Showing papers on "Electromagnetic field published in 1999"
TL;DR: In this paper, the fundamentals of electromagnetic theory, dielectric response, and applications of microwave heating to materials processing, especially fiber composites, are reviewed in this article, and a knowledge of electromagnetic theories and dielectrics is essential to optimize the processing of materials through microwave heating.
Abstract: In microwave processing, energy is supplied by an electromagnetic field directly to the material. This results in rapid heating throughout the material thickness with reduced thermal gradients. Volumetric heating can also reduce processing times and save energy. The microwave field and the dielectric response of a material govern its ability to heat with microwave energy. A knowledge of electromagnetic theory and dielectric response is essential to optimize the processing of materials through microwave heating. The fundamentals of electromagnetic theory, dielectric response, and applications of microwave heating to materials processing, especially fiber composites, are reviewed in this article.
1,296 citations
1,209 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors employ a path integral formalism to examine the many unexpected phenomena of the dynamic Casimir effect due to moving boundaries and extract a plethora of interesting results, the most notable being: (i) the effective mass of a plate depends on its shape, and becomes anisotropic.
Abstract: The static Casimir effect describes an attractive force between two conducting plates, due to quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic (EM) field in the intervening space. Thermal fluctuations of correlated fluids (such as critical mixtures, super-fluids, liquid crystals, or electrolytes) are also modified by the boundaries, resulting in finite-size corrections at criticality, and additional forces that affect wetting and layering phenomena. Modified fluctuations of the EM field can also account for the ``van der Waals'' interaction between conducting spheres, and have analogs in the fluctuation-induced interactions between inclusions on a membrane. We employ a path integral formalism to study these phenomena for boundaries of arbitrary shape. This allows us to examine the many unexpected phenomena of the dynamic Casimir effect due to moving boundaries. With the inclusion of quantum fluctuations, the EM vacuum behaves essentially as a complex fluid, and modifies the motion of objects through it. In particular, from the mechanical response function of the EM vacuum, we extract a plethora of interesting results, the most notable being: (i) The effective mass of a plate depends on its shape, and becomes anisotropic. (ii) There is dissipation and damping of the motion, again dependent upon shape and direction of motion, due to emission of photons. (iii) There is a continuous spectrum of resonant cavity modes that can be excited by the motion of the (neutral) boundaries.
510 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider systems of static nuclei and electrons coupled to the quantized radiation field and prove that for sufficiently small values of the fine structure constant α, the interacting system has a ground state corresponding to the bottom of its energy spectrum.
Abstract: We consider systems of static nuclei and electrons – atoms and molecules – coupled to the quantized radiation field. The interactions between electrons and the soft modes of the quantized electromagnetic field are described by minimal coupling, p→p−e
A (x), where A(x) is the electromagnetic vector potential with an ultraviolet cutoff. If the interactions between the electrons and the quantized radiation field are turned off, the atom or molecule is assumed to have at least one bound state. We prove that, for sufficiently small values of the fine structure constant α, the interacting system has a ground state corresponding to the bottom of its energy spectrum. For an atom, we prove that its excited states above the ground state turn into metastable states whose life-times we estimate. Furthermore the energy spectrum is absolutely continuous, except, perhaps,
in a small interval above the ground state energy and around the threshold energies of the atom or molecule.
300 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated time harmonic Maxwell equations in heterogeneous media, where the permeability μ and the permittivity e are piecewise constant and the associated boundary value problem can be interpreted as a transmission problem.
Abstract: We investigate time harmonic Maxwell equations in heterogeneous media, where the permeability μ and the permittivity e are piecewise constant. The associated boundary value problem can be interpreted as a transmission problem. In a very natural way the interfaces can have edges and corners. We give a detailed description of the edge and corner singularities of the electromagnetic fields.
293 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that far-field polarization microscopy can yield the 3D orientation of certain highly symmetric single chromophores (CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots in the present case).
