Showing papers on "Electromagnetic field published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory for laser-induced periodic surface structure was developed by associating each Fourier component of induced structure with the corresponding Fourier components of inhomogeneous energy deposition just beneath the surface.
Abstract: We develop a theory for laser-induced periodic surface structure by associating each Fourier component of induced structure with the corresponding Fourier component of inhomogeneous energy deposition just beneath the surface. We assume that surface roughness, confined to a region of height much less than the wavelength of light, is responsible for the symmetry breaking leading to this inhomogeneous deposition; we find strong peaks in this deposition in Fourier space, which leads to predictions of induced fringe patterns with spacing and orientation dependent on the angle of incidence and polarization of the damaging beam. The nature of the generated electromagnetic field structures and their relation to the simple "surface-scattered wave" model for periodic surface damage are discussed. Our calculation, which is for arbitrary angle of incidence and polarization, applies a new approach to the electrodynamics of randomly rough surfaces, introducing a variational principle to deal with the longitudinal fields responsible for local field, or "depolarization," corrections. For a $p$-polarized damaging beam our results depend on shape and filling factors of the surface roughness, but for $s$-polarized light they are essentially independent of these generally unknown parameters; thus an unambiguous comparison of our theory with experiment is possible.
1,144 citations
TL;DR: Torrence as mentioned in this paper proposed a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field and identified light as an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated through the electromagnetic fields according to electromagnetic laws.
Abstract: T F Torrence (ed) 1982 Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press xiii + 103 pp price £7.50 In 1865 James Clerk Maxwell published in the Philosophical Transactions a long paper entitled 'A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field'. In this work, about which he wrote to a relative, 'I have a paper afloat, with an electromagnetic theory of light, which, till I am convinced of the contrary, Ihold to be great guns', he set up the electromagnetic field equations unifying electricity and magnetism, and identified light as 'an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated through the electromagnetic field according to electromagnetic laws'.
408 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a monochromatic fully polarized electromagnetic wave propagating in free space possesses, in general, two families of singular lines (C lines) on which the transverse field is circularly polarized.
Abstract: A monochromatic fully polarized electromagnetic wave propagating in free space possesses, in general, two families of singular lines ( C lines) on which the transverse field is circularly polarized. The distribution of polarization ellipses around a C line shows that it obeys the same classification scheme as the isotropic points of a two-dimensional symmetric tensor: that is, a given section of a C line may belong to one of three different line patterns and it may be elliptic or hyperbolic. In addition it may be left-or right-handed. However, the way in which the polarization ellipses are executed in time shows that C lines may also be regarded as singularities of phase, analogous to line dislocations or interference fringes in scalar waves. From this point of view, a given line is of edge or screw type, according to its orientation, or, more generally, is a curved line of mixed edge-screw type. The whole field is divided into regions of opposite hand by surfaces S of linear polarization, and each family of C lines is confined to just one of these regions.
246 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution of current in and the admittance of a center-driven dipole embedded in a general medium are reviewed, and the electric field generated by the currents in the dipole is derived for all points outside the antenna.
Abstract: Insulated antennas are useful for localized heating as in the hyperthermia treatment of tumors and the extraction of shale oil. The distribution of current in and the admittance of a center-driven dipole embedded in a general medium are reviewed. Formulas for the electric field generated by the currents in the dipole are derived for all points outside the antenna. Near the antenna, the field is elliptically polarized. Formulas for the polarization ellipses are derived and evaluated for antennas with electrical half-lengths Beta/sub L/h = pi/4, pi/2, pi, and 3pi/2, where k/sub L/ =beta/sub L/ + i alpha/sub L/ is the wavenumber of the current, and this is different from the wavenumber of the ambient medium.
214 citations
TL;DR: To investigate the potentialities of hyperthermia as a cancer therapy, computer simulations have been performed and numerical results pertaining to the temperature distribution in a model of the human pelvis are presented.
Abstract: To investigate the potentialities of hyperthermia as a cancer therapy, computer simulations have been performed. This simulation consists of two tuccessive steps. First, the heat generated in a distribution of biological tissue when irradiated by a source of electromagnetic radiation is computed. The mathematical tool for determining the disbution of generated heat is the domain-integral-equation technique. This technique enables us to determine in a body with arbitrary distribution of permittivity and conductivity the electromagnetic field due to prescribed sources. The integral equation is solved numerically by an iterative minimization of the integrated square error. From the computed distribution of generated heat, the temperature distribution follows by solving numerically the pertaining heat transfer problem. The relevant differential equation together with initial and boundary conditions is solved numerically using a finite-element technique in space and a finite-difference technique in time. Numerical results pertaining to the temperature distribution in a model of the human pelvis are presented.
