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Showing papers on "Electrode array published in 1996"


Patent
19 Nov 1996
TL;DR: An electrosurgical probe as mentioned in this paper comprises a shaft with an electrode array at its distal end and a connector at its proximal end for coupling the electrode array to a high frequency power supply.
Abstract: An electrosurgical probe (10) comprises a shaft (13) having an electrode array (58) at its distal end and a connector (19) at its proximal end for coupling the electrode array to a high frequency power supply (28). The shaft includes a return electrode (56) recessed from its distal end and enclosed within an insulating jacket (18). The return electrode defines an inner passage (83) electrically connected to both the return electrode and the electrode array for passage of an electrically conducting liquid (50). By applying high frequency voltage to the electrode array and the return electrode, the electrically conducting liquid generates a current flow path between the return electrode and the electrode array so that target tissue may be cut or ablated. The probe is particularly useful in dry environments, such as the mouth or abdominal cavity, because the electrically conducting liquid provides the necessary return current path between the active and return electrodes.

836 citations


Patent
03 Apr 1996
TL;DR: An electrosurgical probe (12) comprises a shaft having an electrode array (20) disposed over a recessed surface at its distal end as mentioned in this paper, which includes a plurality of isolated electrode terminals.
Abstract: An electrosurgical probe (12) comprises a shaft having an electrode array (20) disposed over a recessed surface at its distal end. The electrode array includes a plurality of isolated electrode terminals (28), and an electrosurgical power supply (14) may be connected to the array via a connector at the distal end of the probe. The electrosurgical power supply will be provided with a plurality of independently limited or controlled current sources. By applying very high frequency electrical energy to the electrical array with the power supply, target issue may be ablated while heat dissipation through low impedance path is minimized. The probe is particularly suitable for treatment of surfaces of body lumens, such as the mucosal surface within an enlarged prostate.

546 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The recording capabilities of the Utah Intracortical Electrode Array in combination with the large number of electrodes available for recording make the array a tool well suited for investigations into the parallel processing mechanisms in cortex.

373 citations


Patent
TL;DR: In this paper, a high frequency voltage is applied between each electrode terminal within the electrode array and a common, return electrode to minimize low electrical impedance paths emanating from the electrode arrays, which takes advantage of the differences in electrical properties between a target tissue and the surrounding conductive liquid to ablate the target tissue while minimizing overheating of the surrounding liquid.
Abstract: A method is provided for applying electrical energy to a tissue structure within a patient's body. The method includes positioning an electrosurgical probe adjacent to the tissue structure so that an electrode array including a plurality of isolated electrode terminals is brought into at least partial contact with the body structure. A high frequency voltage is then applied between each electrode terminal within the electrode array and a common, return electrode. Current flow from the electrode terminals is selectively limited to minimize low electrical impedance paths emanating from the electrode array. The present invention takes advantage of the differences in electrical properties between a target tissue and the surrounding conductive liquid (e.g. isotonic saline irrigant) in the region immediately adjacent to the electrode array to ablate the target tissue while minimizing overheating of the surrounding liquid.

290 citations


Patent
05 Dec 1996
TL;DR: An electrosurgical system comprises an electrosurgery probe and a power supply for ablation and resection of soft tissue in the presence of electrically conductive fluids, such as isotonic saline as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An electrosurgical system comprises an electrosurgical probe and an electrosurgical power supply for ablation and resection of soft tissue in the presence of electrically conductive fluids, such as isotonic saline. In one embodiment, the probe includes a shaft having an electrode array with a plurality of electrically isolated electrode terminals and a return electrode spaced proximally from the electrode array. The power supply includes a plurality of current limiting elements for limiting current based on impedance between the electrode terminals and the return electrode. By applying high frequency voltage to the electrode array, target tissue may be cut or ablated while heat dissipation through low impedance paths, such as saline, is minimized. The power supply has an operating frequency less than 400 kHz, usually about 100 kHz, for limiting current penetration into the tissue.

