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Showing papers on "Electromagnetic compatibility published in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review presents both EMI measurement techniques and EMI reduction techniques in detail to help students and young scientists in this area to get an idea of the ways to conduct EMI tests as well as the ways that can be employed to reduce the EMI of the system, depending on the application.
Abstract: Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is one of the biggest challenges faced during the production of any electronic device. The effect on the performance of the instrument due to these inevitable interferences must be carefully measured to understand and quantify the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the instrument under test. If the EMI profile of the system does not meet the accepted standards, then it becomes necessary to take measures to reduce the influence of these unwanted interferences so that the equipment can be used in the real world. Unfortunately, research and studies on EMI and EMC have not received their due attention from the scientific community. Moreover, the literature available for this area of research is scattered where different sources provide information on one or more (but not all) aspects of EMI/EMC while ignoring the others. With the objective of encompassing this extremely significant area of research in its entirety, this review presents both EMI measurement techniques and EMI reduction techniques in detail. EMI measurement techniques are presented under two sections that deal with emission testing and immunity testing, respectively. Herein, EMI reduction techniques are presented under four sections, where electromagnetic shielding has been given special attention under which various methods used by the scientific community to measure the shielding effectiveness of a material or microwave absorber and its application in EMI reduction are illustrated. This is followed by EMI filters, circuit topology modification and spread spectrum. This review can help students and young scientists in this area to get an idea of the ways to conduct EMI tests as well as the ways that can be employed to reduce the EMI of the system, depending on the application.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an EMI shielding housing based on electrically conducting epoxy resins filled with polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy) is presented.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The principles of noise radar are described, emphasizing the importance of its electronic counter–counter measure (electronic protection) and electromagnetic compatibility performance and some noise radar demonstrators trialed by NATO Research Task Groups are reviewed.
Abstract: This article describes the principles of noise radar, emphasizing the importance of its electronic counter–counter measure (electronic protection) and electromagnetic compatibility performance and reviews some noise radar demonstrators trialed by NATO Research Task Groups. We now understand how to build noise radars with performance comparable with, e.g., a low-power marine navigation radar. Furthermore, this article discusses the distinctive issues involved in verifying the performance of noise radars.

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The considerations presented in the article related to the LED type lighting module with regard to electromagnetic interference allow for numerical assessment of different types of (technical and organisational) solutions that can be implemented in order to minimise the electromagnetic interference impact on the system functioning.
Abstract: This article presents the issues related to the functioning and reliability and operational analysis of light-emitting diode (LED) type lighting modules, which are used in the railway technology. These devices operate in different electromagnetic environment conditions in the vast railway area. In the railway area, there are intentional and unintentional electromagnetic (stationary and mobile) interference which affect the operation process of the LED type lighting modules. In the article, the electromagnetic compatibility tests of the lighting module with a converter were carried out with the use of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) receiver of the ESCI3 type and the NNB-51 artificial network. As a result of the carried-out electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests, the exceeding of permissible levels of the value of conducted interference emissions was found. The electromagnetic interference of this frequency range has an impact on the operation process of the lighting module with a converter, therefore, by using the appropriate relationships, the values of the probabilities of the system staying in the distinguished operation states were calculated (e.g., in two states of partial suitability distinguished in the LED lighting module due to parallel coupling through reference impedance Z and capacity C). The considerations presented in the article related to the LED type lighting module with regard to electromagnetic interference allow for numerical assessment of different types of (technical and organisational) solutions that can be implemented in order to minimise the electromagnetic interference impact on the system functioning.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
11 May 2020-Energies
TL;DR: The theoretical algorithms, hardware details and experimental results are presented and discussed in terms of conducted electromagnetic interference emission and Probability density functions are used to analyse and improve pseudo-random algorithms.
