzed to determine the approach of a grounded article to the charged electrode. When the level of the signal indicates incipient grounding of the charged high voltage electrode, the grounding device is released from its ungrounded position and quickly connects the high voltage electrode to ground.

32 citations


Patent
28 Mar 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the length of an arc produced between a non-consumable electrode and a workpiece which is being welded, is automatically controlled to an optimum value by means of an electric drive motor for driving an electrode according to a signal obtained by proportionally integrating or multiplying the voltage difference between the arc voltage detected by using an integrating element and the set reference voltage.
Abstract: A method and an apparatus for non-consumable electrode type automatic arc welding in which the length of an arc produced between a non-consumable electrode and a workpiece which is being welded, is automatically controlled to an optimum value by means of an electric drive motor for driving an electrode according to a signal obtained by proportionally integrating or multiplying the voltage difference between the arc voltage detected by using an integrating element and the set reference voltage.

26 citations


Patent
07 Oct 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, a hill climbing technique is used to increase the input energy to the electrostatic precipitator electrodes until the electrode potential decreases, and then the voltage is controlled by an automatic voltage controller including an electrode potential sense circuit.
Abstract: By using a hill climbing technique, the input energy to the electrostatic precipitator electrodes is automatically increased until the electrode potential decreases. In response to the electrode potential decrease, the input energy is decreased. The electrode potential is controlled by an automatic voltage controller including an electrode potential sense circuit. The controller includes a digital store for increasing the count of the store and means responsive to the count in the store provide an output signal related to the count and means responsive to the signal from the electrode potential sensing circuit which is indicative of a fall in the electrode potential is used to reduce the count in the store. The count in the store is converted into an analog voltage used to control the duty cycle of thyristers and thus the precipitator electrode potential.

21 citations


Patent
Perry L. Wells1
30 Sep 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a toroidal electrolyte-type angular transducer is provided for measuring angular displacement or tilt from a vertical plane, where three conducting paths in the electrolyte are established between two measuring electrodes and an auxiliary electrode respectively and a common electrode.
Abstract: A toroidal electrolyte-type angular transducer is provided for measuring angular displacement or tilt from a vertical plane. Three conducting paths in the electrolyte are established between two measuring electrodes and an auxilliary electrode respectively and a common electrode. Angular displacement is simply related to the values of the conductances in the various paths. In a preferred embodiment of the invention several guard-ring electrodes are included to divert spurious leakage currents from the common electrode so that the leakage current will not affect the measurement. The guard-ring electrodes are maintained at the same potential appearing at the collector electrode to ensure that no leakage currents pass between the two. Another preferred embodiment the invention provides that the two measuring electrodes are driven by voltages equal in magnitude and opposite in sign. A high gain operational amplifier is interconnected between the auxiliary electrode and the common electrode. By means of this arrangement a single voltage reading may be obtained which is directly proportional to angular displacement.

10 citations


Patent
24 Oct 1974
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a circuit for sampling charge stored adjacent a phase electrode in a charge coupled device and for selectively weighting the sampled charge in order to maintain the clock voltage of the phase electrode at a predetermined set value.
Abstract: The specification discloses a circuit for sampling charge stored adjacent a phase electrode in a charge coupled device and for selectively weighting the sampled charge. The circuit includes a first insulated gate field effect transistor connected at its source to one end of the phase electrode and connected at its drain to receive a clock. A predetermined first voltage is applied to the gate of the first transistor. A second insulated gate field effect transistor is connected to the other end of the phase electrode and is connected at its drain to receive a clock. A preselected second voltage is applied to the gate of the second transistor in order to control the percentage of charging current applied to the phase electrode through the second transistor. The preselected second voltage is equal to or less than the predetermined first voltage in order to maintain the clock voltage of the phase electrode at a predetermined set value. The amount of charging current applied to the phase electrode through each of the first and second transistors is detected in order to provide a weighted indication of the charge stored adjacent the phase electrode. The weighting applied to the sampled charge may be varied by varying the preselected second voltage.

9 citations


Patent
23 Aug 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, an apparatus for daylight shrimp fishing is described, which includes a plurality of Otter trawls each having an electrode array and a pulse circuit, each circuit includes a capacitor which is discharged by a reversal of current to the capacitor which fires an SCR, and a control unit located on the boat effects the discharging of respective capacitors in a predetermined sequence to equalize the load on an alternating current generator.
Abstract: An apparatus for daylight shrimp fishing is disclosed. The apparatus includes a plurality of Otter trawls each having an electrode array and a pulse circuit. Each pulse circuit includes a capacitor which is discharged by a reversal of current to the capacitor which fires an SCR. A control unit located on the boat effects the discharging of the respective capacitors in a predetermined sequence to equalize the load on an alternating current generator. The electrode array has a plurality of electrodes which trail behind a bus extending between the trawl doors at a distance above the bottom. The electrodes are weighted to slide along the bottom and have an insulating material disposed above the conductor so that the electric current pulses are directed into the bottom rather than being dissipated upwardly into the water. The design of the bus and the electrode array is such as to insure uniform current density over the array.