276 citations


Patent
15 May 1996
TL;DR: In this article, a contact site between heart tissue and a curvilinear electrode array is established to identify arrhythmogenic focus for ablation, which is shown as graphic information that represents the time sequence in which the electrodes sense a given electrical event.
Abstract: Systems and methods sense electrical events in heart tissue to identify the location of an arrhythmogenic focus for ablation. The systems and methods establish a contact site between heart tissue and a curvilinear electrode array. The systems and methods monitor signals representing electrical events sensed by the electrodes in the contact site. The signals are displayed as graphic information that represents the time sequence in which the electrodes sense a given electrical event. By moving the electrode array to one or additional contact sites in the general direction of the electrode that first sensed the electrical event, the physician homes in on a contact site in which all electrodes on the array sense the given electrical event at generally the same time. This contact site contains the arrhythmogenic focus. The systems and methods convey ablating energy to bipolar pairs of the electrodes to form large bipolar lesions in heart tissue.

237 citations


Patent
21 Feb 1996
TL;DR: A multiple electrode array for ablating tissue carries at least two electrode segments that are circumferentially spaced from each other, and each segment is independently served by its own signal wire as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A multiple electrode array for ablating tissue carries at least two electrode segments that are circumferentially spaced from each other. Insulation electrically isolates the separated electrode segments from each other. Signal wires attached to the separated electrode segments convey ablating energy independently to the separated electrode segments. Because of its segmented structure, the array can place only one of the electrode segments in contact with tissue at one time. Because each segment is electrically isolated, and because each segment is independently served by its own signal wire, a physician can operate an ablation energy generator to selectively channel the ablation energy only to the segment actually contacting the tissue.

176 citations


Patent
06 Sep 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, an arrangement allowing for automatic calculation of stimulation parameters, for example dynamic ranges for stimulation, in an auditory prosthesis, for a multichannel cochlear implant is described.
Abstract: Disclosed is an arrangement allowing for automatic calculation of stimulation parameters, for example dynamic ranges for stimulation, in an auditory prosthesis, for example a multichannel cochlear implant. The arrangement includes, in a preferred form, an electrode (12) for detecting activity of the stapedius muscle, and uses the electrode array (5) to sense neural response to stimulation, so that a maximum comfortable stimulation level and threshold level for each channel can be determined. The process may be initiated by the implantee, avoiding the requirement for external equipment and extensive audiological testing.

174 citations


Patent
Michael J. Tierney1
24 May 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, an electrode assembly for use in a transdermal analyte sensor operating in an alternating polarity mode in which a single electrode element provides both the counter electrode and iontophoretic electrode functions is presented.
Abstract: The present invention provides an electrode assembly for use in a transdermal analyte sensor operating in an alternating polarity mode in which a single electrode element provides both the counter electrode and iontophoretic electrode functions. By combining both the functions of the iontophoretic and counter electrode, the surface area of the electrode with respect to each function may be made larger. In turn this increases the ability of the electrode to deliver the required electrical field over a larger area when operating in the iontophoretic mode as well as increasing the ability of the counter electrode to compensate for the larger sensing electrode facilitated by this new design.

146 citations


Patent
12 Dec 1996
TL;DR: An intraventricular multielectrode cardiac mapping probe having an electrode array assembly which is initially stored within the distal lumen of a delivery catheter and after placement of the tip of the catheter at a target location within the heart the electrode array may be moved out of its retracted position to expand into a generally planar configuration as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An intraventricular multielectrode cardiac mapping probe having an electrode array assembly which is initially stored within the distal lumen of a delivery catheter and after placement of the tip of the catheter at a target location within the heart the electrode array may be moved out of its retracted position to expand into a generally planar configuration to position electrodes for mapping of the heart chamber.

