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Showing papers on "Electrode array published in 1989"


Patent
24 Jan 1989
TL;DR: A two-dimensional array of conducting protuberances arising from the base and serving as electrodes, and conductors embedded onto the base for transmitting electrical signals to and/or from the protuberance as mentioned in this paper is a device for making multiple electrical contacts with cellular tissue or organs.
Abstract: The electrode array is a device for making multiple electrical contacts with cellular tissue or organs. The electrode array includes a base (1), a two dimensional array of conducting protuberances (2) arising from the base and serving as electrodes, and conductors (3) embedded onto the base and connected to such protuberances for transmitting electrical signals to and/or from the protuberances. The protuberances may also include an insulating layer (15) which covers either the entire protuberance or which leaves the tips exposed for making focused electrical contact. Electrode arrays may be used used singly or in combination with a second electrode array so as to form a sandwich around a target tissue. The sandwich electrode array (16, 17) may employ indexing cones for aligning the opposing electrode arrays and for limiting their vertical proximity. The conductors of the electrode array may be electronically connected or coupled to processing circuitry which amplifies and analyzes the signal received from the tissue and/or which generates signals which are sent to the target tissue and possibly coordinates the generated signals with signals which originate with the tissue.

331 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study of collinear symmetrical four-electrode arrays and their tripotential variations indicates the existence of an electrode array for which all the tripsotential arrangements have the same depth of investigation.
Abstract: A study of collinear symmetrical four-electrode arrays and their tripotential variations indicates the existence of an electrode array for which all the tripotential arrangements have the same depth of investigation. Examination of computer-generated sounding curves confirms this result only when depth of investigation is defined as the median of the depth of investigation characteristic curve. The results lend support to this being the most practically useful definition of depth of investigation.

239 citations


Patent
28 Jun 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, an array of capacitive-type measuring apparatus for absolute position measurements comprises first and second support members which are relatively displaceable with respect to a measurement axis, and a second receiver electrode arrangement disposed on the first support member for sensing the voltage distribution of the electric field created by the second transmitter electrode array with N excitation signals.
Abstract: Capacitive-type measuring apparatus for making absolute measurements comprises first and second support members which are relatively displaceable with respect to a measurement axis; an array of first transmitter electrodes disposed on the first support member; an array of first receiver electrodes disposed on the second support member such that differing portions of the first receiver electrode array are capacitively coupled with the first transmitter electrode array in dependence on the relative positions of the support members; an array of second transmitter electrodes disposed on the second support member so as to be spatially offset from and electrically connected to corresponding first receiver electrodes; and a second receiver electrode arrangement disposed on the first support member for sensing the voltage distribution of the electric field created by the second transmitter electrode array in response to excitation of the first transmitter electrode array with N excitation signals The degree of offset of a second transmitter electrode relative to its corresponding first receiver electrode is a predetermined function of the distance of the second transmitter electrode from a reference position The first receiver electrodes define a fine wavelength, the first transmitter electrodes are arranged to occupy unique relative fine wavelength segment positions, and the second receiver electrode arrangement is adapted to produce outputs in response to predetermined combinations of excitation signals applied to the first transmitter electrodes which permit different transfer functions to be sensed, thereby permitting different resolution measurements to be made with the same electrode arrays which can be combined to obtain high accuracy absolute position measurements over an extended measuring range

