Showing papers on "Electrode array published in 1987"

Determination of biomass

Abstract: Apparatus for the determination of biomass in a suspension and its use in a fermentation apparatus. The apparatus comprises electrodes to be placed in the suspension and the following other components: a) means for applying an alternating voltage between the electrodes; b) means for providing a current signal indicative of the current in the current electrode circuit; c) means for providing a voltage signal indicative of the voltage between the voltage electrodes; and d) means for determining the ratio between the value of the voltage signal and the value of a quadrature component of the current signal, or vice versa, to provide a capacitance dependent signal.

Agile beam control of optical phased array

Abstract: An agile beam control for optical phased array wherein a great multiplicity of substantially identical wave guides are employed, each of which comprises a plurality of electrodes along the length thereof, and wherein electrical voltages are applied to such electrodes in a predetermined pattern so as to effect the necessary control without creating a totally unworkable arrangement of different voltages and wiring arrangements which are intolerable. More specifically, a binary voltage distribution is provided to such electrodes, whereby alternate ones of the electrodes in a first electrode position of such wave guides are interconnected and have a given voltage applied thereto. The remaining electrodes at that position are energized with the same magnitude of voltage but of reverse polarity. Each successive electrode position of such wave guides are arranged in blocks of adjacent electrodes wherein each block comprises twice the number of electrodes in each block of the adjacent electrode position closest to said first electrode position. Alternate blocks of electrodes are connected together and voltage is applied to each block in accordance with the number of electrodes in the respective blocks, with alternate blocks having reverse polarity.

Multichannel intracochlear electrodes: mechanism of insertion trauma.

Abstract: Cochlear damage from electrode insertion, a potential cause of further neural degeneration, is a major concern in the use of intracochlear electrodes. A study was undertaken to evaluate mechanisms by which damage may occur. Fresh human temporal bone preparations were created to allow direct intracochlear observation during round window insertion of a free-fitting multichannel intracochlear electrode array. The path taken by the electrode, point of first resistance, and any resulting damage were documented. Tips of study electrodes in this preparation tended to embed in the outer wall of the scala tympani. The integrity of the basilar partition was largely maintained during insertion when this was stopped at the point of first resistance. However, insertion beyond the point of first resistance typically resulted in widespread damage to intracochlear structures.

Large area, low voltage, high current photovoltaic modules and method of fabricating same

Abstract: A large area, high current, low voltage photovoltaic module including a common bottom electrode upon which a means adapted to collect and transport photogenerated current is disposed. By electrically interconnecting a plurality of said large area modules in series, the voltage obtained therefrom can be added so as to obtain any desired voltage output therefrom.

Self-regulating air ionizing apparatus

Abstract: Apparatus for ionizing air molecules to suppress electrostatic charges in a room or for other purposes includes internal feedback which maintains a desired rate of ion production in the presence of electrode deterioration or other effects which could otherwise alter ion output. Production of air ions of a given polarity results in a ground return flow of electrical charges of opposite polarity from the high voltage generator at a rate corresponding to the rate of air ion output. The ground return current is monitored to produce an electrical feedback signal. A control circuit causes the high voltage generator to apply higher voltage to the electrode when the feedback signal decreases and to apply lower voltage to the electrode when the feedback signal increases. Such self-regulation of each individual electrode in systems having an array of electrodes that are otherwise jointly controlled acts to maintain a desired ratio of positive and negative ions in a room as well as a desired total ion concentration.

Current Distributions Produced Inside and Outside the Cochlea from a Scala Tympani Electrode Array

Abstract: Current distributions produced from a monopolar electrode with eight channels made by Pt?Ir balls were obtained outside the cochlear of a human cadaver in saline solution in order to provide information that can lead to a design of the optimal stimulus system for multichannel cochlear implants.