Abstract: Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) provides the possibility to design new “electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) friendly” control techniques for power electronic converters. Such control techniques use pseudo-random modulators (RanM) to control the converter switches. However, some issues connected with the FPGA-based design of RanM, such as matching the range of fixed-point numbers, might be challenging. The modern programming tools, such as LabVIEW, may facilitate the design process, but there are still fixed-point operations and limitations in arithmetic operations. This paper presents the design insights on the FPGA-based EMC friendly control system for DC/DC converter. Probability density functions (PDF) are used to analyse and improve pseudo-random algorithms. The theoretical algorithms, hardware details and experimental results are presented and discussed in terms of conducted electromagnetic interference emission.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim of this paper is to propose the novel, efficient method enabling objective evaluation of the EMI generated by random modulated converters.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a flexible and frequency-reconfigurable bandstop frequency selective surface (FSS) is studied theoretically and experimentally, where the FSS patterns are fabricated on an ultrathin flexible substrate through screen printing, a low-cost, high-efficiency additive manufacturing methodology.
Abstract: In this letter, a flexible and frequency-reconfigurable bandstop frequency selective surface (FSS) is studied theoretically and experimentally. The FSS patterns are fabricated on an ultrathin flexible substrate through screen printing, a low-cost, high-efficiency additive manufacturing methodology. With the embedded varactors biased from 0 to 20 V, resonant frequency tuning from 3.5 to 5.7 GHz was measured. Outstanding wide angular stability under different bias voltages has also been examined in theory and measurement by changing the incidence angle from 0° to 60°. As a demonstration of the flexible FSS in the conformal application, the FSS is tightly covered on a half-cylinder with a diameter of 10 cm, which agrees well with the case when placed on a flat surface. Furthermore, the unit cell has a size of λ/15 at 3.5 GHz, featured with miniaturization. The mechanical flexibility, frequency reconfigurability, and angular stability make it meaningful in applications of flexible/conformal covering for aiming objects, including electromagnetic scattering control, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), etc.

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Application examples aimed at the prediction of crosstalk and field-to-wire coupling are used to prove the importance of accurate modeling of the bundle geometry and proper digitization of theundle along its length for prediction at high frequencies of the electromagnetic noise induced in the terminal units.
Abstract: In this paper, a new modeling approach to generate wire bundles with geometry accurately mimicking the random displacements of the wires in real, hand-assembled bundles is proposed. To this end, the wire trajectories are modeled by three-dimensional (3-D) curves that retain continuity of the wire path and its first derivative, allow enforcing random fluctuations of wire position in the bundle cross section and controlling bundle density. An iterative algorithm involving both local and global perturbations of initially generated trajectories is used to prevent wire overlapping. As a whole, the proposed modeling approach is able to reproduce (through the use of a limited number of parameters) the main physical properties of real hand-assembled wire bundles. In order to get either deterministic or statistical estimates of the electromagnetic compatibility performance, the obtained bundle geometry can be easily imported into 3-D electromagnetic solvers or modeled as a multiconductor transmission line by approximating the nonuniform wire paths as a sequence of uniform cascaded sections. Application examples aimed at the prediction of crosstalk and field-to-wire coupling are used to prove the importance of accurate modeling of the bundle geometry and proper digitization of the bundle along its length for prediction at high frequencies of the electromagnetic noise induced in the terminal units.

18 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
12 Mar 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, a Helmholtz coil is designed and developed to create a uniform magnetic field, which is mainly designed to measure the different parameters of the coils and reduce electromagnetic compatibility test time.
Abstract: In this research, a Helmholtz coil is designed and developed to create a uniform magnetic field. This coil is mainly designed to measure the different parameters of the coils. The coil is designed in such a way that it reduces electromagnetic compatibility test time which is a representative of the actual electromagnetic environment of energy system. These special type of capacitor banks have an important role in improving the power losses and to create uniform magnetic field in the coil. Experimental value of the uniform magnetic field strength in various directions are presented. Specifically, this research presents new experimental analysis of designing a Helmholtz coil of an axial 4-coil system based on Helmholtz coils.

