Showing papers on "Electromagnetic field published in 2003"
TL;DR: A simple and fast method is formulated for the MEG forward calculation for one shell of arbitrary shape that corrects the corresponding lead field for a spherical volume conductor by a superposition of basis functions, gradients of harmonic functions constructed here from spherical harmonics, with coefficients fitted to the boundary conditions.
Abstract: The equation for the magnetic lead field for a given magnetoencephalography (MEG) channel is well known for arbitrary frequencies omega but is not directly applicable to MEG in the quasi-static approximation. In this paper we derive an equation for omega = 0 starting from the very definition of the lead field instead of using Helmholtz's reciprocity theorems. The results are (a) the transpose of the conductivity times the lead field is divergence-free, and (b) the lead field differs from the one in any other volume conductor by a gradient of a scalar function. Consequently, for a piecewise homogeneous and isotropic volume conductor, the lead field is always tangential at the outermost surface. Based on this theoretical result, we formulated a simple and fast method for the MEG forward calculation for one shell of arbitrary shape: we correct the corresponding lead field for a spherical volume conductor by a superposition of basis functions, gradients of harmonic functions constructed here from spherical harmonics, with coefficients fitted to the boundary conditions. The algorithm was tested for a prolate spheroid of realistic shape for which the analytical solution is known. For high order in the expansion, we found the solutions to be essentially exact and for reasonable accuracies much fewer multiplications are needed than in typical implementations of the boundary element methods. The generalization to more shells is straightforward.
944 citations
TL;DR: The generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) for the average electromagnetic fields across a surface distribution of electrically small scatterers characterized by electric and magnetic polarization densities were derived in this paper.
Abstract: This paper derives generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) for the average electromagnetic fields across a surface distribution of electrically small scatterers characterized by electric and magnetic polarization densities. We call such an arrangement of scatterers a metafilm-the two-dimensional (2-D) equivalent of a metamaterial. The derivation is based on a replacement of the discrete distribution of scatterers by a continuous one, resulting in a continuous distribution of electric and magnetic polarization densities in the surface. This is done in a manner analogous to the Clausius-Mossotti-Lorenz-Lorentz procedure for determining the dielectric constant of a volume distribution of small scatterers. The result contains as special cases many particular ones found throughout the literature. The GSTCs are expected to have wide application to the design and analysis of antennas, reflectors, and other devices where controllable scatterers are used to form a "smart" surface.
606 citations
Book•
01 Apr 2003
TL;DR: The Galerkin method has been applied to 2D finite element computations in this paper for the purpose of solving 2D Eddy current problems in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates.
Abstract: PREFACE MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES Introduction The Vector Notation Vector Derivation The Gradient The Divergence The Rotational Second-Order Operators Application of Operators to More than One Function Expressions in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates MAXWELL EQUATIONS, ELECTROSTATICS, MAGNETOSTATICS, AND MAGNETODYNAMIC FIELDS Introduction The EM Quantities Local Form of the Equations The Anisotropy The Approximation of Maxwell's Equations The Integral Form of Maxwell's Equations Electrostatic Fields Magnetostatic Fields Magnetodynamic Fields BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD Introduction The Galerkin Method - Basic Concepts A First-Order Finite Element Program Generalization of the Finite Element Method Numerical Integration Some 2D Finite Elements Coupling Different Finite Elements Calculation of Some Terms in the Field Equation A Simplified 2D Second-Order Finite Element Program THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD APPLIED TO 2D ELECTROMAGNETIC CASES Introduction Some Static Cases Application to 2D Eddy Current Problems Axi-Symmetric Application Advantages and Limitation of 2D Formulations Non-Linear Applications Geometric Repetition of Domains Thermal Problems Voltage-Fed Electromagnetic Devices Static Examples Dynamic Examples COUPLING OF FIELD AND ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT EQUATIONS Introduction Electromagnetic Equations Equations for Different Conductor Configurations Connections Between Electromagnetic Devices and External Feeding Circuits Examples MOVEMENT MODELING FOR ELECTRICAL MACHINES Introduction The Macro-Element The Moving Band The Skew Effect in Electrical Machines Using 2D Simulation Examples INTERACTION BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC AND MECHANICAL FORCES Introduction Methods Based on Direct Formulations Methods Based on the Force Density Electrical Machine Vibrations Originated by Magnetic Forces Example of Coupling Between the Field and Circuit Equations, Including Mechanical Transients IRON LOSSES Introduction Eddy Current Losses Hysteresis Anomalous or Excess Losses Total Iron Losses The Jiles-Atherton Model The Inverse Jiles-Atherton Model Including Iron Losses in Finite Element Calculations BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
409 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the customary definition of the degree of coherence of an electromagnetic field is flawed and a new quantity, free of the formal drawbacks, is introduced.