146 citations


Patent
04 Oct 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, a bias electrode is formed on one side of the semiconductor and is used to detect the energy level of the ionizing radiation, and a third electrode (the control electrode) is also formed on the semiconducted semiconductor.
Abstract: A radiation detector for detecting ionizing radiation. The detector includes a semiconductor having at least two sides. A bias electrode is formed on one side of the semiconductor. A signal electrode is formed on a side of the semiconductor and is used to detect the energy level of the ionizing radiation. A third electrode (the control electrode) is also formed on the semiconductor. The control electrode shares charges induced by the ionizing radiation with the signal electrode, shielding the signal electrode until the charge clouds are close to the signal electrode. The control electrode also alters the electric field within the semiconductor, such that the field guides the charge clouds toward the signal electrode when the clouds closely approach the signal electrode. As a result, signal loss due to trapped charge carriers (i.e., electrons or holes) is minimized, and low-energy tailing is virtually eliminated. A fourth electrode can be added to separate the charge-shielding and field shaping functions of the control electrode. More electrodes can be added to further enhance both functions. The invention can be used in several cross-strip detector configurations, in a side-entry radiation detector, and with liquid/gas ionization detectors.

Patent
23 Dec 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, a hybrid electrode for a high power, high energy, electrical storage device contains both a high energy electrode material and a high-rate electrode material, which are co-deposited on the current collector in a variety of ways, either in superimposed layers, adjacent layers, intermixed with each other or one material coating the other to form a mixture that is then deposited on the collector.
Abstract: A hybrid electrode for a high power, high energy, electrical storage device contains both a high-energy electrode material (42) and a high-rate electrode material (44). The two materials are deposited on a current collector (40), and the electrode is used to make an energy storage device that exhibits both the high-rate capability of a capacitor and the high energy capability of a battery. The two materials can be co-deposited on the current collector in a variety of ways, either in superimposed layers, adjacent layers, intermixed with each other or one material coating the other to form a mixture that is then deposited on the current collector.

Patent
28 Aug 1996
TL;DR: An iontophoresis system includes a transdermal patch (23) for placement against the skin of a patient and a controller (24, 26) electrically connected to the patch as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An iontophoresis system includes a transdermal patch (23) for placement against the skin of a patient and a controller (24, 26) electrically connected to the patch (23). The patch (23) includes an anode and cathode electrode, and holds an electrolyte and a medication. The controller includes a DC-DC converter circuit (24) which generates output voltage that is provided to the anode electrode. The controller also includes an adjustable current regulator circuit (26). The current regulator circuit (26) is coupled to the cathode electrode and is adjustable to provide a desired current flow through the electrodes and the skin of the patient. The DC-DC converter circuit (24) is responsive to the voltage drop across the electrodes and adjusts its ouptut voltage in response to this voltage drop and changes in the impedance of the patient's skin.

Patent
08 May 1996
TL;DR: In this article, a system for detecting electrical activity within a patient's heart comprising an elongated intravascular device, such as a catheter or guidewire, having a plurality of sensing electrodes on a distal section of the elongated device to detect electrical activity from within a blood vessel of the patient.
Abstract: A system for detecting electrical activity within a patient's heart comprising an elongated intravascular device, such as a catheter or guidewire, having a plurality of sensing electrodes on a distal section of the elongated device to detect electrical activity from within a blood vessel of the patient's heart. The intravascular device has a first compact array with a relatively small interelectrode spacing, such as less than 2 mm, and may have a second electrode array with an interelectrode spacing much greater than the interelectrode spacing in the first array. The second electrode array may used to detect the general region of the arrhythmogenic tissue and the first electrode array is used to provide a high resolution of the electrical detection to more accurately pinpoint the location of the arrhythmogenic site. When the general region of the arrhythmogenic focus in known an intravascular device having a single array of electrodes with an interelectrode spacing of less than 2 mm may be used.