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Throughout two realistic case studies, the proposed SIE-DD approach is shown to be a powerful electromagnetic modeling tool to provide the accurate and fast solution which is indispensable to rigorously accomplish real-life EMC/EMI studies.
Abstract: This article investigates the efficiency, accuracy and versatility of a surface integral equation (SIE) multisolver scheme to address very complex and large-scale radiation problems including multiple scale features, in the context of realistic electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)/electromagnetic interference (EMI) studies. The tear-and-interconnect domain decomposition (DD) method is applied to properly decompose the problem into multiple subdomains attending to their material, geometrical, and scale properties, while different materials and arbitrarily shaped connections between them can be combined by using the so-called multiregion vector basis functions. The SIE-DD approach has been widely reported in the literature, mainly applied to scattering problems or small radiation problems. Complementarily, in this article, the focus is placed on realistic radiation problems, involving tens of antennas and sensors and including multiscale ingredients and multiple materials. Such kind of problems are very demanding in terms of both convergence and computational resources. Throughout two realistic case studies, the proposed SIE-DD approach is shown to be a powerful electromagnetic modeling tool to provide the accurate and fast solution which is indispensable to rigorously accomplish real-life EMC/EMI studies.

17 citations


DOI
14 Jul 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview of some recent developments in HPEM standards, in particular High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) and Intentional Electronic Interference (IEMI) phenomena.
Abstract: Standardization of High Power Electromagnetic (HPEM), environments, protection design and test methods is becoming increasingly important particularly as the perceived risk to society from HPEM is growing. Many generic standards and some application or product specific standards are now available. This letter will provide an overview of some recent developments in HPEM standards, in particular High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) and Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) phenomena.

Journal ArticleDOI
09 Jan 2020-Energies
TL;DR: The aim of this research is to find a suitable configuration of the magnetic coupler for an in-wheel WPT system for EV applications and to provide a good reference for further research, including work on the manufacturing of a prototype.
Abstract: Electric vehicle (EVs), which use an electric motor, are expected to replace internal combustion engine vehicles. However, to date EVs are not highly attractive to consumers due to their unsatisfactory battery charging characteristics and high cost. In particular, the existing conductive charging method makes it more difficult to spread EVs due to the inconvenience of charging and the risk of electric shock. The wireless power transfer (WPT) system can eliminate all of the charging troubles of EVs. However, the WPT systems in existing EVs have large air gaps between the transmitter coil and the receiver coil, posing a hurdle that prevents success. The large air gap cause issues such as a loose coupling, low efficiency, and troublesome electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). An in-wheel WPT system can serve as a solution to address the issues arising due to the large air gap. In this paper, we propose a magnetic coupler structure of an in-wheel WPT system for EV applications. A design of two coils is introduced, in which the transmitter coil and receiver coil are designed based on a design method. Moreover, the pad structure according to the ferromagnetic core geometry is designed and discussed. The aim of this research is to find a suitable configuration of the magnetic coupler for an in-wheel WPT system. The values of the coupling coefficients according the magnetic coupler structure are determined. This paper is expected to provide a good reference for further research, including work on the manufacturing of a prototype.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, measured results carried out inside an automotive EMC semianechoic chamber of test methodologies that assess the radiated emissions of a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) under dynamic drive conditions including acceleration, deceleration and different constant speeds.
Abstract: This article presents measured results carried out inside an automotive EMC semianechoic chamber of test methodologies that assess the radiated emissions of a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) under dynamic drive conditions including acceleration, deceleration and different constant speeds. On the contrary, existing automotive EMC test methods applied as per UNECE Regulation 10 and CISPR 12, concerning the radiated emissions of vehicles, consider fixed laboratory setups and vehicle drive conditions. Test parameters, such as 360° azimuth scan around the vehicle, antenna height scan and broadband versus fixed-frequency measurement techniques based on a single vehicle demonstrate that actual radiated emissions can be higher than those in fixed laboratory configurations prescribed on existing standards. Next to this, measurements that associate the time-dependence of the electromagnetic emissions with vehicle's parameters such as velocity and power from the (electric) traction battery are analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, results of radiated emissions below 30 MHz and above 1 GHz, which are not obligatory during vehicle EMC testing, are outlined. The EMC test methodologies discussed in this work can assist the EMC troubleshooting of vehicles and help to quickly identify the critical area(s) around the vehicle that contribute to the generated electromagnetic interference.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
23 Sep 2020
TL;DR: Impact of intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) on sensors of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is investigated and results of real-time observations of the UAV behaviour under HPEM influence are reported complemented by the analysis of the flight record data extracted from theUAV logs.