Ion measuring apparatus and monitoring system

Abstract: A real time, on-line ion mesurement system for a solution has continuous monitoring of the physical conditions of the ion electrode and the reference electrode of the system. A dual chamber reference electrode is provided having an inner chamber and electrode for providing an ion measurement reference potential, and an outer chamber and electrode for producing a monitoring potential to detect poisoning of the reference electrode membrane. A first time varying low level signal is applied to the ion electrode and a second time varying low level signal orthogonal to and uncorrelated with the first signal is applied to a solution ground electrode disposed in the solution adjacent the reference electrode, the signals producing a composite common ground current. A pair of cross-correlators extracts the two time varying components from the common ground current for measuring the ion electrode and reference electrode impedances. Visual readouts and threshold circuits are provided to indicate when changes in impedances and the reference monitoring potential occur indicative of a system fault.

Charging or discharging device

Abstract: A device for electrically discharging or charging a member to be discharged or charged, includes a dielectric member, first and second electrodes embedded in the dielectric member, the first and second electrodes being supplied with an alternating voltage therebetween to cause discharge adjacent a part of a surface of the dielectric member at a predetermined discharge starting voltage, a third electrode disposed to or adjacent a part of the surface of the dielectric member at such a position as when the discharge occurs by application of the alternating voltage between the first and second electrodes, no discharge occurs between the first electrode and the third electrode or between the second electrode and the third electrode, AC source for applying an alternating voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode, DC source for applying a bias voltage between the third electrode and the member to be discharged or charged.

Multiple element flat electrode useful for HF-surgery

Abstract: A multi-element electrode comprises at least two flat partial electrodes which are arranged in juxtaposition to a pre-established direction. To simplify the fabrication of such an electrode and in particular to allow the use of cable conductors of equal length for attachment thereto, provision is made for the two partial electrodes to exhibit facing edges which are at an angle to the pre-established direction. Such a construction is advantageous in the case of a three-part electrode. The electrode is preferably the neutral electrode of an HF-surgical apparatus.

Fish repelling apparatus using a plurality of series connected pulse generators to produce an optimized electric field

Abstract: An electric barrier for discouraging the passage of fishes through a natural or artificial waterway, or for repelling fishes from the vicinity of an underwater structure in a waterway A submerged electrode array is provided for electrifying at least a portion of a waterway when energized by a plurality of electric pulse generators The outputs of the pulse generators are connected in series and each is also connected to a separate electrode of the array so that when synchronously triggered, the outputs are in phase and additive in amplitude along the electrode array In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each pulse generator is adjustable in output amplitude so that the electric field gradients along the electrode array can be adjusted to minimize the injury to fishes repelled by the barrier

Thin Film Electrode Arrays for Mapping the Current‐Voltage Distributions in Proton‐Exchange‐Membrane Fuel Cells

Abstract: An array of reference electrodes was fabricated on a polyperfluorosulfonic acid membrane using microlithographic techniques. This array was used to map the current-voltage distribution at a proton exchange membrane fuel cell anode. Inhomogeneity in the voltage distribution was attributed to nonuniform humidification of the electrode, resulting in a decrease in halt-cell performance. Details of the fabrication method and the theory behind the array concept are presented.

Display device comprising a delaying circuit to retard signal voltage application to part of signal electrodes

Abstract: A display device consisting of a plurality of scanning electrodes, a plurality of signal electrodes, a driving circuit feeding these electrodes with a scanning voltage and a signal voltage applied thereto, display elements having a pair of electrodes opposite to each other, which are disposed on the intersecting portion of the signal electrodes with the scanning electrodes, and switching elements controlling the feeding of one of the electrodes with the signal voltage, depending on the scanning voltage, comprises further a delaying circuit, which retards the timing of applying the signal voltage applied to a part of the signal electrodes, which are distant from the input terminal of the scanning voltage, with respect to the timing of applying the scanning voltage applied to the scanning electrodes.

Low contamination RF sputter deposition apparatus

Abstract: A high rate, low contamination, non-reactive sputter etching or deposition apparatus is disclosed herein. The apparatus is comprised of a pair of parallel plate electrodes, cathode and substrate and an additional or wall electrode means surrounding said other electrode means. The wall electrode can be made to be coplanar with said other electrodes and the area of said electrodes are designed so that the wall electrode is resputtered eliminating contamination. The electrodes are housed in a vacuum chamber with inlet means for introducing a non-reactive gas into said chamber. Means are provided for supplying said RF voltage to said electrodes both in and out of phase and for varying the magnitude of the substrate electrode RF voltage with respect to the magnitude of the cathode voltage. Thick insulator rings are used to reduce stray capacitance between the wall electrode and ground whereby the outer chamber (normally grounded) forms a low inductance path between the cathode electrode and acts as a shield for the inner chamber RF potential.