Patent
26 Aug 1996
TL;DR: A low-cost, four-channel cochlear stimulation system utilizes a completely passive, implantable receiver/electrode array that is inductively coupled to an external wearable processor as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A low-cost, four-channel cochlear stimulation system utilizes a completely passive, implantable receiver/electrode array that is inductively coupled to an external wearable processor. The receiver/electrode array is formed in a silicone rubber carrier adapted to be implanted in a deaf patient. At one end of the receiver/electrode array, positioned subcutaneously near the surface of skin above the ear, four receiving coils are arranged in an appropriate pattern. Such receiving coils are held within an hermetically-sealed titanium case. At the other end of the receiver/electrode array, which may be pre-formed in a spiral to match the basal turn of the cochlea, and which is inserted in the cochlea, four ball electrodes are spaced apart along an inner radius of the spiral. Each electrode is electrically connected to a respective receiving coil. Each receiving coil is also electrically connected to a reference electrode typically located near the receiver-coil end of the array. The wearable processor senses audible sounds, converts the sensed sounds to corresponding electrical signals, and splits the electrical signals into four frequency bands or channels. A speech processing strategy applies the processed signals of each channel to each of four external coils, as a series of biphasic current pulses. The four external coils are aligned, using a suitable headpiece, with corresponding coils of the receiver/electrode array, thereby inductively coupling the biphasic current to a respective electrode of the implanted electrode array.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a modular voltammetric multichannel detection system has been developed for use in flow analysis, which consists of two different types of multi-channel potentiostats, an adjustable and a ground-fixed potentiametric.
Abstract: A modular voltammetric multichannel detection system has been developed for use in flow analysis. Two different types of multichannel potentiostats, an adjustable and a ground-fixed potentiostat, are realized. Both types work with up to sixteen independent working electrodes at one chip electrode array and are controlled through a personal computer and a microcontroller. Simultaneous difference pulse and cyclic voltammetric procedures are realized. Platinum thin-film array electrodes have been arranged on silicon wafers as pairs of interdigitated microband electrodes (interdigitated array electrodes; IDA) with an interelectrode gap in the submicrometer range. Furthermore the multichannel electrodes in a flow system were used to characterize the highly sensitive flow profiles and flow rate measurements using redox mediators. A brief description of applying the multichannel device for ‘window’ stripping of heavy metals is given.

Patent
24 Jul 1996
TL;DR: In this article, a coordinate input apparatus has a film sensor substrate, and an X electrode array having a plurality of electrodes in parallel to each other is disposed on the obverse surface of the sensor substrate.
Abstract: A coordinate input apparatus has a film sensor substrate. An X electrode array having a plurality of electrodes in parallel to each other is disposed on the obverse surface of the sensor substrate. A Y electrode array having a plurality of electrodes in parallel to each other is disposed on the reverse surface of the sensor substrate in a direction orthogonal to the X electrode array. A first through hole is formed at one end of the X electrode array, while a first land is formed at one end of the Y electrode array. A second land is disposed on the sensor substrate so that it can be electrically connected to the first through hole.

Patent
19 Jun 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the gap capacitance of an electrode pair and an external inductor in shunt are combined to form a resonant LC circuit, driven by a high power radio frequency source operating at 1 to 30 MHz to generate a uniform discharge between the electrode pair.
Abstract: Two methods and corresponding electrode designs are provided for the generation of a plasma at or about one atmosphere. Using these methods, various webs, films and three-dimensional objects are beneficially treated in a reduced amount of time. A first method utilizes a repetitive, asymmetric voltage pulse to generate a plasma discharge between two electrodes. An asymmetric voltage pulse is used to generate a discharge in which a substrate can be exposed predominately to either positive or negative plasma species depending on the voltage polarity used. A second method uses the gap capacitance of an electrode pair and an external inductor in shunt to form a resonant LC circuit. The circuit is driven by a high power radio frequency source operating at 1 to 30 MHz to generate a uniform discharge between the electrode pair. Both methods have temperature controlled discharge surfaces with supply gas temperature, humidity and flow rate control. The gas flow is typically sufficient to cause a turbulent flow field in the discharge region where materials are treated. Electrode pairs implement these methods and include a metal faced electrode and a dielectric covered electrode, one or both of which have a series of holes extending through the electrode face for supply gas flow. The second of the above-described methods will also operate with paired, metal faced electrodes, but under more restricted operating conditions.