Abstract: In this work we investigate impact of intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) on sensors of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The UAV under test is a small, commercial off-the-shelf quadcopter. IEMI is applied in the form of a narrowband high-power electromagnetic (HPEM) pulse characterized by frequencies between 100 MHz and 3.4 GHz and field strengths above the immunity levels required by electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards. The tests are conducted in a shielded hall with the UAV immobilized during the tests. We report results of real-time observations of the UAV behaviour under HPEM influence complemented by the analysis of the flight record data extracted from the UAV logs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The methodology developed in this paper evaluates the threat, vulnerability, impact, and protective measures as indicators in various scenarios of both conducted and radiated intentional EM interference (IEMI) threats to large structures considering the example of smart grid substations.
Abstract: For extended critical infrastructures such as the power grid, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing of electronic components alone is not sufficient to assess the risk of electromagnetic (EM) attacks. This paper presents results on a methodology for high-power EM based risk assessment of large structures considering the example of smart grid substations. The evaluation involves control, protection, and communication equipment used in substations as part of supervisory control and data acquisition systems and ready for the smart grid. The methodology developed in this paper evaluates the threat, vulnerability, impact, and protective measures as indicators in various scenarios of both conducted and radiated intentional EM interference (IEMI) threats to these systems. In order to assess these indicators, fundamental data on available IEMI sources, generic substation layouts, and their mitigating effects, coupling paths, and IEMI susceptibilities has been gathered in several test campaigns and studies. Electrical field strengths generable by commercially available power sources inside substations have been estimated considering measured shielding characteristics of the buildings and attainable target distances. A comparison with measured susceptibilities of control equipment to IEMI reveals noticeable security issues. In particular, expected field strengths inside substation buildings can be much higher than the immunity levels for control systems as requested in EMC standards.

Journal ArticleDOI
18 Jun 2020
TL;DR: A universal method for wideband modeling and simulation of the MEA microgrid system in the time domain, regardless of the fact that motors are driven by which kind of converter, e.g., modular multilevel converter (MMC), 3-L neutral-point clamped (NPC), or 2-L pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters is presented.
Abstract: The validation of electromagnetic compatibility for the microgrid of a more electric aircraft (MEA) is an essential test item before delivery for a trial flight, and it has always been urgently expected to be involved during the design stage. This article presents a universal method for wideband modeling and simulation of the MEA microgrid system in the time domain, regardless of the fact that motors are driven by which kind of converter, e.g., modular multilevel converter (MMC), 3-L neutral-point clamped (NPC), or 2-L pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters. The insulated gate bipolar transistor and diodes are modeled with the physics-based dynamic model to emulate not only precise system-level performance of the system, but also to get an insight into the high-frequency oscillation between junction capacitance of the semiconductor modules and the parasitic parameters and high-frequency branch of other components, such as the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), transformer, and generator. To alleviate the attendant computational challenge, which could be extremely time-consuming (if no nonconvergence problem is encountered) when solved on traditional simulation platform, circuit partition based on transmission line decoupling, Norton equivalent parameter extraction, and TLM-link decoupling of submodules from the MMC bridge arms are utilized. The simulation program is executed on GPU to achieve massively parallel and accelerated solution. The accuracy and efficiency of the GPU-based parallel algorithm are validated by the comparison with the experimentally verified model in ANSYS Simplorer.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
10 Sep 2020
TL;DR: The importance of using the risk-based approach to deal with the often unpredictable factors causing electromagnetic interference in a complex hospital environment is emphasized.