121 citations
TL;DR: The dyadic Green's functions for unbounded and layered anisotropic media have been obtained in this article, where the authors assume that the anisometric medium is assumed to be tilted uniaxial.
Abstract: The dyadic Green's functions (DGF) for unbounded and layered anisotropic media have been obtained. The anisotropic medium is assumed to be tilted uniaxial. With the availability of the DGF's, many problems involving radiation and scattering of electromagnetic waves can readily be solved.
113 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present examples of uniformly moving charge distributions that possess conserved electromagnetic stress tensors, which constitute stable systems with covariantly characterized electromagnetic mass and are dedicated to Paul Dirac for his 80th birthday.
Abstract: Examples of uniformly moving charge distributions that possess conserved electromagnetic stress tensors are exhibited. These constitute stable systems with covariantly characterized electromagnetic mass. This note, on a topic to which Paul Dirac made a significant contribution in 1938, is dedicated to him for his 80th birthday.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors applied the multipolar formalism for a system of molecules developed in paper I (first preceding paper) to calculate the rate of energy transfer and intermolecular potential energies.
Abstract: The multipolar formalism for a system of molecules developed in paper I (first preceding paper) is applied to a molecular pair to calculate the rate of energy transfer and intermolecular potential energies. In these calculations, one of the molecules is treated as passive when placed in the Maxwell field of the other. The electromagnetic field is calculated with the use of the Heisenberg picture as in paper II (second preceding paper). For resonance transfer between identical molecules, it is sufficient to consider the first-order fields to obtain the F\"orster rate. For nonidentical molecules, the probability of excitation transfer as a function of time is found with the use of the Heisenberg fields. A noteworthy feature of the calculations of dispersion energy is that with the use of electromagnetic fields, correct to quadratic terms in the transition moments, the complete Casimir-Polder intermolecular potential energy can be obtained by the consideration of one molecule as a test polarizable body in the field of the other.
85 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a regular perturbation procedure is developed to account for weak mantle conduction as unsteady electromagnetic fields are extrapolated downward from the Earth's surface to the core-mantle boundary.
Abstract: Summary. A systematic regular perturbation procedure is developed to account for weak mantle conduction as unsteady electromagnetic fields are extrapolated downward from the Earth’s surface to the core-mantle boundary. The mantle is treated as a radially symmetric conductor of highly variable conductivity. The unique poloidal-toroidal decomposition of a magnetic vector potential leads first to three-dimensional and then, after spherical harmonic analysis, to one-dimensional linear diffusion equations for the two defining scalar functions. Emphasis is placed on a regular perturbation solution to the inverse poloidal diffusion problem, for the case where diffusion through the mantle is rapid on the time-scale for changes in forcing at the core-mantle boundary. The perturbation theory is evaluated with reference to a range of proposed conductivity profiles and two geomagnetic field models. It is found that uncertainty in the conductivity is at present less important than errors in the field models, and that the first-order corrections to the main field and secular variation at the core surface are likely to be negligible and small, respectively.
79 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the properties of highly excited atoms placed in an electromagnetic field is given, where the probability of bound-bound and bound-free transitions between quasiclassical atomic states, and also approximate selection rules for such transitions, are examined.
Abstract: A review is given of the properties of highly excited atoms placed in an electromagnetic field. The probabilities of bound-bound and bound-free transitions between quasiclassical atomic states, and also approximate selection rules for such transitions, are examined. The properties of the dynamic polarizability of highly excited states of atoms are investigated. Quantum-mechanical ionization mechanisms (multiphoton and tunneling) are discussed for highly excited states. Much space is devoted to the stochastic dynamics of classical atomic electrons in a varying monochromatic electromagnetic field. The threshold electric field for the stochastic motion of an electron and the ionization of an atom is given as a function of the field frequency, its polarization, and the principal quantum number of the atomic state under consideration. The influence of orbital angular momentum of the state from which ionization takes place on the stochastization process is discussed. Classical diffusion ionization of a highly excited atom in an electromagnetic field is considered within the framework of classical mechanics and the quasiclassical quantum-mechanical approximation. The validity of classical mechanics in relation to the properties of highly excited atoms in an electromagnetic field is examined. The realization of quantum and quasiclassical ionization of highly excited atoms is considered. The final part of the review analyzes experimental data on the behavior of highly excited atoms in a radiofrequency field. Comparison of experimental data with the theory given in this review has demonstrated good agreement between them.