Abstract: A complete understanding of any complex molecular system generally requires a knowledge of the three-dimensional (3D) orientation of its components relative both to each other, and to directional perturbations such as interfaces and electromagnetic fields. Far-field polarization microscopy is a convenient and widespread technique for detecting and measuring the orientation of single chromophores. But because the polarized electromagnetic field that is used to probe the system lacks a significant longitudinal component, it was thought that, in general, only 2D orientation information could be obtained1,2,3. Here we demonstrate that far-field polarization microscopy can yield the 3D orientation of certain highly symmetric single chromophores (CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots in the present case). The key requirement is that the chromophores must have a degenerate transition dipole oriented isotropically in two dimensions, which gives rise to a perpendicular ‘dark axis’ that does not couple to the light field. By measuring the fluorescence intensity from the dipole as a function of polarization angle, it is possible to calculate both the tilt angle between the dark axis and the sample plane, as well as the in-plane orientation, and hence obtain the 3D orientation of the chromophore
276 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a non-singular exact black hole solution in General Relativity was presented, which corresponds to a charged black hole with |q| \leq 2s_c m \approx 0.6 m, having metric, curvature invariants and electric field bounded everywhere.
Abstract: A non-singular exact black hole solution in General Relativity is presented. The source is a non-linear electromagnetic field, which reduces to the Maxwell theory for weak field. The solution corresponds to a charged black hole with |q| \leq 2s_c m \approx 0.6 m, having metric, curvature invariants, and electric field bounded everywhere.
204 citations
Book•
11 Oct 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the concept of quantum states of atoms and fields, and show that the properties of these states are similar to those of the electromagnetic fields of a laser.
Abstract: Basic Concepts. Canonical Quantization. Quantum States of the Electromagnetic Fields. Coherence of the Electromagnetic Fields. Quantum States of Atoms. Interaction between Atoms and Fields. Mathematical Methods for System-Reservoir Interaction. Stochastic Wavefunction Methods. Quantum Nondemolition Measurements. Semiconductor Bloch Equations. Excitons and Polaritons. Coulomb Blockade and Squeezing. Current Noise in Mesoscopic and Macroscopic Conductors. Nonequilibrium Green's Function Formalism. Quantum Statistical Properties of a Laser. Index.
155 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived the Heisenberg equations of motion for a two-level atom resonantly coupled to the radiation field in the presence of dispersive and absorbing dielectric bodies.
Abstract: Starting from the quantized version of Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field in an arbitrary linear Kramers-Kronig dielectric, the Heisenberg equations of motion for a two-level atom resonantly coupled to the radiation field in the presence of dispersive and absorbing dielectric bodies are derived. The theory is applied to the problem of spontaneous decay of excited atoms in absorbing media. The decay rate is calculated for the (Glauber-Lewenstein) real-cavity model, and a comparison with the recently studied (Clausius-Mosotti) virtual-cavity model [S. Scheel, L. Kn\"oll, D.-G. Welsch, and S. M. Barnett, Phys. Rev. A 60, 1590 (1999)] is given. It is shown that owing to nonradiative decay associated with absorption, the rate of spontaneous decay sensitively depends on the cavity radius, particularly when the atomic transition frequency approaches an absorption band of the medium. Only when the effect of absorption is fully disregarded, is the familiar local-field correction factor recovered.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present strong evidence based on 2(1/2)D particle-in-cell simulations of the interaction of ultrashort, high-intensity laser pulses with underdense plasmas, of the formation of long-lived, slowly moving $(0.1c)$, low-frequency solitonlike electromagnetic waves.
Abstract: We present strong evidence, based on 2(1/2)D particle-in-cell simulations of the interaction of ultrashort, high-intensity laser pulses with underdense plasmas, of the formation of long-lived, slowly moving $(0.1c)$, low-frequency solitonlike electromagnetic waves. These nonlinear waves consist of electron-density depressions and intense cylindrical electromagnetic field concentrations with a larger amplitude and a lower frequency than those of the laser pulse.