Abstract: A modern hospital has a wide range of medical devices that can be technologically very advanced and complex in terms of electromagnetic emissions and susceptibility. It is a public environment where people carry communication equipment and/or medical active implants. Therefore, electromagnetic interference among the devices in the hospital environment is not an unfamiliar topic. There is a misconception among engineers that if all medical devices comply with harmonized standards, then the installation of a large number of medical devices altogether would work absolutely fine. However, this is not always true, and so for complex systems, a smarter approach is necessary to assess and control the risks of electromagnetic interference. This paper emphasizes the importance of using the risk-based approach to deal with the often unpredictable factors causing electromagnetic interference in a complex hospital environment.

Journal ArticleDOI
03 Mar 2020-Energies
TL;DR: This paper proposes a quantitative evaluation method of output waveform disturbance to evaluate the acquisition card’s performance and shows the severity of the electromagnetic (EM) environment.
Abstract: With the gradual increasing of the transmission voltage level, the situation of interference on secondary side equipment in smart substations is becoming more serious. The authors tested the interference waveforms caused by the circuit breaker’s operation at the smart substation, which showed the severity of the electromagnetic (EM) environment. This paper takes the electronic current transformer acquisition card as an example. The influence of EM interference sources on the reliability of the acquisition card is analyzed. Then, standardized electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) immunity tests of the international electrotechnical commission (IEC) for different interferences are implemented. Typical output characteristics of acquisition cards for different tests are analyzed. Innovatively, this paper proposes a quantitative evaluation method of output waveform disturbance to evaluate the acquisition card’s performance. This disturbance distortion is of great significance to the EM environment estimation of the acquisition card.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The presented theoretical and experimental results might constitute the recommendations for practitioners dealing with conducted interference measurements, while the proposed approach can be used as a basis for the elaboration of reliable standards for electromagnetic compatibility assessment in multiconverter systems within the scope of the studied interference frequency range.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a full-wave solution method of Maxwell's equations is adopted for the analysis of the performance of grounding, bonding, and shielding systems of a metallic enclosure subjected to direct and indirect lightning strikes.
Abstract: A full-wave solution method of Maxwell's equations is adopted for the analysis of the performance of grounding, bonding, and shielding systems of a metallic enclosure subjected to direct and indirect lightning strikes. The method is based on a numerical solution of the electric field integral equation by the method of moments. An array of conducting wires and metallic surfaces is used to represent the lightning channel and structures in its proximity. An improved antenna theory model approach based on the concept of the distributed source is adopted for the electromagnetic analysis of indirect lightning. The methodology enables an efficient electromagnetic compatibility analysis of a combined network of metallic plates, wires, and cables exposed to direct and indirect lightning strikes. The effectiveness of most common protective schemes—namely grounding, shielding, and bonding—is examined for cables located inside a metallic enclosure with apertures. A safety assessment analysis is performed for the case of indirect lightning and is compared to the case where the lightning current is injected directly into the top of the enclosure.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the results of development of TEM cell with a working volume of $30\times 30\times 5 mm^{3}$ for measuring radiated immunity and electromagnetic emissions of low-profile integrated circuits.
Abstract: The paper presents the results of development of TEM cell with a working volume of $30\times 30\times 5 mm^{3}$ for measuring radiated immunity and electromagnetic emissions of low-profile integrated circuits. A solid model of the TEM cell was developed based on the analysis of various designs for matching transitions using analytical estimation and electrodynamic simulation. A research prototype of the cell was built and its S-parameters measurements were performed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of small-sized frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) to selectively shield pocket-sized devices against EM disturbances is studied, and it is shown that the farther the FSS from the antenna, the closer the results to a no-FSS scenario.