01 Sep 1983-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical representation for the electromagnetic force field, flow field, temperature field and for transport controlled kinetics, in a levitation melted metal droplet, was developed for the mutual inductances.
Abstract: A mathematical representation was developed for the electromagnetic force field, the flow field, the temperature field (and for transport controlled kinetics), in a levitation melted metal droplet. The technique of mutual inductances was employed for the calculation of the electromagnetic force field, while the turbulent Navier - Stokes equations and the turbulent convective transport equations were used to represent the fluid flow field, the temperature field and the concentration field. The governing differential equations, written in spherical coordinates, were solved numerically. The computed results were in good agreement with measurements, regarding the lifting force, and the average temperature of the specimen and carburization rates, which were transport controlled.
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship of the multipolar to the minimal-coupling formalism is examined when both the electron and the radiation are second-quantized fields, and both the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations are considered: in the former the transformation between the two is a point transformation on the electron field coordinates, while in the latter it is a canonical transformation.
Abstract: The multipolar formalism is commonly used as the starting point in chemical physics and quantum optics for discussion of the interaction of radiation with atoms and molecules. The relationship of the multipolar to the minimal-coupling formalism is examined when both the electron and the radiation are second-quantized fields. Both the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations are considered: in the former the transformation between the two is a point transformation on the electron field coordinates, while in the latter it is a canonical transformation. The resulting equations of motion are Maxwell's equations, in terms of the basic and auxiliary fields, for the electromagnetic field and Schr\"odinger equations for charges in an electromagnetic field with the coupling given through the multipole moments. That the Schr\"odinger equation is different from that which arises in the minimal-coupling formalism is a natural consequence of the use of new field coordinates. The theory is extended to a system of molecules anticipating the discussion of intermolecular energies in paper III (the second succeeding paper).
DOI•
01 Mar 1983TL;DR: In this article, a three-dimensional finite element scheme is proposed for finding directly the electric or magnetic field at a given frequency of excitation inside a closed system containing lossy inhomogeneous materials of arbitrary shape.
Abstract: A three-dimensional finite-element scheme is proposed for finding directly the electric or magnetic field at a given frequency of excitation inside a closed system containing lossy inhomogeneous materials of arbitrary shape. It is shown that the scheme may be used to find the scattering parameters of general two-port linear waveguide problems. Results are presented for four cases.
TL;DR: In this paper, the common physical basis for active dc, residual and ac methods of specimen magnetization is described and the finite element analysis techniques originally developed for the study of fields in electrical machinery can be extended to predict electromagnetic NDT transducer signals for all three forms of specimen excitation.
Abstract: Electromagnetic field interactions with metals can be used to determine both material properties and the presence of defects. Such techniques are used widely in the nondestructive testing of critical components for aerospace, transportation, energy and metals industries where reliability, safety and product quality considerations are important. This paper describes the common physical basis for active dc, residual and ac methods of specimen magnetization and shows how finite element analysis techniques originally developed for the study of fields in electrical machinery can be extended to predict electromagnetic NDT transducer signals for all three forms of specimen excitation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the first rigorous electromagnetic theory of diffraction in nonlinear optics, which allows the study of any type of nonlinear grating: bare or coated, whatever the groove depth and the profile of grating and coatings may be.
Abstract: We present the first rigorous electromagnetic theory of diffraction in nonlinear optics. This theory allows the study of any type of nonlinear grating: bare or coated, whatever the groove depth and the profile of grating and coatings may be. The formalism developed here is derived from Maxwell's equations. The existence of the excitation and its nonlinear feature on the one hand, and the diffraction of the pump beams and of the signal on the other hand, are fully taken into account. The calculation reported here is valid for all cases of polarization (TM or TE) of the pump beams and of the signal. Two expressions of the nonlinear polarization at the signal frequency are derived. One is valid below the modulated region; the other one, inside this region. These two expressions take into account all the diffracted orders at the pump frequencies: propagating and evanescent. We then get the expression of the electromagnetic field at the signal frequency everywhere: not only outside the modulated region, but also inside it. The results thus obtained show that this electromagnetic field is a superposition of a diffracted field, with radiated and evanescent orders, and an infinite number of elementary driven waves. We also derive the nonlinear grating equation which allows the determination of the directions of propagation of the radiated diffracted orders. This is achieved using a new geometrical construction. It is shown that the evanescent diffracted orders at the signal frequency and at the pump frequencies can be resonantly excited. The regorous feature of the electromagnetic theory developed here allows us to get the following new and important result: There exists an optimal groove depth for which the electromagnetic resonance contribution to the enhancement of the nonlinear optical process is the strongest. These results can be applied to the study of different nonlinear optical processes, such as enhanced second-harmonic generation, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, Pockels effect, and optical rectification.