136 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a fast, accurate, and general technique for solving Maxwell close-quotes equations in the presence of a finite cluster of arbitrarily disposed dielectric objects is presented, where the electromagnetic field is first decomposed into multipoles with respect to centers close to each of the objects of the cluster and multiple scattering is carried out until convergence is achieved.
Abstract: A fast, accurate, and general technique for solving Maxwell{close_quote}s equations in the presence of a finite cluster of arbitrarily disposed dielectric objects is presented. The electromagnetic field is first decomposed into multipoles with respect to centers close to each of the objects of the cluster and multiple scattering is carried out until convergence is achieved. Radiation scattering cross sections are obtained using this method for clusters formed by homogeneous spheres and coated spheres made of different materials (Al, Si, and SiO{sub 2}), including magnetic ones. Near- and far-field distributions are offered as well. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
TL;DR: In this paper, two high-order compact-difference schemes have been developed for solving three-dimensional, time-dependent Maxwell equations, where spurious high-frequency oscillatory components of the numerical solution, which are considered to be among the principal sources of time instability, are suppressed by a spatial filter.
TL;DR: The neural network approach is applied to the detection of cylindric objects as well as their geometric and electrical characteristics inside a given investigation domain and shows that the approach is able to solve the inverse scattering problem quickly.
Abstract: The neural network approach is applied to the detection of cylindric objects as well as their geometric and electrical characteristics inside a given investigation domain. The electric field values scattered by the object and available at a small number of locations are fed into the network, whose output is the dielectric permittivity, and the location and radius of the cylinder. The results are evaluated using different sets of testing data, and the dependence of the various output parameters to the input are considered. The algorithm performance shows that the approach is able to solve the inverse scattering problem quickly. This may be useful for real-time remote-sensing applications.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical expression for the energy loss suffered by a fast electron passing near a homogeneous dielectric sphere is derived within a fully relativistic approach, and the variation of the energy-loss spectra with both the radius of the sphere and the impact parameter of the electron trajectory is studied in detail.
Abstract: An analytical expression for the energy loss suffered by a fast electron passing near a homogeneous dielectric sphere is derived within a fully relativistic approach. The sphere is described by a frequency-dependent dielectric function. The electromagnetic field induced by the passage of the electron is then obtained by expressing the solution of Maxwell’s equations for this geometry in terms of the scattering of the multipole expansion of the incoming electromagnetic field at the sphere. The energy loss is derived from the induced field acting back on the electron. The variation of the energy-loss spectra with both the radius of the sphere and the impact parameter of the electron trajectory is studied in detail. Part of the energy loss is transformed into radiation, which is also investigated. For spheres characterized by real dielectric functions, like those of ionic materials in the transparency-frequency region, it is shown that the entire energy loss is transformed into radiation. Examples of loss spectra and radiation emission spectra are given for a material described by a Drude-like dielectric function ~e.g., Al! and for SiO2 . @S0163-1829~99!12103-9#
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-level atom interacting dispersively with an electromagnetic field in a dissipative cavity is investigated, and the influence of dissipation on the entanglement of the two subsystems is investigated.
Abstract: We present the time evolution of a two-level atom interacting dispersively with an electromagnetic field in a dissipative cavity. We investigate the influence of dissipation on the entanglement of the two subsystems $(\mathrm{atom}+\mathrm{field}).$ Simple but realistic, the model displays several nontrivial quantum features, which emerge when an environment is taken into account: the cavity is shown to have practically no influence in the coherence properties of the field from the qualitative point of view. On the other hand, although the atom is not directly coupled to the cavity modes, its coherent properties are strongly influenced by dissipation both qualitatively as well as quantitatively.
TL;DR: In this article, two different attenuated total-internal reflection prism configurations are used to explore the excitation of surface electromagnetic waves on one-dimensional (1-D) photonic bandgap (PBG) arrays.