Abstract: This article presents a comprehensive study of the use of small-sized frequency selective surfaces (FSS) to selectively shield pocket-sized devices against EM disturbances A typical use case is to protect a 24-GHz transceiver (eg WiFi/Bluetooth) against ISM/GSM disturbances (around 868/915 MHz), using an 82 × 41 cm FSS structure A detailed comparison is drawn between results in real and emulated far-fields for different FSS-to-antenna distances (5 and 25 mm), which is further confirmed by emission measurements employing an open transverse electromagnetic cell Results demonstrate, in line with full-wave simulations including calculated Poynting integrals, that such a FSS can effectively reduce power by about 5 dB in the stopband, while providing no attenuation in the passband and is small enough for an easy integration Moreover, it is shown that the farther the FSS from the antenna, the closer the results to a no-FSS scenario This provides an insight to reconsider FSSs for the shielding of mobile and/or smart devices

Proceedings ArticleDOI
10 Sep 2020
TL;DR: This paper determines the electromagnetic environment onboard ships, with the intention of achieving electromagnetic compatibility using a risk-based approach.
Abstract: The increased implementation of new electronic systems in a small physical space has resulted in complex electromagnetic environments. A ship is an example of such a system with a complex electromagnetic environment. In order to prevent electromagnetic interference in such complex systems, one needs to understand the composition of the environment and the interaction between the different elements. This paper determines the electromagnetic environment onboard ships, with the intention of achieving electromagnetic compatibility using a risk-based approach.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel measurement technique that makes use of an impedance analyzer and a coupling transformer and allows extracting the complex value of common- and differential-mode noise source impedance of an SMPS is proposed.
Abstract: The measurement of modal impedances of switching-mode power supplies (SMPSs) is of paramount importance in electromagnetic compatibility applications, especially when designing electromagnetic interference filters to suppress the conducted and radiated electromagnetic emissions is the target. A novel measurement technique that makes use of an impedance analyzer and a coupling transformer and allows extracting the complex value of common- and differential-mode noise source impedance of an SMPS is proposed. The measurement procedure is first studied from the theoretical point of view, then experimentally validated with passive components, and eventually implemented in a CISPR-25 conducted emission test setup to measure the magnitude and phase of modal impedances of an automotive SMPS under different operation conditions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A microwave absorbing composite, graphene/Cu/nylon fabric (GCN fabric) is designed to improve the electromagnetic compatibility of the ULF MRI system, and the signal-to-noise ratio of MRI image is increased by a factor of 4.3.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The EMC and the electromagnetic safety issue of Chinese HSR is discussed, which is derived from technology development mode and core technology characteristics and the limitation of the high speed train's exportation due to the lack of test method for the train's emission is analyzed.
Abstract: From technology importation to independent innovation, Chinese High speed railway (HSR) has been rapidly developed in the past a few years. However, this technology development mode introduces very complex electromagnetic environment of HSR system, which is based on various equipment with different Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design. Consequently, the suppression of electromagnetic disturbance and the electromagnetic protection is becoming an urgent issue for HSR. The characteristics of traction power supply technology, train operation control technology and other core technologies are quite unique in Chinese HSR. In this paper, the EMC and the electromagnetic safety issue of Chinese HSR is discussed, which is derived from technology development mode and core technology characteristics. The limitation of the high speed train's exportation due to the lack of test method for the train's emission is also analyzed. Combining the electromagnetic environment characteristic and the development planning of Chinese HSR, several suggestions in the research of antielectromagnetic interference, electromagnetic protection in the strong electromagnetic field and the whole large system's radiation emission test method are put forward.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: Comparison of the results of numerical modeling with experimental data indicates sufficient accuracy of the developed models for the analysis of resonance effects in interconnects.