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of the lamb shift and the spontaneous emission of light in a framework of nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics by using an exactly soluble model of a harmonic oscillator atom interacting with a quantized electromagnetic field was studied.
Abstract: We study rigorously the problem of the lamb shift and the spontaneous emission of light in a framework of nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics by using an exactly soluble model of a harmonic oscillator atom interacting with a quantized electromagnetic field. We show that, under the perturbation of the electromagnetic field, all the point spectra corresponding to the excited states of the unperturbed atom disappear. This means that the ‘‘energy level shifts’’ (Lamb shifts) of the excited states of the atom cannot be described simply in terms of shifts of point spectra. Then, we give a rigorous mathematical meaning to both formal perturbation theories for the ‘‘energy level shifts’’ and for the transitions of the excited states due to the spontaneous emission of light, showing that the ‘‘energy level shifts’’ and the ‘‘decay probabilities’’ of the excited states of the atom are characterized in terms of the resonance pole of the S‐matrix for the photon scattering by the atom. We also discuss broken symmetry aspects and infinite mass‐renormalization of the model.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relativistic front form for the equations of the paraxial electromagnetic wave was developed and shown to be particularly suited to the description of paraxials.
Abstract: With the extension of the work of the preceding paper, the relativistic front form for Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism is developed and shown to be particularly suited to the description of paraxial waves. The generators of the Poincare group in a form applicable directly to the electric and magnetic field vectors are derived. It is shown that the effect of a thin lens on a paraxial electromagnetic wave is given by a six-dimensional transformation matrix, constructed out of certain special generators of the Poincare group. The method of construction guarantees that the free propagation of such waves as well as their transmission through ideal optical systems can be described in terms of the metaplectic group, exactly as found for scalar waves by Bacry and Cadilhac. An alternative formulation in terms of a vector potential is also constructed. It is chosen in a gauge suggested by the front form and by the requirement that the lens transformation matrix act locally in space. Pencils of light with accompanying polarization are defined for statistical states in terms of the two-point correlation function of the vector potential. Their propagation and transmission through lenses are briefly considered in the paraxial limit. This paper extends Fourier optics and completes it by formulating it for the Maxwell field. We stress that the derivations depend explicitly on the "henochromatic" idealization as well as the identification of the ideal lens with a quadratic phase shift and are heuristic to this extent.
TL;DR: In this paper, a general expression for the ponderomotive force of electromagnetic field with slowly varying amplitude in a warm plasma is obtained in the collisionless two-fluid model, which contains two additional terms for the general case.
Abstract: A general expression for the ponderomotive force of electromagnetic field with slowly varying amplitude in a warm plasma is obtained in the collisionless two-fluid model. Compared to the existing expression obtained for a cold and stationary plasma, this result contains two additional terms for the general case. One of them is involved with the density gradient and the wavenumber derivative of the dielectric tensor of a plasma. Thus, for an inhomogeneous plasma, it accounts for the effects of spatial dispersion, hence of finite temperature of the plasma. The other term is proportional to the time derivative of the density and the frequency derivative of the dielectric tensor, and is nonzero unless the plasma is stationary or nondispersive. Inclusion of these new terms in the ponderomotive force will enable self-consistent analysis of the general behavior of nonlinear waves with finite wavelengths in a warm plasma.
Patent•
31 Oct 1983TL;DR: In this paper, a hyperthermia treatment device consisting of paired multiple feed inductor rings positioned between two capacitor plates, for producing a tuned radiofrequency electromagnetic field is presented, where the spatial orientation of the elements and/or the phase of the current flowing through them is variable.
Abstract: A hyperthermia treatment device comprises paired multiple feed inductor rings positioned between two capacitor plates, for producing a tuned radiofrequency electromagnetic field. The spatial orientation of the elements and/or the phase of the current flowing through them is variable. Change in the spatial orientation and phase of the inductor rings produce asymmetric magnetic field patterns resulting in the development of asymmetric eddy current patterns orthogonal to the magnetic lines of force. The eddy current patterns are further focused by spatial orientation and phase adjustment of the capacitor plates. A movable grounding point is utilized to further focus induced eddy currents. The device is capable of producing focal hyperthermia at depth to heat specific volumes.