Abstract: Two different attenuated total-internal reflection prism configurations are used to explore the excitation of surface electromagnetic waves on one-dimensional (1-D) photonic bandgap (PBG) arrays. The effect of surface termination of the photonic crystal is shown to have a significant effect on the dispersion of the surface modes excited at that interface. The results show that it is possible to engineer the position of the surface mode within the forbidden bandgap. Modes that are located close to the center of the bandgap are shown to be more localized, leading to significantly higher surface electromagnetic fields than modes located near the band edge. The existence of surface modes can have an effect on many of the proposed applications for PBG materials. The modes are also of interest in their own right for use in applications such as sensors and modulators.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new model for the transient analysis of the electromagnetic field penetration through air-embedded conductive structures realized by thin multilayered composite panels is proposed, which is implemented in one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional FDTD codes and applied to the analysis of different shielding configurations, both in the frequency and in the time domain.
Abstract: A new model is proposed for the transient analysis of the electromagnetic field penetration through air-embedded conductive structures realized by thin multilayered composite panels. A magnetic field controlled formulation is developed in the frequency-domain to express the tangential components of the electric field on the external faces of the composite slab as a function of the tangential components of the magnetic field by means of the surface and transfer impedances of the thin panel coated on a perfect magnetic medium. The corresponding time-domain model is obtained by applying the inverse Fourier transform to the field quantities; an efficient piecewise linear convolution procedure is developed for the numerical calculation of the resulting convolution integrals. The model is implemented in one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) FDTD codes and applied to the analysis of different shielding configurations, both in the frequency and in the time domain.
TL;DR: In this article, a noncontacting resonant-ultrasound-spectroscopy (RUS) method for measuring elastic constants and internal friction of conducting materials is described, and applied to monocrystalline copper.
Abstract: A noncontacting resonant-ultrasound-spectroscopy (RUS) method for measuring elastic constants and internal friction of conducting materials is described, and applied to monocrystalline copper. This method is called electromagnetic acoustic resonance (EMAR). Contactless acoustic coupling is achieved by energy transduction between the electromagnetic field and the ultrasonic vibrations. A solenoidal coil and static magnetic field induce Lorentz forces on specimen surfaces without using a coupling agent. By changing the field direction, a particular set of vibration modes can be selectively excited and detected, an advantage in identifying the vibration modes of the observed resonance peaks. Contactless coupling allows the measure of intrinsic internal friction free from energy loss associated with contact coupling. The elastic constants and internal friction measured by EMAR are compared with those by the usual RUS method for a rectangular-parallelepiped copper monocrystal. Both methods yielded the same ela...
TL;DR: In this article, the Casimir force between an aluminum-coated plate with small sinusoidal corrugations and a large sphere was measured for surface separations between 0.1 and 0.9 mm using an atomic force microscope.
Abstract: The Casimir force between an aluminum-coated plate with small sinusoidal corrugations and a large sphere was measured for surface separations between 0.1 and 0.9 mm using an atomic force microscope. The measured force shows significant deviation from the perturbative theory. The measured Casimir force between the same sphere and flat plate shows good agreement with the same theory in the limit of zero amplitude of corrugation. These together demonstrate the nontrivial boundary dependence of the Casimir force. [S0031-9007(99)09229-7] PACS numbers: 12.20.Fv, 61.16.Ch Casimir [1] predicted an attractive force between two neutral metal plates. The force results from the alteration by the metal boundaries of the zero point electromagnetic energy E › P ‘ s1y2d ¯ hvn, where ¯ hvn is the photon energy in each allowed photon mode n [1‐ 4]. Initially the Casimir force was thought to be a simple extension of the van der Waals (vdW) force which is an attractive force between two neutral molecules [2]. Lifshitz [5] generalized the vdW force between two extended bodies as the force between fluctuating dipoles induced by the zero point electromagnetic fields and obtained the same result as Casimir for two perfectly reflecting flat plates. However, it was realized that the Casimir force is a strong function of geometry and that between two halves of thin metal spherical shells is repulsive [6]. The sign and value of the Casimir force becomes even more interesting for complex topologies such as encountered with a torus [4]. Thus the Casimir force explores the dependence of the vacuum fluctuations on the geometry of the boundary. The Casimir force has been demonstrated between two flat plates [7] and a large sphere and a flat plate [8] and its value shown to be in agreement with the theory to an average deviation of 1% [9]. For dielectric bodies the resulting force has been measured with reasonable agreement to the theory [10]. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of the nontrivial boundary dependence by measuring the Casimir force between a large sphere and plate with periodic uniaxial sinusoidal corrugations (PUSC) for surface separations between 0.1 and 0.9 mm using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The amplitude of the corrugation is only 59.4 nm and is much smaller than the separation. Yet the measured force shows significant deviations from a perturbative theory which takes into account the small periodic corrugation of the plate in the surface separation (the results of the theory correspond to the trivial boundary dependence). Such a deviation can be expected due to the changes in zero point photon modes from diffraction off the periodic corrugation. We also compare the measured Casimir force between the same sphere and identically coated flat plate and show that it agrees well with the same theory in the limit of zero amplitude of corrugation. The results together demonstrate the nontrivial boundary dependence of the Casimir force. The boundary dependence of the Casimir force can be easily obscured by errors in the measurement of the surface separation [4]. To eliminate this ambiguity we use the electrostatic force to determine the exact surface separation and establish procedures for consistent comparison to theory. The regularized zero point energy per unit area given two parallel plates of infinite conductivity a distance z apart is given by [2 ‐ 5] Uszd › 2 p 2 ¯ hc
Patent•
16 Apr 1999
TL;DR: Interference-free coils as mentioned in this paper are coils having at least two coils which are identical in terms of inductance, and are arranged such that their magnetic fields are antiparallel to one another.
Abstract: Interference-free coil systems are coil systems having at least two coils which are identical in terms of inductance. These coils are arranged such that their magnetic fields are antiparallel to one another. Consequently, induced voltages within the coils are substantially eliminated when the coils are exposed to a homogeneous electromagnetic field. If exposed to an nonhomogeneous electromagnetic field, however, a net voltage is induced and enables the extraction of data and power. Reed switch configurations in the implantable prostheses protect against induced voltages caused by the radio frequency field generated by an MR imager when the reed switches are mounted parallel to the plane of a receiver. Reed switch configuration may be used to disconnect, de-tune, or short circuit a receiver. For example, they may be used to disconnect the receiver diodes. Some magnet configurations reduce torque caused by an external magnetic field and prevent demagnetization when disposed within, outside, or partially within an implantable prosthesis. Magnets which align with the external magnetic field also reduce the torque caused by the field and prevent demagnetization.
TL;DR: In this article, the terminal responses of a printed circuit board (PCB) trace exposed to an external electromagnetic field in the frequency and time domain were analyzed based on transmission line theory in a scattered voltage formulation using a quasi-TEM propagation model.
Abstract: Compact analytical solutions are developed for the terminal responses of a printed circuit board (PCB) trace exposed to an external electromagnetic field in the frequency and time domain. The analysis based on transmission line theory in a scattered voltage formulation uses a quasi-TEM propagation model for the trace and the exact distribution of the external electric field within the air/dielectric medium for the excitation terms. From the general solutions obtained for arbitrary wave incidence and terminal impedances, several much simpler approximations are derived revealing the principal behavior and indicating the relevant parameters to minimize the coupling. Practical examples with a comparison of the different results are presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors calculate the friction force between two semi-infinite solids in relative parallel motion (with velocity V), and separated by a vacuum gap of width d. The friction force results from coupling via a fluctuating electromagnetic field, and can be considered as the dissipative part of the van der Waals interaction.
Abstract: We calculate the friction force between two semi-infinite solids in relative parallel motion (with velocity V), and separated by a vacuum gap of width d. The friction force results from coupling via a fluctuating electromagnetic field, and can be considered as the dissipative part of the van der Waals interaction. We consider the dependence of the friction force on the temperature T, and present a detailed discussion of the limiting cases of small and large V and d.