152 citations


Patent
20 Apr 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a capacity forming electrode which has a shape running along the outside peripheral part of a picture element and opposed through this picture element electrode and a gate insulating film and a semiconductor film.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To decrease a point defect in a TFT array substrate and to improve the product yield at the time of manufacturing by providing a capacity forming electrode which has a shape running along the outside peripheral part of a picture element electrode and opposed through this picture element electrode and a gate insulating film and a semiconductor film, and cutting partially this semiconductor film. CONSTITUTION: A line section line 40 formed integrally with a gate electrode 21 and a row selection line 41 formed in one body with a drain electrode 27 are roughly orthogonal to each other, and in the vicinity of its intersection, a TFT 28 is placed. Also, a capacity forming electrode 22 has a shape running along the outside peripheral part of a picture element electrode 25, and moreover, in a part opposed to a connecting part of a source electrode 26 and the picture element electrode 25, a semiconductor film 24 is cut partially. In such a case, since the source electrode 26 is formed on the picture element electrode 25 opposed to the cutting part of the semiconductor film 24 and in its vicinity, an electrical connection of the center part of the picture element electrode 25 of the outside peripheral part is obtained by the operation of the source electrode 26. In such a way, in the case of the cutting part of the semiconductor film 24 exists, the number of point defects in a display image is decreased to about 1/6, comparing with the case of it does not exist. COPYRIGHT: (C)1990,JPO&Japio

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The signal and noise models are combined to yield a model for signal-to-noise ratio at array-based electrochemical detectors that is in good agreement with more complex and less approximate calculations.
Abstract: The signal-to-noise ratio at an electrode array depends on the electrode area, the perimeter-to-area ratio of the electroactive portion of the surface, the mass transfer coefficient of the analyte-electrode combination, the measurement bandwidth, and the sources and magnitudes of the noises. Simple models for chronoamperometry with an array in quiescent solution and for hydrodynamic current at an array in one wall of a rectangular conduit through which analyte-containing solution is following are given. Noises from seven sources, including environmental noises, are considered in a noise model. The signal and noise models are combined to yield a model for signal-to-noise ratio at array-based electrochemical detectors. There exists an optimum array density for a given area that depends on the noise power, noise resistance, the current density at a sparse array, and the current density at a solid electrode of the same area. Approximations that lead to simple expressions for the optimum electroactive area fraction and noise resistance lead to results that are in good agreement with more complex and less approximate calculations. Electrodes of millimeter dimensions consisting of about 1% active surface with electroactive "pieces" of micrometer dimensions are anticipated to yield detection limits of about 1 fmol injected into a typical packed-column liquid chromatograph. This corresponds to about 10(-10) M analyte in the detector and about an order of magnitude improvement over solid electrodes.

82 citations


Patent
05 Sep 1989
TL;DR: In this article, an automobile alternator regulator integrated circuit having a voltage-supply or -sense node (6) for connection to an external voltage, and a voltage clamp comprising: a pnp bypass transistor (Q1) having a base electrode, an emitter electrode coupled to the node and a collector electrode coupled with ground, a resistor (R1) connected between the base electrode and the node; a Zener diode (Z1-Z4) connected for enabling the bypass transistor when the voltage at the node exceeds a predetermined value.
Abstract: An automobile alternator regulator integrated circuit having a voltage-supply or -sense node (6) for connection to an external voltage, and a voltage clamp comprising: a pnp bypass transistor (Q1) having a base electrode, an emitter electrode coupled to the node and a collector electrode coupled to ground; a resistor (R1) connected between the base electrode and the node; a Zener diode (Z1-Z4) connected between the base electrode and ground for enabling the bypass transistor when the voltage at the node exceeds a predetermined value, whereby the voltage at the node is clamped to a voltage no greater than the predetermined value; and a fuse (F1) connected between the node and the emitter electrode so as to provide a subsequently identifiable cause of failure if the fuse becomes blown due to excess voltage while allowing subsequent operation of the integrated circuit if the clamp means fails but another part of the integrated circuit remains functional.