TL;DR: In this article, a two-photon laser is modeled as N two-level atoms interacting via a twophoton transition with a single resonant-cavity field mode.
Abstract: A two-photon laser is modeled as N two-level atoms interacting via a two-photon transition with a single resonant-cavity field mode. The quadratic form of this interaction makes such a system a candidate to exhibit reduced quantum fluctuations (squeezing) in one quadrature of the output field. A Fokker-Planck equation containing all leading quantum noise terms is derived following the method of Haken. A linearized fluctuation analysis reveals that there is no squeezing in a two-photon laser with injected signal. A small amount of squeezing may be present in two-photon optical bistability. Our calculations confirm the results of Lugiato and Strini, who adopted a factorization of moment equations.
TL;DR: In this article, the electromagnetic field operators and the electron field operators for the coupled system governed by the multipolar Hamiltonian are obtained within the Heisenberg picture and their causal behavior and their relationship to the minimal-coupling forms are discussed.
Abstract: The electromagnetic field operators and the electron field operators for the coupled system governed by the multipolar Hamiltonian are obtained within the Heisenberg picture. Their causal behavior and their relationship to the minimal-coupling forms are discussed. The basic fields of the multipolar theory, namely, the displacement vector and the magnetic field, are calculated up to terms quadratic in the multipole moment sources. The terms linear in the transition moments are the quantum counterparts of the classical fields and do not change the photon occupation number. The quadratic terms have no classical analogs: they act in both the photon and electron occupation-number spaces. It is shown that it is necessary to include these second-order terms in the calculation of the Poynting vector for an emitting dipole, thus demonstrating their role in the transport of radiative energy.
TL;DR: In this article, the analysis of RF electromagnetic fields is considered as a linear eigenvalue problem, for which a primitive variable approach based on the electric field, E, is given.
Abstract: This paper presents a formulation and some calculations for the three dimensional analysis of RF electromagnetic fields by using the finite element method. We adopted the penalty method to obtain an approximate solution of the stationary Maxwell equations. The discussion is focused on the analysis of electromagnetic waves as a linear eigenvalue problem, for which a primitive variable approach based on the electric field, E, is given. We confirmed the validity of this method by two dimensional calculations and developed a three dimensional calculation code MAX3D. Satisfactory results are obtained for rectangular cavities, cylindrical cavities and those cavities with smoothly deformed parts.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the effect of the TM mode magnetic field on the electrical conductivity structure of the earth and showed that the TM modes are closely associated with the Coriolis force deflection of water currents and with coastline effects that limit the source currents to the ocean basin.
Abstract: of the electrical conductivity structure of the earth. TM modes are closely associated with the Coriolis force deflection of water currents and with coastline effects that limit the source currents to the ocean basin. PM modes are induced by nondivergent electric currents that are fully contained within the ocean. Surface gravity waves and a Kelvin wave are examined in detail. The Kelvin wave result of Larsen (1968) is reevaluated, and because the upper lithosphere was modeled as an insulator, significant errors in his magnetic induction values, caused by neglect of the TM mode, are revealed. The sensitivity of the TM mode magnetic field to lithospheric electrical conductivity suggests the use of tidal induced electromagnetic fields to probe the earth's conductivity structure. Electromagnetic fields are induced in the earth by exter- nal, ionospheric and magnetospheric, current systems and have long been used to investigate the electrical conduc- tivity structure of the earth by the geomagnetic depth sounding or magnetotelluric methods. An additional natural source, the dynamo interaction of ocean currents with the ambient geomagnetic field, is important in the world oceans. Since the crust and mantle of the earth are electrical conductors that couple to the ocean both conduc- tively and inductively, observations of low-frequency elec- tromagnetic fields in the ocean contain information about both the electrical conductivity of the earth and the circu- lation of the oceans. Electromagnetic fields produced by ocean flows are dis- cussed by Cox et al. (1971), Sanford (1971), and Larsen (1973). Solutions of the Maxwell equations for surface gravity waves were obtained by Weaver (1965) for an infinitely deep ocean and were extended to long waves in a finite depth ocean by Larsen (1971). The surface and internal wave problem was also investigated by Podney (1975), who presented a general method for solving fluid induction problems using a magnetic vector potential when the flow is incompressible. All of these studies indicate that the induced electromagnetic fields are small, amount- ing to fractions of a/xV/m or a few nanoteslas (nT) near the sea surface. At lower frequencies, tidal signals have been detected in both seafloor- and island-based elec- tromagnetic data (Larsen, 1968). Low-frequency, meso- scale and large-scale, ocean-induced electromagnetic fields are discussed by Cox (1980, 1981), who emphasized the influence of shallow electrical conductivity structure on the observed fields.