Book•
31 Aug 1999TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the characteristics of the electric and magnetic fields as a function of the size of the body and the length of the wavelength of the signal wave in lossless media.
Abstract: Electric and Magnetic Fields: Basic Concepts Electric Field Concepts Magnetic Field Concepts Sources of Electric Fields (Maxwell's Equations) Sources of Magnetic Fields (Maxwell's Equations) Electric and Magnetic Field Interactions with Materials Other Electromagnetic Field Definitions Waveforms Used in Electromagnetics Sinusoidal EM Functions Root Mean Square or Effective Values Wave Properties in Lossless Materials Boundary Conditions for Lossless Materials Complex Numbers in Electromagnetics (the Phasor Transform) Wave Properties in Lossy Materials Boundary Conditions for Lossy Materials Energy Absorption Electromagnetic Behavior as a Function of Size and Wavelength Electromagnetic Dosimetry EM Behavior When the Wavelength Is Large Compared to the Object Size Low-Frequency Approximations Fields Induced in Objects by Incident E Fields in Free Space E Field Patterns for Electrode Configurations Electrodes for Reception and Stimulation in the Body Fields Induced in Objects by Incident B Fields in Free Space E Field Patterns for In Vitro Applied B Fields Measurement of Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields EM Behavior When the Wavelength Is About the Same Size as the Object Waves in Lossless Media Wave Reflection and Refraction Waves in Lossy Media Transmission Lines and Waveguides Resonant Systems Antennas Diffraction Measurement of Mid-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields EM Behavior When the Wavelength Is Much Smaller Than the Object Ray Propagation Effects Total Internal Reflection and Fiber Optic Waveguides Propagation of Laser Beams Scattering from Particles Photon Interactions with Tissues X-Rays Measurement of High-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields (Light) Bioelectromagnetic Dosimetry Polarization Electrical Properties of the Human Body Human Models Energy Absorption (SAR) Extrapolating from Experimental Animal Results to Those Expected in Humans Numerical Methods for Bioelectromagnetic Stimulation Electromagnetic Regulations Electromagnetics in Medicine: Today and Tomorrow Fundamental Potential and Challenges Hyperthermia for Cancer Therapy Magnetic Effects Proposed Bioelectromagnetic Effects Emerging Bioelectromagnetic Applications Appendices Index
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the tip and surface curvature and tip-surface interaction on the detected optical signal is discussed for scattering apertureless and nonlinear optical experiments with scanning near-field microscopy for which the field enhancement and tip surface interaction result in a strong dependence of the signal on the details of surface topography.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of a non-zero radial magnetic field on radio pulsars are studied. But the authors focus on the acceleration of charged particles from the star that move in these fields, and neglect the collective radiation reaction.
TL;DR: In this article, the damping coefficient of a metallic tip-sample system was derived on the basis of fluctuating electrodynamics, which is in good agreement with experimental data.
Abstract: The Brownian motion of a microscopic solid under the action of fluctuating electromagnetic fields was detected using atomic-force microscopy. The distance dependence of the noise spectrum of free cantilever oscillations, of the resonance frequency, and of the damping coefficient were investigated under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. An analytic expression for the damping coefficient of a metallic tip--sample system was obtained on the basis of fluctuating electrodynamics. Our calculation is in good agreement with experimental data.
TL;DR: In this paper, an electromagnetic scattering solution for the interaction between a dielectric cylinder and a slightly rough surface is presented, which is based on a newly developed technique that utilizes the reciprocity theorem, the difficulty in formulating the secondary scattered fields from the composite target reduces to the evaluation of integrals involving the scattered field from the cylinder and polarization currents induced by a plane wave.