70 citations


Patent
Sergiu Silvian1
01 May 1989
TL;DR: A pacemaker and a method of operation thereof are provided for configuring or operating a conventional pacemaker having a plurality of lead electrodes as mentioned in this paper. Each lead can be independently configured for any combination of unipolar or bipolar, pacing and sensing.
Abstract: A pacemaker and a method of operation thereof are provided for configuring or operating a conventional pacemaker having a plurality of lead electrodes. Each lead can be independently configured for any combination of unipolar or bipolar, pacing and sensing. During a pacing mode of operation, a selected return electrode is switchably connected to the most positive battery potential, V DD . The return electrode of the packemaker, can selectively be either the pacemaker case or one or more ring electrodes. During a fast discharge time period, which occurs immediately subsequent to the delivery of a pacing pulse, the return electrode is disconnected from V DD and connected to the proximal side of a coupling capacitor through which the pacing pulse has passed. Also during this fast discharge time period, the proximal side of the coupling capacitor is switchable connected to the most negative battery potential, V SS . During sensing, one input of the sensing amplifier is connected to either the tip electrode or the ring electrode. A second input of the sensing amplifier is switchably connected to the selected return electrode, either the case or the ring electrode. Sensing can therefore occur between tip electrode and ring electrode, tip electrode and case, or ring electrode and case. Furthermore, the case electrode is switchably connected to -0.5 volts during the sensing phase of operation.

62 citations


Patent
Masaki Kuribayashi1, Yukiko Futami1, Hiroshi Inoue1, Akira Tsuboyama1, Yutaka Inaba1 
24 Oct 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a scanning selection signal was applied to the scanning electrodes two or more scanning electrodes apart in one vertical scanning so as to effect one picture scanning in plural times of vertical scanning, having a voltage of one polarity and another polarity with respect to the voltage level of a nonselected scanning electrode, and a second drive means for applying to a selected data electrode a voltage signal which provided a voltage causing the first orientation state of the ferroelectric liquid crystal in combination with the voltage of the other polarity of the scanning signal.
Abstract: A liquid crystal apparatus, includes: a) a liquid crystal device comprising an electrode matrix composed of scanning electrodes and data electrodes, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal showing a first and a second orientation state; and b) a driving means including: a first drive means for applying a scanning selection signal to the scanning electrodes two or more scanning electrodes apart in one vertical scanning so as to effect one picture scanning in plural times of vertical scanning, said scanning selection signal having a voltage of one polarity and a voltage of the other polarity with respect to the voltage level of a nonselected scanning electrode, and a second drive means for applying to a selected data electrode a voltage signal which provides a voltage causing the first orientation state of the ferroelectric liquid crystal in combination with the voltage of one polarity of the scanning selection signal, and applying to another data electrode a voltage signal which provides a voltage causing the second orientation state of the ferroelectric liquid crystal in combination with the voltage of the other polarity of the scanning selection signal.

59 citations


Patent
27 Sep 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, an apparatus for producing a stable streamer corona discharge, used for example for cleaning exhaust gases of automobiles, has a first electrode including an electrical conductor which is made of a stainless steel bar having discrete protrusions or continuously formed prorusions produced on its surface by threading.
Abstract: An apparatus for producing a stable streamer corona discharge, used for example for cleaning exhaust gases of automobiles, has a first electrode including an electrical conductor which is made of a stainless steel bar having discrete protrusions or continuously formed protrusions produced on its surface by threading, the cross section of the protrusions being triangular or trapezoidal. A second electrode includes an electrical conductor disposed opposite to the first electrode with a space therebetween, and an insulating layer formed of suitable materials having high electrical resistances such as asbestos, ceramics, organic glasses or the like covers the second electrode over at least the whole surface opposing to the first electrode. A high voltage direct current supply or a high voltage alternating supply is connected to the first electrode and the second electrode.

48 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: It is concluded that a chronic intracortical stimulating electrode array of this geometry should have the following properties: 1) the penetrating electrodes and supporting substrate must be stiff (to maintain interelectrode spacings upon implantation), and 2) the percutaneous leads must be extremely flexible (to avoid array movement after implantation).
Abstract: Two sets of electrode arrays made of either 25- or 50-microns-diameter Teflon-insulated platinum-iridium wire and Teflon have been developed for chronic intracortical electrical stimulation. Cortical histological studies were performed following acute and chronic implantation in cats. While some neural damage resulted from the implantations of either array configuration, a unique set of problems was associated with each diameter wire. Arrays with 50-microns electrodes and lead wires tended to maintain interelectrode spacing upon implantation, but the percutaneous leads retained residual stress which made array implantation difficult. Arrays with 25-microns electrodes and lead wires suffered from changes in interelectrode spacing upon implantation, but were much easier to manipulate during surgery. Both array configurations demonstrated some movement after implantation. It is concluded that a chronic intracortical stimulating electrode array of this geometry should have the following properties: 1) the penetrating electrodes and supporting substrate must be stiff (to maintain interelectrode spacings upon implantation), and 2) the percutaneous leads must be extremely flexible (to avoid array movement after implantation).