Colour display tube with reduced deflection defocussing

Abstract: Color display tube comprising an electron gun 5 of the in-line type. The electron gun 5 comprises a main lens which is constituted by a first focussing electrode 25 and a second focussing electrode 26. The first focussing electrode comprises sub-electrodes 27, 28 placed at a distance from each other between which an auxiliary electrode constituting an astigmatic element GAST is positioned. The auxiliary electrode GAST is connected during operation to means for applying a constant voltage, whilst at least the sub-electrode 28 forming part of the main lens is connected during operation to means for applying a control voltage. The control voltage may be a static voltage or a dynamically varying voltage, for example, a parabolic voltage which is in synchronism with the line deflection.

Refined surgical technique for insertion of banded electrode array

Abstract: A refined electrode insertion technique is presented for the multichannel cochlear implant. It comprises two basic steps. The first step is the removal of the anteroinferior overhang of the round window and crista fenestrae, or alternatively an opening drilled into the scala tympani anteroinferior to the round window. The second is rotation of the electrode during insertion, counterclockwise in the right ear and clockwise in the left ear.

Electrode array and method of manufacture.

Abstract: The electrode array is a device for making multiple electrical contacts with cellular tissue or organs. The electrode array includes a base (1), a two dimensional array of conducting protuberances (2) arising from the base and serving as electrodes, and conductors (3) embedded onto the base and connected to such protuberances for transmitting electrical signals to and/or from the protuberances. The protuberances may also include an insulating layer (15) which covers either the entire protuberance or which leaves the tips exposed for making focused electrical contact. Electrode arrays may be used singly or in combination with a second electrode array so as to form a sandwich around a target tissue. The sandwich electrode array (16, 17) may employ indexing cones for aligning the opposing electrode arrays and for limiting their vertical proximity. The conductors of the electrode array may be electronically connected or coupled to processing circuitry which amplifies and analyzes the signal received from the tissue and/or which generates signals which are sent to the target tissue and possibly coordinates the generated signals with signals which originate with the tissue.

Electric field therapy apparatus

Abstract: An electric field therapy apparatus having electrodes connected to a pair of output terminals characterized in that an intermediate point between the output terminals is connected, as a voltage point, ground. With this arrangement, each of the electrodes can be constructed so as to make withstand voltage to ground small, and the electric potential difference between the electrodes can be made large.

Superlattice gate field effect transistor

Abstract: A quasi 1-dimensional electron gas transistor has been provided having a source electrode and a drain electrode. A plurality of electrodes are positioned between the source and drain electrodes in a manner which are parallel to the electron flow between the source and the drain electrodes. In one embodiment, the electrodes are interconnected by a gate electrode while in an alternate embodiment all the electrodes are connected to the source electrode and insulated from the gate electrode. This device provides a quantum wire for quasi 1-dimensional electron flow.

Liquid crystal display device using photoconductive body

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain an excellent image quality being equal to a TFT of a three-terminal element, and also, to simplify the structure by radiating light beams to a photoconductive body between a transparent picture element electrode and a common electrode or a signal electrode. CONSTITUTION:Between glass substrates 9, 10 to which polarizing films 11, 12 have been stuck, a liquid crystal 6, a data signal use electrode 7, a common electrode 5, a transparent picture element electrode 4, an oriented film and a color filter 13 are provided. Also, an amorphous Si thin film is provided as a photoconductive body 3 between the electrodes 4, 5. In this state, when a scanning signal of light is led to an optical waveguide 2, a part thereof irradiates the photoconductive body 3 through the electrode 4, a resistance value is lowered quickly by a generated and a carrier, the electrodes 4, 5 become a conducting state, an applied voltage to the electrode 7 in this case is applied to the liquid crystal 6, charge is accumulated in a capacitor consisting of the electrodes 7, 4, and an image memory can be formed.