Abstract: An electromagnetic scattering solution for the interaction between a dielectric cylinder and a slightly rough surface is presented in this paper. Taking the advantage of a newly developed technique that utilizes the reciprocity theorem, the difficulty in formulating the secondary scattered fields from the composite target reduces to the evaluation of integrals involving the scattered fields from the cylinder and polarization currents of the rough surface induced by a plane wave. Basically, only the current distribution of isolated scatterers are needed to evaluate the interaction in the far-field region. The scattered field from the cylinder is evaluated in the near-field region using a stationary phase approximation along the cylinder axis. Also, the expressions for the polarization current induced within the top rough layer of the rough surface derived from the iterative solution of an integral equation are employed in this paper. A sensitivity analysis is performed for determining the dependency of the scattering interaction on the target parameters such as surface root mean square (RMS) height, dielectric constant, cylinder diameter, and length. It is shown that for nearly vertical cylinders, which is of interest for modeling of vegetation, the cross-polarized backscatter is mainly dominated by the scattering interaction between the cylinder and the rough surface. The accuracy of the theoretical formulation is verified by conducting polarimetric backscatter measurements from a lossy dielectric cylinder above a slightly rough surface. Excellent agreement between the theoretical prediction and experimental results is obtained.
TL;DR: It is shown that incident 60-Hz electric fields near high-voltage transmission lines do not induce large enough currents and fields in a nerve axon in the leg to disrupt a propagating signal.
Abstract: Following a summarizing introduction in which the background research is reviewed and referenced, a detailed description is given of the properties of the elongated cell that constitutes a nerve axon. The functioning of the cell membrane is reviewed with reference to the transmission of a frequency-modulated signal. The need for successive regeneration by means of action potentials is described. Propagation within both myelinated and unmyelinated membranes is discussed. Currents and electric fields induced in the organs of the human body by external electric and magnetic fields are introduced and their determination reviewed. The interaction between these currents and electric fields and those involved in the propagation of a signal along a nerve axon is analyzed. It is shown that incident 60-Hz electric fields near high-voltage transmission lines do not induce large enough currents and fields in a nerve axon in the leg to disrupt a propagating signal. Scaling with respect to frequency and size is discussed. Surface sensations due to exposure to electric fields in the 5-15-kV/m range are analyzed. It is concluded that exposure to the electromagnetic field of a 60-Hz high-voltage transmission line or a 10-30-kHz high-power transmitting antenna should have no observable effect on the normal functioning of nerves.
TL;DR: In this paper, a fast, accurate, and general technique for solving Maxwell's equations in arbitrarily disposed clusters of dielectric objects is presented, based upon multiple scattering of electromagnetic multipole fields.
Abstract: A fast, accurate, and general technique for solving Maxwell{close_quote}s equations in arbitrarily disposed clusters of dielectric objects is presented, based upon multiple scattering of electromagnetic multipole fields. Examples of application to the simulation of electron energy loss, radiation emission induced by fast electrons, and light scattering are offered. Large rates of Smith-Purcell radiation are predicted in the interaction of fast electrons with strings of Al and SiO{sub 2} spheres, suggesting its possible application in tunable soft UV light generation. Mutual electromagnetic interaction among objects in the different clusters under consideration is shown to be of primary importance. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
TL;DR: In this article, a transfer matrix method is developed to calculate the electromagnetic field in a dielectric structure with circular cylindrical symmetry, and the equations for the reflection and transmission coefficients of cylinear waves from a single boundary between two dielectrics and from a cylinrical multilayered structure are obtained.
Abstract: A transfer matrix method is developed to calculate the electromagnetic field in a dielectric structure with circular cylindrical symmetry. The equations for the reflection and transmission coefficients of cylindrical waves from a single cylindrical boundary between two dielectrics and from a cylindrical multilayered structure are obtained. For a single dielectric interface, enhanced reflection at small interface radii and the analogue of the Brewster effect are predicted and investigated. The design of an optimized cylindrical Bragg reflector (CBR) for cylindrical waves is proposed and its optical properties are studied. It is found that the thicknesses of the layers in the CBR must be different, to provide the adjustment of the phase of the waves, that are reflected from the interfaces at different radii.