35 citations


Patent
10 Apr 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a system and method for applying charge to a photoconductive surface wherein an electrode is spaced between the surface and a shield including applying a voltage to the electrode such that current therein is the sum of surface charging current and shield current, utilizing the shield current to obtain a signal proportional to the surface charging currents and utilizing that signal to control the application of voltage on the electrode.
Abstract: A system and method for applying charge to a photoconductive surface wherein an electrode is spaced between the surface and a shield including applying a voltage to the electrode such that current therein is the sum of surface charging current and shield current, utilizing the shield current to obtain a signal proportional to the surface charging current and utilizing that signal to control the application of voltage to the electrode. The shield current and the sum of shield current and surface charging current flow in different directions relative to a current summing node and the signal proportional to surface charging current is obtained from the node. That signal is compared to an input control signal to control the application of voltage to the electrode. A high voltage supply has an output, a return input and a control input and variations in a signal applied to the control input cause variations in the output of the supply. The supply output is coupled to the electrode, the current summing node is connected to the return input, and the shield is connected to the summing node so that as the charging current varies as represented by variations in the voltage at the summing node, the control applies a signal to the control input of the supply to control the charging current.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: With this array, the artifact in the evoked compound muscle action potential that seems to be related to diaphragmatic shape as reported by others who used supramaximal phrenic nerve stimulation was confirmed, but the magnitude of this artifact was modest near functional residual capacity.
Abstract: We have developed a new technique for diaphragmatic electromyography using an array of seven sequential electrode pairs at 1.0-cm spacing on an esophageal catheter. This array provides information about the spatial distribution of the electrical field generated by the diaphragm and reveals a sharply peaked variation of electrical potential with distance along the esophagus. The rectified and integrated information from each of the seven pairs is summed to give an approximation to the total electrical activity over the span of the array, providing a signal that is relatively insensitive to the position of the array over approximately 4 cm of catheter movement and removes the requirement for balloon stabilization of the catheter. With our array, we have confirmed the artifact in the evoked compound muscle action potential that seems to be related to diaphragmatic shape as reported by others who used supramaximal phrenic nerve stimulation, but the magnitude of this artifact (compared with the functional residual capacity level) was modest near functional residual capacity, averaging 12 +/- 14% (SD) for lung volumes 1.0 l above and -4 +/- 15% for lung volumes 1.0 l below functional residual capacity along the rib cage-abdomen relaxation line.

Patent
19 Apr 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a current and voltage detector for a distribution system is provided with a lower section, an upper section, and a fastening means for combining the lower and upper sections into one body.
Abstract: A current and voltage detector (1) for a distribution system is provided with a lower section (2), an upper section (3) and a fastening means for combining the lower and upper sections into one body. The lower section comprises: a first groove for receiving an electric wire of the distribution system; an optical type current sensor (4); an optical type voltage sensor (5); and a potential divider for supplying a voltage to the voltage sensor. The upper section comprises: a second groove for receiving the electric wire; and a U-shaped magnetic core (6) for applying a magnetic field to the current sensor.