Patent
12 Nov 1996
TL;DR: An electrogram analysis system and method for determining the quality of information gathered from electrical signals in biological tissue is described in this article. But the system is not suitable for the analysis of cardiac signals.
Abstract: An electrogram analysis system and method for determining the quality of information gathered from electrical signals in biological tissue. The system comprises a catheter having an array of at least two electrodes at its distal end, the electrodes detecting electrical signals emanating from the site of origin and providing relayed signals to a processor. The processor processes the relayed signals into waveforms and computes a quality of the relayed signals. The quality of the relayed signals is used to select higher quality signals for further analysis, such as site of origin determination and mapping. The relayed signals from the electrodes may also be used to determine a quality for a particular electrode channel. When the invention is used in cardiac applications, the relayed signal quality may comprise two components--a channel quality and a beat quality. The channel quality represents the value of information received from a particular electrode and channel, while the beat quality represents the value of a particular heart beat across all channels. The signal quality is displayed to the user. In cardiac applications, the channel quality can be displayed in a format corresponding to the shape of the electrode array, with channel quality from each electrode positioned in a corresponding position on the display. The display may also show the waveforms of the signal, such as the heart beat waveform in a cardiac procedure.

Patent
Hatim M. Carim1, Samuel G. Netherly1
08 Aug 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, a biomedical electrode having an electrically non-conductive backing and at least one, and preferably two, conductive plates contacting the electrically nonsmooth backing is described.
Abstract: A biomedical electrode having an electrically non-conductive backing and at least one, and preferably two, conductive plates contacting the electrically non-conductive backing. A field of lossy dielectric material is used between the electrically conductive plate(s) and the surface of the electrode applied to a patient. A field of conductive adhesive contacts both the conductive plate(s) and the field of lossy dielectric material. The electrode does not operate purely capacitively, nor does it operate purely resistively. Hot spots due to 'edge effect' are substantially reduced. At the same time, the biomedical electrode functioning as an electrosurgical dispersive electrode has an impedance within the range expected by the contact monitoring safety circuits provided with many current electrosurgical generators. The biomedical electrode also can function as a cardiac stimulating electrode, such as a defibrillation, cardioversion, or pacing electrode. A method of controlling the lossy dielectric properties of the biomedical electrode is also disclosed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An EEG electrode array is described, which is designed to facilitate simultaneous multichannel EEG and MEG recordings and allows shorter preparation times and more reliable contacts than commercially available solutions.

Patent
11 Jul 1996
TL;DR: A wavefront direction mapping catheter system is described in this paper, which includes a wire catheter that, when placed on the inner surface of the heart, identifies the direction of the electric field wavefront, and provides output signals for indicating the manner in which a position controller of the system is to be operated for moving the distal tip portion of the catheter toward the source of the wavefront.
Abstract: A wavefront direction mapping catheter system is disclosed which includes a wire catheter that, when placed on the inner surface of the heart, identifies the direction of the electric field wavefront, and provides output signals for indicating the manner in which a position controller of the system is to be operated for moving the distal tip portion of the catheter toward the source of the wavefront. The distal tip portion of the catheter includes a bipolar electrode array, preferably including first and second pairs of orthogonally arranged bipolar electrodes which provide signals to an analyzer of the system, whereby vector analysis of the wavefront is performed. The signal analysis permits the catheter to be moved toward and positioned at the source of the wavefront or within the wavefront circuit, with the present system thereafter being configured to effect radio frequency energization of the bipolar electrode array for tissue ablation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results showed that the percept evoked by dual-electrode stimulation contained two main dimensions, which imply that the creation of discrete, nonoverlapping areas of stimulation may not cause the percepts to be more distinct, and therefore may not necessarily lead to better speech perception.
Abstract: The perceptual dimensions evoked by dual-electrode stimulation were investigated in four cochlear implantees. The dual-electrode stimulation consisted of biphasic current pulse trains, such that two intracochlear electrodes each received one pulse in a 250-Hz cycle. The experiments tested the hypothesis that perceptual qualities would be altered when there was an increased likelihood of interactions occurring between the two electrode places. The parameters of the stimulation which were manipulated to test this hypothesis were the time delay between the pulses on the two electrodes (2 ms and a value between 0.62 and 0.92 ms), the distance between the component electrode rings of each bipolar pair (3.75 mm and either 2.25 or 1.5 mm), and the distance between the two bipolar pairs in the dual-electrode stimuli (from 0.75 to 12.0 mm). Five set of 15 loudness balanced stimuli were created, each set having different stimulation parameters. These stimuli consisted of five single-electrode stimuli (a 250-Hz pulse train on each of five electrodes) and the ten dual-electrode stimuli formed by the combinations of those five electrodes. Two perceptual dissimilarity matrices were obtained for each subject and each set, and were analyzed using repeated nonmetric multidimensional scaling techniques. The resultant "stimulus spaces" were then examined to see how many perceptual dimensions the stimuli were best described by, and to what perceptual or stimulus qualities the dimensions might correspond. The results showed that the percept evoked by dual-electrode stimulation contained two main dimensions. Increasing the width of the current path to create substantially overlapping stimulation areas, or altering the temporal delay between the two electrodes, had very little effect on this percept. The position of the stimuli in the two-dimensional space was related to the distances of the two component electrodes along the electrode array. These results are relevant to speech processing strategies and electrode design for cochlear implants, as they imply that the creation of discrete, nonoverlapping areas of stimulation may not cause the percepts to be more distinct, and therefore may not necessarily lead to better speech perception.