Abstract: Multilayer printed circuit boards are widely used for the development of modern computing equipment. Often, in multi-layer printed circuit boards, electromagnetic compatibility problems arise. This leads to a distortion of information signals in interconnects. One of the reasons for the distortion of information signals in a multilayer printed circuit board is the resonant effects in interconnects. Resonant effects in interconnects can occur due to the presence of cutouts in the ground layer or power layer of board. These cutouts are present to connect any elements, connectors, etc. A tool is proposed in the work and simulation models for the analysis of resonance effects are developed. The distortion of information signals due to resonance effects in interconnects in the presence of cutouts in the ground layer is simulated. Comparison of the results of numerical modeling with experimental data indicates sufficient accuracy of the developed models.

Journal ArticleDOI
11 Nov 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the Gravitational wave high-energy electromagnetic counterpart all-sky monitor (GECAM) is proposed to explore the significant opportunity of the multi-messenger astronomy by monitoring the gravitational wave high energy electromagnetic counterpart in all sky.
Abstract: The Gravitational wave high-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor (GECAM) is proposed to explore the significant opportunity of the gravitational wave multi-messenger astronomy by monitoring the gravitational wave high-energy electromagnetic counterpart in all-sky. Based on the satellite science and observation requirements, we propose the design philosophy and schemes of the GECAM satellite system, including the system configuration and main technical parameters, observation requirement analysis, and satellite orbit, attitude, and operation mode design. Further, we summarize the technical characteristics and solutions of satellites, including the satellites all-sky field of view burst source location technology, multi-constraint satellite pointing design, the real-time downlink telemetry technology of trigger information based on the Beidou-3 global position reporting system, the integrated design electronics with low cost and high reliability, and the electromagnetic compatibility design of highly intensive satellite. The GECAM satellite can achieve an all-sky field of view, high sensitivity, good positioning accuracy, and wide energy coverage through system design and optimization. Also, it has the capability of on-orbit trigger positioning and quasi-real-time downlink of detection alerts, satisfying the comprehensive requirements of the detection of gravitational wave gamma-ray bursts and other high-energy transient sources.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed paper unveils various sources of conducted and radiated electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) of an interleaved dc–dc converter with gallium nitride (GaN) transistors and describes different optimization strategies, generalizing critical aspects that need to be kept in mind during the design stage.
Abstract: The proposed paper unveils various sources of conducted and radiated electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) of an interleaved dc–dc converter with gallium nitride (GaN) transistors and describes different optimization strategies. Instead of striving to achieve conformity to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards, it rather focuses on deriving a deeper understanding of the source of EMI phenomena related to fast switching power converters generalizing critical aspects that need to be kept in mind during the design stage. The fast switching transients of GaN transistors are the main reason for increased EMI, which is why the characteristics of the applied transistors are investigated closely, paying special attention to the parasitic switching oscillations. Various observed interference effects are presented and corresponding conclusions are drawn. The effects are divided into intra-EMI issues of capacitive and inductive near-field coupling related to signal instability and inter-EMI issues of conducted and radiated noise. Based on these findings, different optimization strategies are presented addressing signal filtering, an optimized printed circuit board design, as well as proper high-frequency designs of passive components such as capacitors for the dc link and the power choke. All findings are put into context with the EMI characteristics of an equivalent dc–dc converter utilizing Si-insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs).

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2020
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the maximum peak field criterion to localize an EMI source in the cavity using one sensor and provided a proof of concept to show the ability of the time reversal concept in the localization of an EEM source in a cavity.
Abstract: The localization of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) sources is very important in Electromagnetic Compatibility applications. Recently, a novel localization technique based on the Time Reversal Cavity (TRC) concept was proposed using only one sensor. In this paper, we discuss the concept of TRC and its application to the localization of EMI sources. We investigate the maximum peak field criterion to localize an EMI source in the cavity using one sensor. We show that the maximum peak field criterion in the presence of the cavity can be used to localize an EMI source with high accuracy. The performance of the proposed criterion is evaluated using the finite difference time domain method. Finally, we provide a proof of concept to show the ability of the time reversal concept in the localization of an EMI source in a cavity. Experimental results confirm that the proposed method can be used in practical EMC problems.