Patent
31 May 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a capacitance-type measuring apparatus includes first and second support members which are movable with respect to one another along a measurement axis; a first electrode array and a second electrode disposed on the first support member; and a third electrode array disposed on second support member and capacitively coupling the first electrode arrays and second electrode arrays for transmission of a signal between the first sensor and second sensor through the third sensor array.
Abstract: A capacitance-type measuring apparatus includes first and second support members which are movable with respect to one another along a measurement axis; a first electrode array and a second electrode disposed on the first support member; and a third electrode array disposed on the second support member and capacitively coupling the first electrode array and second electrode for transmission of a signal between the first electrode array and second electrode through the third electrode array. One of the first electrode array or the second electrode is formed to have end portions configured such that the degree of coupling between the first electrode array and second electrode through the third electrode array decreases linearly along the extent of each end portion relative to the measurement axis. This configuration permits improved measurement accuracies by reducing the effects of tilt between the first and second support members which changes the spacing between such members along the axis of measurement.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A small electrode array has been developed in which an alternating electric current is passed through a subcutaneous free flap and the induced voltage across a small volume measured, allowing continuous assessment of perfusion on a beat by beat basis.

Patent
03 Jan 1989
TL;DR: A thermoelectric module comprises a first electrode array having a plurality of electrode pieces and a second electrode array consisting of an additional plurality of electrodes pieces as discussed by the authors, where the first and second electrode arrays are confronted with each other.
Abstract: A thermoelectric module comprises a first electrode array having a plurality of electrode pieces and a second electrode array having a plurality of electrode pieces. The first and second electrode arrays are confronted with each other. The electrode pieces of the first electrode array are alternately connected with the electrode pieces of the second electrode array in such a way that one end portion of each electrode piece of the first electrode array is connected with one end portion of an electrode piece of the second electrode array through a thermoelectric element of first conductive type while the other end portion of the each electrode piece of the first electrode array is connected with one end portion of another electrode piece of the second electrode array through a thermoelectric element of second conductive type. The weight per unit output of the thermoelectric module is small.

Patent
20 Dec 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a working electrode is positioned to form a predetermined gap between the working electrode and a surface of a work, and the electrode and the work are submerged in an electrolyte.
Abstract: A working electrode is positioned to form a predetermined gap between the working electrode and a surface of a work, and the electrode and the work are submerged in an electrolyte. Pulses are applied to the working electrode to machine the work. A pair of standard electrodes are set in the electrolyte, and electric energy in the form of a pulse is applied to the standard electrodes. Current flowing between the standard electrodes is detected and the current density of the current flowing between the working electrode and the work is controlled based on the detected current.

Patent
Tiao-Yuan Huang1
02 Nov 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a high voltage thin film transistor comprising a substrate upon which is supported a non-single crystal semiconductor active layer, spaced from a pair of conductive gate electrodes by a gate dielectric layer, wherein one of the gate electrodes in the device control electrode and the other is a dummy-drain electrode.
Abstract: A high voltage thin film transistor comprising a substrate upon which is supported a non-single crystal semiconductor active layer, spaced from a pair of conductive gate electrodes by a gate dielectric layer, wherein one of the gate electrodes in the device control electrode and the other is a dummy-drain electrode. Heavily doped semiconductor source and drain electrodes are in substantial alignment with the outer edges of the gate electrodes, the source electrode being aligned with the device control electrode and the drain electrode being aligned with the dummy-drain electrode. The active layer has intrinsic or virtually intrinsic regions thereof in opposition to the bodies of each of the gate electrodes, and an offset region, between the gate electrodes, having a lower depant level than the source and drain electrodes, which is aligned with the inner edges of the gate electrodes.