Gas laser generating device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enable an electrical energy necessary for the laser oscillation to decrease by a method wherein an auxiliary electrode is provided to the outside of a discharge tube on one primary electrode side and the auxiliary electrode is connected to the same potential as the other primary electrode. CONSTITUTION:One primary electrode 2 inside a discharge tube 1 and an auxiliary electrode 4 outside the discharge tube 1 are arranged facing toward each other, and the auxiliary electrode 4 is connected so as to be the same potential as the other primary electrode 3. As a discharge power source voltage V makes the voltage increase drastically before a glow discharge starts, the voltage change with time (dv/dt) is large, but once the discharge starts, the voltage becomes constant, which is a glow discharge voltage, so that dv/dt is made small. The auxiliary electrode 4 is separated from the primary electrodes 2 and 3 by the wall of the discharge tube 1 and the impedance between them is an electrostatic capacitance, wherefore an auxiliary current is supplied only when dv/dt is large. As mentioned above, an auxiliary current is made to flow between the primary electrodes 2 and 3 and the auxiliary electrode 4 when the discharge starts, so that a power consumption is decreased.

Voltage sensing in A.C. corotrons

Abstract: A voltage measuring device in an electrostatographic arrangement having a photoreceptor member charged to a uniform voltage level prior to imagewise discharge, and including at least a first corotron having a corona producing coronode driven with an A.C. voltage source for neutralizing charge on a surface in the electrostatographic arrangement. A thin conductive wire electrode is arranged parallel and across the photoreceptor surface and parallel to the coronode, to derive a current proportional to the voltage on the photoreceptor surface. Voltage measurements may be taken as a known function of the current derived in the electrode.

Contact type image sensor

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the yield by arranging plural semiconductor substrates at first with driving integrated circuit including individual electrodes formed thereupon to make the entire assembling longer and forming a photoelectric converting element onto one and same substrate in the form of thin film thereby eliminating the damage incurred onto the photoelectric conversion element due to the cut-off of the semiconductor substrate CONSTITUTION:Plural driving integrated circuits provided with ins recording paper loaded when a recording means records a picture individual electrode storing 5 comprising a CCD shift register 2 and a photoelectric conversion element section 12 are arranged so that the individual electrode string 5 form a linear long array, and the photoelectric conversion thin film 7 and the transparent electrode in strip shape are laminated sequentially thereupon to cover the individual electrode 5 formed as a long array thereby constituting the photoelectric conversion element array Moreover, the CCD shift register 2 is arranged at both sides of the individual electrode array 5 while clipping the array, lead electrodes from the individual electrodes 5 are divided into a half and the resulting electrodes are connected to the CCD shift registers 2 at both sides Thus, the characteristic deterioration of the elements attended with the cutting or arrangement is not caused and the length of the CCD shift register 2 is halved in comparison with the case of the arrangement of the CCD shift register to one side only and the possibility of the limit of the element density due to the length of the CCD shift registers 2 is halved

Electrode array for a print head

Abstract: An electrode array is disclosed for a print head of an electrooptical facsimile recording device for recording spots line by line. The recording spots are exposed on a recording medium through light gates (35). These light gates (35) are arranged in rows and are defined by high field strength edge portions (switching areas) of spot electrodes (22, 22') and main electrodes (23, 24, 25, 26). Each spot electrode (22, 22') is associated with n light gates (35, 19), each spot-electrode row (27, 28) being associated with n main electrodes, so that n(N-n) light gates are formed by N electrodes. The electrode array in designed so that each spot-electrode row (27, 28) is between at least wo elongated main electrodes; each spot electrode 22 has n switching areas (20, 21) which are located adjacent n respective main electrodes.

Electrochemical cell with moving electrode

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrochemical cell with moving electrode which can be used for chemical current sources or electrolyzers in which one electrode is being consumed. A constant spacing between the electrode 1 and 6 is provided for. This is achieved by applying a force, for instance gravity, on one side of one electrode, which is transferred by means of a slanting plane or links at the sides of the electrodes to a direction perpendicular to the electrode surface, causing the motion of one electrode towards the other when one of them is consuming (dissolving).