TL;DR: The analytical approach used in this paper is based on the network analytical method of electromagnetic fields, and the formulation process is straightforward for complicated structures, and some numerical results are presented and comparison is made with the results available in the literature.
Abstract: Various types of striplines with anisotropic media are analyzed. The analytical approach used in this paper is based on the network analytical method of electromagnetic fields, and the formulation process is straightforward for complicated structures. Some numerical results are presented and comparison is made with the results available in the literature.
TL;DR: In this article, the electromagnetic radiation of an electric dipole in a medium with three layers was examined using dyadic Green's functions, and it was shown that the excitation of this wave may be reinforced through a dipole inclination and an optimum position may be determined.
Abstract: The electromagnetic radiation of an electric dipole in a medium with three layers is examined using dyadic Green's functions. The far zone field for problems of this nature is primarily determined from the lateral wave. It is shown that the excitation of this wave may be reinforced through a dipole inclination and an optimum position may be determined. The radio losses for typical forests were calculated for vertical and horizontal dipoles and for dipoles with an optimum inclination. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Bloch-Nordsieck transformation of quantum electrodynamics is applied to the molecular Hamiltonian in order to include explicitly radiative corrections in molecular dynamics.
Abstract: The Bloch–Nordsieck transformation of quantum electrodynamics is applied to the molecular Hamiltonian in order to include explicitly radiative corrections in molecular dynamics. General coupled equations are obtained for all field strengths. In the adiabatic limit, we obtain dressed potential surfaces which undergo radiative distortions relative to the field free potentials. Analytic expressions are obtained for these radiative effects in the presence of intense IR laser fields for harmonic, Morse, and double well potentials. These effects are shown to be important at field intensities greater than 1012 W/cm2 and may be interpreted as generalized field induced Lamb shifts.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that for a nonrelativistic charged particle moving in an arbitrary external electromagnetic field, there exist approximate solutions of the Schrodinger equation, such that the quantum-mechanical averages of the coordinates and the momenta with respect to these states are general exact solutions of classical Hamiltonian equations.
Abstract: In this paper we show that for a nonrelativistic charged particle moving in an arbitrary external electromagnetic field there exist approximate solutions of the Schrodinger equation, such that the quantum‐mechanical averages of the coordinates and the momenta with respect to these states are general exact solutions of the classical Hamiltonian equations Such states are called trajectory‐coherent states The wave functions of the trajectory‐coherent states are obtained by the complex germ method by V P Maslov The simplest properties of these states are studied
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction of p-polarized light from grating surfaces was analyzed by using the theory of Toigo, Marvin, Celli and Hill, and new features for the scattered field were found for light resonating with surface plasmon polaritons; reflectivity present maxima for large amplitude gratings.
TL;DR: In this article, an exact solution for the scattering by two perfectly conducting spheroids in parallel configuration, the excitation being a monochromatic plane electromagnetic wave of arbitrary polarization and angle of incidence, was obtained by means of modal series expansions of electromagnetic fields in terms of prolate spheroidal vector wave functions.
Abstract: By means of modal series expansions of electromagnetic fields in terms of prolate spheroidal vector wave functions, as exact solution is obtained for the scattering by two perfectly conducting prolate spheroids in parallel configuration, the excitation being a monochromatic plane electromagnetic wave of arbitrary polarization and angle of incidence. Using the spheroidal translational addition theorems recently presented by the authors which are necessary for the two-body (or multibody) scattering solution, an efficient computational algorithm of the translational coefficients is given in terms of spherical translational coefficients. The field solution gives the column vector of the series coefficients of the scattered field in terms of the column vector of the series coefficients of the incident field by means of a matrix transformation in which the system matrix depends only on the scatterer ensemble. This eliminates the need for repeatedly solving a new set of simultaneous equations in order to obtain the scattered field for a new direction of incidence. Numerical results in the form of curves for the bistatic and monostatic radar cross sections are given for a variety of prolate spheroid pairs having resonant or near resonant lengths.