Patent
Chen Min-Yi1
01 Nov 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a filter is provided for removing certain noise-induced artifacts from a 2D image of a borehole wall, this image being formed by signals from a two-dimensional array 12 of staggered electrodes 30 pulled along the bore hole wall, the noise artifacts are due to a type of noise which varies as a function of depth of the array 12 but which is substantially the same at all electrodes 30 at any given time.
Abstract: A filter is provided for removing certain noise-induced artifacts from a two-dimensional image of a bore-hole wall, this image being formed by signals from a two-dimensional array 12 of staggered electrodes 30 pulled along the bore-hole wall. The noise artifacts are due to a type of noise which varies as a function of depth of the array 12 but which is substantially the same at all electrodes 30 at any given time. The artifacts appear in the image in the form of a "footprint" of the electrode array, 62 as an unintended result of a depth-adjustment process 60 in which the original frames of samples of the signals at one electrodes 30 of the staggered array 12 all taken essentially at the same time, are later resampled to produce frames of samples each corresponding to the same depth in said bore-hole. The filter 68 makes use of the fact that the configuration of the artifact in the image is known, and that the true signal values do not change much between azimuthally adjacent electrodes 30. The preferred form of the filter 62 produces, and subtracts from each sample, a value of noise n which is a function of the depth of each electrode and which is such as to minimize the minimal discontinuity measure: where M is the measured value of the resampled signals for each (i,j), i is an integer representing electrode depths, j is an integer representing electrode azimuth position an the array, and g(j) is a function expressing the position of each electrode with respect to others on the array along the direction of motion of the array. In the preferred form, where w is an number expressing the width of a mathematical sliding window, where T ⁻¹ is the inverse of a matrix T in a matrix equation expressing the solution of the set of linear simultaneous equations derived by setting equal to zero the partial derivatives with respect to n(k) of the minimal discontinuity measure I, where k = i-g(j), where k₁ and k₂ are the parameters of the matrix T ⁻¹ and where y is a function of the measured sample values.

Patent
05 Dec 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a phase discrimination type electrostatic capacity detector is proposed, which includes an one-side electrode plate composed of a transmitting electrode and a receiving electrode, another side electrode plate having coupling electrodes and disposed relatively movably with respect to the one-sided electrode plate in a confronting relation with the same, and a detector circuit connected to the receiving electrode.
Abstract: A phase discrimination type electrostatic capacity detector includes an one-side electrode plate composed of a transmitting electrode and a receiving electrode, another-side electrode plate having coupling electrodes and disposed relatively movably with respect to the one-side electrode plate in a confronting relation with the same, a power supply connected to the transmitting electrode, and a detector circuit connected to the receiving electrode. The detector is miniaturized by disposing the transmitting electrode in a second hierarchy layer partitioned by an electrical insulating layer on a substrate and connecting in series the respective transmitting electrode elements of the same phase in a first hierarchy layer through coupling leads. The detector including a pair of receiving electrode elements between which the transmitting element is interposed, is miniaturized by leading out the coupling leads to one side end of the one-side electrode plate through a space between both receiving electrode elements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In vitro and in vivo tests are ongoing with good results so far and the fabrication of a flexible multichannel electrode array suitable for use in humans is described.
Abstract: This report describes the fabrication of a flexible multichannel electrode array suitable for use in humans. The conductors, pads, and stimulating tips are made of platinum on a polyimide substrate. Photolithographic techniques are employed in the fabrication of the electrode on a planar surface in the form of a film. The film is rolled subsequently into a cylinder of diameter 0.50 mm and the cylinder is filled with medical grade silicone rubber. The stimulation pads then form rings around the cylinder. In vitro and in vivo tests are ongoing with good results so far.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
09 Nov 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, a silicon-based, three-dimensional electrode array that could be used for stimulation of neurons in the central nervous system has been presented, which consists of 100 needles on a 4-mm*4mm substrate.
Abstract: Preliminary results are presented of efforts to produce a silicon-based, three-dimensional electrode array that could be used for stimulation of neurons in the central nervous system. The authors have produced monocrystalline silicon structures which could form the mechanical foundation for such a cortical electrode array. The structures consist of 100 needles on a 4-mm*4-mm substrate. Each needle in the array is 1.5-mm in length and tapers from 80 mu m at its base to a sharpened tip. Also described are the electrical properties of the electrodes in the array. >

Patent
30 May 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the programming voltage of an EPROM array composed of a plurality of programmable floating gate MOS cells is controlled by a feedback control, which is connected between the source of external programming voltage for the array and the actual voltage within the array used for programming the cells, the feedback control using the amplitude of the drain current in the additional cell to control the magnitude of the actual programming voltage in the array.
Abstract: Apparatus for controlling the programming voltage of an EPROM array composed of a plurality of programmable floating gate MOS cells (10) which includes an additional floating gate MOS cell (30, 32) fabricated on the same chip and in the same manner as the array of cells, the additional cell not being connected for programming during the normal programming of the array. A voltage is applied to the additional cell to generate a drain current through the cell. A feedback control (22) is connected between the source of external programming voltage for the array and the actual voltage within the array used for programming the cells, the feedback control using the amplitude of the drain current in the additional cell to control the magnitude of the actual programming voltage in the array in such a manner that when the drain current of the additional cell increases, the programming voltage decreases proportionately. The drain current in the additional cell can also be used for compensating for variations in the fixed programming voltage.