Patent
20 Dec 1996
TL;DR: An electrostatic clamp for dielectric substrates (12) is operated with a low voltage electric source by reducing the width of electrode lines (14) to less than 100 νm as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An electrostatic clamp (10) for dielectric substrates (12) is operated with a low voltage electric source by reducing the width of electrode lines (14) to less than 100 νm and by reducing the spacing between adjacent electrode lines to less than 100 νm. The electrostatic clamp (10) includes an array of electrodes (14) such as aluminum formed on a base of insulating material (12) such as glass and covered by an insulating layer (24) such as nitride which covers and protects the electrodes. Electrical contacts (16, 18) apply voltages of opposite polarities to alternating electrode lines (14) to create a non-uniform electric field which causes a dielectric substrate (22) to be pulled toward the region of highest electric field. The reduced width electrode lines and spacings are created by the use of micro-lithographic techniques including thin film deposition and etching for formation of the electrode and the coating layers.

Patent
24 Jul 1996
TL;DR: In this article, an electrode driving circuit performs interlaced scanning so that the odd and even-numbered lines of surface-discharge electrode spacings L1 to L8 have their maintaining pulse voltage waveforms set in opposite phase to each other.
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a high picture quality, more specifically high definition, gradation and brightness, enhanced display quality, and high contrast. SOLUTION: An electrode driving circuit performs interlaced scanning so that the odd- and even-numbered lines of surface-discharge electrode spacings L1 to L8 have their maintaining pulse voltage waveforms set in opposite phase to each other. Thus, when either the odd- or even-numbered line is displayed, the voltage applied to the other electrode spacing becomes zero, eliminating the need to provide bulkheads over the surface-discharge electrodes. As the surface-discharge electrodes, an X (X1 to X5) electrode is placed on each side of a Y (Y1 to Y4) electrode, and the display line of an odd-numbered frame is set between the Y electrode and the X electrode on one side and supplied with a maintaining pulse while the display line of an even- numbered frame is set between the Y electrode and the X electrode on the other side and supplied with a maintaining pulse. Blind lines are set at every other spacing between the surface-discharge electrodes, and at the blind lines, light emitted from a discharge is blocked or external light is absorbed. A plurality of address electrodes are arranged on one line of picture elements and are selectively connected to a pad thereon so that a plurality of the lines can be selected simultaneously.

Patent
06 Aug 1996
TL;DR: In this article, a polarizable electrode for use in electric double-layer capacitors was proposed, which is made of a carbon composite material composed mainly of: 100 parts by weight of activated carbon, 0.05 parts of amorphous carbon and 0.03-90 parts of fibrillated carbon; and an electric double layer capacitor comprising at least one pair of a positive electrode and a negative electrode each containing the above polarizable electrodes and each impregnated with an electrolytic solution.
Abstract: The present invention provides: a polarizable electrode for use in electric double-layer capacitor, which is made of a carbon composite material composed mainly of: 100 parts by weight of an activated carbon, 0.05 parts by weight of an amorphous carbon, 0.1-1,000 parts by weight of a conductive agent, and 0.03-90 parts by weight of a fibrillated carbon; and an electric double-layer capacitor comprising at least one pair of a positive electrode and a negative electrode each containing the above polarizable electrode and each impregnated with an electrolytic solution. The above polarizable electrode and electric double-layer capacitor are substantially free from the drawbacks of conventional polarizable electrodes and conventional electric double-layer capacitors, have a low internal resistance and a long life, and can be charged with or can discharge a large electric current of several amperes to several hundreds of amperes momentarily.