Code converter with complementary output voltages

Abstract: A double-ended code converter (10) contains three or more like-configured amplifiers (T₀ - T M+1 ). Each has a first flow electrode (E1), a second flow electrode (E2), and a control electrode (CE) for receiving a signal to control charge carriers moving from the first electrode to the second. The first electrodes are coupled to a circuit supply (12) which may be a current source or a voltage supply, the second electrodes are selectively coupled to one or the other of a pair of lines (L B and L BN ) which are coupled to respective load elements (14 B and 14 BN ) to provide a pair of complementary signals.

Print pulse control circuit for electrostatic fluid jet applicator

Abstract: A print pulse control and driver circuit for an electrostatic fluid jet applicator is provided which promotes enhanced image quality by adjustably controlling the rising and falling edge duration of print pulses that are applied to the applicator's charge electrode array. The control circuit in pattern printing applications employs a print pulse drive bus which is shared by a large number of high voltage charge electrode drive circuits. Print pulses present on the bus are selectively used to gate high voltage to individual charge electrodes. In addition, the print pulse control circuit includes circuitry for detecting short circuits on an individual electrode basis.

Method of driving ferroelectric liquid crystal optical modulation device

Abstract: A driving method for an optical modulation device is applicable to driving of an optical modulation device, e.g. a liquid crystal device having a matrix electrode arrangement comprising a group of scanning electrodes, a group of signal electrodes oppositely spaced from the group of scanning electrodes, and an optical modulation material (e.g. a liquid crystal) showing bistability with respect to an electric filed applied thereto disposed between the groups of scanning electrodes and signal electrodes. The driving method is featured by applying a voltage allowing the liquid crystal having bistability to be oriented to a first stable state (one optically stable state) between a selected scanning electrode of the group of scanning electrodes and a selected signal electrode of the group of signal electrodes, and by applying a voltage allowing the liquid crystal having bistability to be oriented to a second stable state (the other optically stable state) between the selected scanning electrodes and non-selected signal electrodes; or by applying a voltage allowing the optical modulation material having bistabity to be oriented to a first stable state between a selected scanning electrode and the group of signal electrodes, applying a voltage allowing the liquid crystal oriented to the first stable state to be oriented to a second stable state between the selected scanning electrode and a selected signal electrode, and applying a voltage set to a value between a threshold voltage -Vth2 (for the second stable state) and a threshold voltage Vth1 (for the first stable state) between non-selected scanning electrodes and the group of signal electrodes.

Plasma processing power monitoring device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enable a monitor device to perform a suitable monitor display by detecting an upper envelop and an lower envelop of high frequence components from a high frequency voltage applied to an electrode of a plasma generator, and by displaying DC component voltage of peak-to-peak voltage and high frequence voltage obtained. CONSTITUTION:At an upper electrode 104a of a plasma processor 1, voltage is generated by applying power to a processor chamber 104. The power is taken out, and upper and lower envelops are detected by a Vp detector 33 and a Vp detector 33 of an envelop detector 3 to compute peak-to-peak voltage of high frequency voltage by a voltage computing unit 4. A voltage display unit 5 displays DC component voltage of high frequency voltage obtained through the peak-to-peak voltage and an LPF 32. It is possible for an operator to proceed plasma processing properly while confirming the display of a display 5.

Electrical power feeder for a wire electrode type electrical discharge machining apparatus

Abstract: An electric power feeder for a wire electrode type electrical discharge machining apparatus having a wire electrode includes a first power supply for rough electrical discharge machining and a second power supply for finish electrical discharge machining. In one embodiment, the second electric power supply is movably arranged in the direction crossing the wire electrode so that the wire electrode is selectively connected to the first electric power supply or to the second electric power supply by moving the second power supply, feeder for a wire electrode type electrical discharge machining equipment comprising a wire electrode guide. In a second embodiment, the first electric power supply and the second electric power supply are arranged leaving a small distance therebetween in which the wire electrode passes and a wire electrode shifter changes the direction of the wire electrode so that the wire electrode (1) is selectively connected to the first electric power supply or the second electric power supply.