Patent
21 Sep 1989
TL;DR: A method and apparatus for measuring the electrical conductivity of a liquid comprises an electrically insulating housing through which the liquid flows, and four electrodes inserted into the path of the liquid flowing through the housing.
Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the electrical conductivity of a liquid comprises an electrically insulating housing through which the liquid flows, and four electrodes inserted into the path of the liquid flowing through the housing The first and third electrodes are current electrodes and the second and fourth electrodes are voltage electrodes An AC current is injected into the first current electrode and exits at the second current electrode, with the resulting AC voltage across the voltage electrodes being measured The first current electrode is driven to maintain a constant value of AC voltage on the voltage electrodes while measuring the current flow in the second current electrode which is representative of the electrical conductivity of the liquid A DC bias voltage source is provided and is coupled to each of the electrodes by a resistor and a capacitor to prevent coating or plating of the electrodes The method and apparatus permit continuous monitoring of the absolute conductivity of a liquid

Patent
12 Jun 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, an adaptive range gating system for light imaging detection and range (lidar) systems is presented using a single imaging camera with an array of gating electrodes mounted on a substrate.
Abstract: Variable time delay range gating across an image is accomplished using a single imaging camera. In a preferred embodiment, the imaging camera of the present invention accomplishes adapted range gating and comprises a lens which focuses light onto a substrate having an array of gating electrodes mounted thereon. Both the electrode array and substrate are transparent to light so that the light focussed by the lens passes through the electrode array and substrate to strike a photocathode. The camera of this invention also includes a multiple output power supply connected between the electrode array and a microchannel plate amplifier, an anode, and an imaging array detector which is connected to the anode through a fiber optic bundle. The imaging camera of the present invention will effect adaptive range gating for overcoming the intensity variations and imaging plane problems associated with known light imaging detection and range (lidar) systems.

Patent
15 Mar 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a focusing voltage which is varied depending on an deflection of the electron beam is applied to the focusing electrode and an accelerating voltage is applied on the accelerating electrode, and the lens powers of the convergent and divergent lenses are varied in accordance with the adjustment of the variable resistor.
Abstract: In an electron gun assembly, three electron beams emitted from cathodes are passed through an electrode arrangement in which two intermediate electrodes are arranged between focusing are accelerating electrodes. A focusing voltage which is varied depending on an deflection of the electron beam is applied to the focusing electrode and an accelerating voltage is applied to the accelerating electrode. A resistor is connected between the accelerating electrode and the earth through a variable resistor and intermediate points of the resistor are connected to the intermediate electrodes. Thus, convergent and divergent lenses are formed between the focusing electrode and the intermediate electrode and between the accelerating electrode and the intermediate electrode. The lens powers of the convergent and divergent lenses are varied in accordance with the adjustment of the variable resistor.

Patent
Gunnar Asplund1
13 Sep 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, an impedance measuring device senses the impedance of the electrode line at the feeding point in relation to the ground at the measuring frequency, and an indicating signal is delivered from the measuring device if the impedance measured deviates from the impedance when in a faultless state.
Abstract: A converter station for power transmission by means of high voltage direct current has an electrode line protective device for detection of ground faults on the electrode line of the station. An alternating voltage generator injects an alternating signal with a predetermined frequency on the electrode line. The two ends of the electrode line are provided with suppression filters tuned to the measuring frequency. The suppression filter arranged at the remote end of the electrode line is matched, by means of a resistor to the wave impedance of the electrode line. An impedance measuring device senses the impedance of the electrode line at the feeding point in relation to the ground at the measuring frequency. An indicating signal is delivered from the measuring device if the impedance measured deviates from the impedance of the electrode line when in a faultless state.