Patent
04 Dec 1996
TL;DR: In this article, a catheter consisting of a tube-like basic body with a proximal end and a distal end, a connecting member arranged at the proximal part and an electrode array carried at the distal part, is described.
Abstract: The invention relates to a catheter. This catheter comprises a tube-like basic body with a proximal end and a distal end, a connecting member arranged at the proximal end and an electrode array carried at the distal end. The electrode array is plate-like and arranged on a pliable carrier which can be moved between a folded state and an unfolded state transversely to the catheter. Folding means have been arranged for the purpose of moving the carrier between the folded state and the unfolded state. Furthermore the catheter comprises signal lines connected with the electrode array and extending to the proximal end.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the microfabrication, packaging, and testing of an active, dry, scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) electrode, which consists of a silicon sensor substrate and a custom circuit substrate.
Abstract: We describe the microfabrication, packaging, and testing of an active, dry, scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) electrode. The electrode consists of a silicon sensor substrate and a custom circuit substrate (2 μm CMOS technology). A via-hole technology has been developed using reactive ion etching with SF 6 O 2 gas mixture to make electrical contacts between the sensor and circuit substrates. These substrates and batteries (power source) are then assembled in a custom package for testing on bench and human subjects.

Patent
Hisatoshi Mori1, Hiroyuki Okimoto1
25 Nov 1996
TL;DR: In this article, an auxiliary electrode connected to the associated gate line and a capacitance compensation electrode are provided in such a manner as to cancel a change in gate-source capacitance caused by an alignment error in the manufacturing process.
Abstract: A thin film transistor panel comprises a substrate, pixel electrodes arranged on the substrate in a matrix form, TFTs each having a source electrode connected to the associated pixel electrode, gate lines and data lines, both connected to the associated TFTs. An auxiliary electrode connected to the associated gate line and a capacitance compensation electrode are provided in such a manner as to cancel a change in gate-source capacitance caused by an alignment error in the manufacturing process. The capacitance compensation electrode is shifted by the same amount as the shift of the source electrode. When the facing area between the gate electrode and source electrode increases (or decreases) due to an alignment error in the manufacturing process, the facing area between the auxiliary electrode and capacitance compensation electrode decreases (or increases). Therefore, the total gate-source capacitance or the sum of the capacitance between the facing portions of the gate electrode and source electrode and the capacitance between the facing portions of the auxiliary electrode and capacitance compensation electrode is constant regardless of a variation in the position of the source electrode.

Patent
22 Mar 1996
TL;DR: In this article, a method for improving the print quality of an image recording apparatus in which charged particles are deposited in an image configuration on an information carrier is described, which includes conveying the charged particles to a particle source adjacent to a back electrode, positioning a particle receiving information carrier between the back electrode and the particle source, providing a control array of control electrodes, providing at least one set of deflection electrodes, creating an electric potential difference between the front and back electrodes, and connecting variable voltage sources to the control electrodes to produce a pattern of electrostatic fields.
Abstract: A method for improving the print quality of an image recording apparatus in which charged particles are deposited in an image configuration on an information carrier is described. The method includes conveying the charged particles to a particle source adjacent to a back electrode; positioning a particle receiving information carrier between the back electrode and the particle source; providing a control array of control electrodes; providing at least one set of deflection electrodes; creating an electric potential difference between the back electrode and the particle source to apply an attractive force on the charged particles; connecting variable voltage sources to the control electrodes to produce a pattern of electrostatic fields to at least partially open or close passages in each electrostatic field by influencing the attractive force from the back electrode, thus permitting or restricting the transport of charged particles towards the information carrier; and connecting at least one deflection voltage source to at least one set of deflection electrodes to produce deflection forces modifying the symmetry of the electrostatic fields, thus controlling the trajectory of attracted charged particles.