Patent
03 May 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, an auxiliary electrode is provided to the intermediate region adjacent to one of the outermost regions of the semiconductor substrate to which two main electrodes, anode and cathode, are provided, the auxiliary electrode and the main electrode on the one outermost region being connected electrically.
Abstract: A thyristor highly proof against dv/dt in which to prevent malignition due to the displacement current produced by the application of an abruptly rising forward voltage or the internal leakage current increasing with the temperature rise of the semiconductor substrate, an auxiliary electrode is provided to the intermediate region adjacent to one of the outermost regions of the semiconductor substrate to which two main electrodes, anode and cathode, are provided, the auxiliary electrode and the main electrode on the one outermost region being connected electrically, and a control region having the opposite conductivity type to that of the intermediate region is formed in the intermediate region between the auxiliary electrode and the main electrode on the one outermost region, the control region being provided with a gate electrode. By supplying a control signal to the gate electrode a depletion layer is produced in the intermediate region such that the path of the control signal from the gate electrode to the auxiliary electrode is completely blocked and the control signal is all utilized for the ignition. The displacement current and the leakage current are bypassed from the auxiliary electrode to the main electrode on the one outermost region.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the resistivity and I.P. responses of a large number of conventional electrode arrays in two distinct geological environments have been simulated by digital computer and the results show that the commonly used electrode arrays exhibit a variety of response characteristics.
Abstract: The resistivity and I.P. responses of a large number of conventional electrode arrays in two distinct geological environments have been simulated by digital computer. Numerical calculations are based on a method of using surface integral equations which is suitable for micro, mini and mainframe computers. This procedure allows array responses of adequate accuracy to be calculated at a fraction of the cost of other numerical methods and makes a comprehensive evaluation of electrode arrays in complex situations feasible. The results of the study show that the commonly used electrode arrays exhibit a variety of response characteristics. These features essentially reflect the differing "geometric couplings" of the arrays with the three-dimensional models treated. In certain situations enhancement of deeper bodies takes place indicating that optimum geometric coupling with the environment has been achieved. In these cases the most diagnostic anomalies usually result. The study concludes that if initial effort is expended in the design of optimum electrode arrays and field procedures the most diagnostic information will be obtained. This information, combined with the ease and flexibility of the computer modelling procedures described in this paper, provide the geophysicist with a powerful tool for the planning of resistivity and I.P. field surveys and their subsequent interpretation.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, a partial solution to measure the distribution of electrical potential over the scalp is achieved by the choice of appropriate methods of connecting the scalp electrodes to the recording amplifiers.
Abstract: This chapter focuses on connecting electrodes to amplifiers. A partial solution to measure the distribution of electrical potential over the scalp is achieved by the choice of appropriate methods of connecting the scalp electrodes to the recording amplifiers. There are three basic methods of deriving electrical signals from an electrode array. These are bipolar, unipolar, and average reference methods. In the bipolar method, each channel is connected between two electrodes both of which are likely to be affected by appreciable electroencephalogram potentials. The difference between the common reference and the bipolar methods of derivation is that one electrode is common to all or to a group of channels. This electrode is called a common reference. In a common reference derivation, each amplifier is connected between one active electrode and the reference electrode. In common average reference derivations all the electrodes on the scalp are connected through equal resistors to a single point which is then used as a common reference. Each amplifier is connected between an active electrode and the average reference point.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an apparatus, consisting of a rotating cylindrical electrode and a stationary rod electrode, is described for investigating the properties of high current arcs, which can be preset to burn for up to 100 revolutions of the electrode in units of 0.01 of a revolution.
Abstract: An apparatus, containing a rotating cylindrical electrode and a stationary rod electrode, is described for investigating the properties of high current arcs. The circuit for generating current pulses is linked to the angular position of the electrode so that discharges can be preset to burn for up to 100 revolutions of the electrode in units of 0.01 of a revolution. The apparatus has been initially used with the rotating electrode as anode to study the electrode properties of DC arcs of up to 1.5kA burning in air at atmospheric pressure, at surface speeds up to the maximum. The experimental technique has been found to have considerable advantages over normal techniques employing stationary electrodes for observing the column structure of high current arc discharges and the interaction of such discharges with an electrode.