Patent
Jeong Tae-Sung1
10 Aug 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, a semiconductor temperature detecting circuit is provided having a plurality of pairs of a MOS transistor for supplying current and a polycrystalline silicon resistor connected in series.
Abstract: A semiconductor temperature detecting circuit is provided having a plurality of pairs of a MOS transistor for supplying current and a polycrystalline silicon resistor connected in series thereto. Each such pair is connected in between a first and a second power supply line. The voltage across the terminals of each polycrystalline silicon resistor is converted to a digital logic value and the combination of all such digital outputs represents the detected temperature. Each current supply transistor has its gate electrode connected to a common circuit which sets the current supply. The current setting circuit includes two p-channel MOS transistors and two n-channel MOS transistors. Each p-channel transistor in the current setting circuit has a current electrode connected to one power supply line and another current electrode connected to a current electrode of a corresponding n-channel transistor. Each n-channel transistor has its other current electrode connected to the other power supply line. One of the p-channel transistors has its gate electrode connected to a common point between one of its current electrode and a corresponding n-channel transistor, and the circuit output is taken from that gate electrode. The other p-channel transistor has its gate electrode connected to the power supply line connected to the n-channel transistors, and its current electrode connecting to a corresponding n-channel transistor is also commonly connected to the gate electrode of the two n-channel transistors.

Patent
31 May 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a particle counter, of the type utilizing a Coulter(R) type aperature and a suction flow path downstream from the aperture, has a pair of electrodes on both sides of the aperture.
Abstract: A particle counter, of the type utilizing a Coulter(R) type aperature and a suction flow path downstream from the aperture, has a pair of electrodes on both sides of the aperture. A current is provided from the downstream electrode to the upstream electrode and pulses in the resulting voltage across the aperture are monitored to detect the passage of blood cells through the aperture. A grounded electrode is placed in the downstream flow path at a position near the package panel to isolate the cell counter from external electrical noise signals. An isolated high input inpedance amplifier is coupled to provide the monitored voltage to an inserted electrode positioned between the downstream aperture electrode and the grounded panel electrode. Because the inserted electrode and downstream electrode are then at the same voltage, no current flows through that portion of the flow path.

Patent
12 Jul 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to facilitate transportation by reducing the dimension of a device by using the ac voltage having a prescribed frequency as the voltage applied between the electrodes, where the introducing electrodes 2 and 3 are arranged, keeping a prescribed interval, onto the both sides in the longitudinal direction of a supporting plate 1 consisting of a rectangular flexible insulating body, and an electric circuit part 4 is arranged at the center part.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To facilitate transportation by reducing the dimension of a device by using the ac voltage having a prescribed frequency as the voltage applied between the electrodes. CONSTITUTION: Introducing electrodes 2 and 3 are arranged, keeping a prescribed interval, onto the both sides in the longitudinal direction of a supporting plate 1 consisting of a rectangular flexible insulating body, and an electric circuit part 4 is arranged at the center part. The electric circuit part 4 supplies the ac voltage having a prescribed frequency into the introducing electrodes 2 and 3. When the introducing electrodes 2 and 3 are set so as to be closely attached onto the skin at a prescribed position of a human body, and a switch 42 is turned ON, a sine wave transmission circuit 43 operates to apply each sine wave ac voltage onto the introducing electrodes 2 and 3. Then, the electric current corresponding to the pertinent voltage flows between the introducing electrodes 2 and 3, and the medicine contained in the electric.-conductive gel layers 22 and 32 of the introducing electrodes 2 and 3 permeates under the skin according to the electric current. Since the permeation of the medicine is strongly related to the flowing electric current, a small sized device which can use a portable small sized battery as power source can be realized by applying the high frequency ac voltage in 1,000Hz or more. COPYRIGHT: (C)1991,JPO&Japio