Abstract: The relationship between the visibility of fringes and the degree of spatial coherence in electromagnetic two-pinhole interference is assessed. It is demonstrated that the customary definition of the degree of coherence of an electromagnetic field is flawed and a new quantity, free of the formal drawbacks, is introduced. The new definition, which is shown to be consistent with known results for Gaussian statistics, has some unusual properties characteristic only for electromagnetic fields. The degree of coherence is measurable by a sequence of interference experiments.
347 citations
TL;DR: A method to generate ultrahigh intense electromagnetic fields is suggested, based on the laser pulse compression, carrier frequency upshift, and focusing by a counterpropagating breaking plasma wave, relativistic flying parabolic mirror, to achieve the quantum electrodynamics critical field (Schwinger limit) with present-day laser systems.
Abstract: A method to generate ultrahigh intense electromagnetic fields is suggested, based on the laser pulse compression, carrier frequency upshift, and focusing by a counterpropagating breaking plasma wave, relativistic flying parabolic mirror. This method allows us to achieve the quantum electrodynamics critical field (Schwinger limit) with present-day laser systems.
315 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that any initially smooth, periodic small perturbation of a given global Maxwellian, which preserves the same mass, total momentum and reduced total energy, leads to a unique global in time classical solution for such a master system.
Abstract: Perhaps the most fundamental model for dynamics of dilute charged particles is described by the Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system, in which particles interact with themselves through collisions and with their self-consistent electromagnetic field. Despite its importance, no global in time solutions, weak or strong, have been constructed so far. It is shown in this article that any initially smooth, periodic small perturbation of a given global Maxwellian, which preserves the same mass, total momentum and reduced total energy (22), leads to a unique global in time classical solution for such a master system. The construction is based on a recent nonlinear energy method with a new a priori estimate for the dissipation: the linear collision operator L, not its time integration, is positive definite for any solution
f(t,x,v) with small amplitude to the Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system (8) and (12). As a by-product, such an estimate also yields an exponential decay for the simpler Vlasov-Poisson-Boltzmann system (24).
281 citations
Book•
01 Jun 2003
TL;DR: In this article, a series of increasingly complex worked examples, emphasizing problems based on physical processes, devices, and models, are presented, with sample problems and solutions for each new concept, using different problem solving methods to demonstrate advantages and limitations of each approach.
Abstract: Develops problem solving confidence through a series of increasingly complex worked examples, emphasizing problems based on physical processes, devices, and models. Covers charges as the source of the electric field coupled to polarizable and conducting media with negligible magnetic field; currents as the source of the magnetic field coupled to magnetizable media with electromagnetic induction generating an electric field; and electrodynamics where the electric and magnetic fields are of equal importance resulting in radiating waves. Presents sample problems and solutions for each new concept, using different problem solving methods to demonstrate advantages and limitations of each approach. Clarifies the rigorous mathematical development by describing systems with linear, constant co-efficient differential and difference equations.
276 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of tissue heterogeneity and anisotropy on the electric field and current density distribution induced in the brain during magnetic stimulation and found that tissue heterogeneity can significantly affect the distribution of electric field induced in brain.
Abstract: We investigate the effect of tissue heterogeneity and anisotropy on the electric field and current density distribution induced in the brain during magnetic stimulation. Validation of the finite-element (FE) calculations in a homogeneous isotropic sphere showed that the magnitude of the total electric field can be calculated to within an error of approximately 5% in the region of interest, even in the presence of a significant surface charge contribution. We used a high conductivity inclusion within a sphere of lower conductivity to simulate a lesion due to an infarct. Its effect is to increase the electric field induced in the surrounding low conductivity region. This boost is greatest in the vicinity of interfaces that lie perpendicular to the current flow. For physiological values of the conductivity distribution, it can reach a factor of 1.6 and extend many millimeters from the interface. We also show that anisotropy can significantly alter the electric field and current density distributions. Either heterogeneity or anisotropy can introduce a radial electric field component, not present in a homogeneous isotropic conductor. Heterogeneity and anisotropy are predicted to significantly affect the distribution of the electric field induced in the brain. It is, therefore, expected that anatomically faithful FE models of individual brains which incorporate conductivity tensor data derived from diffusion tensor measurements, will provide a better understanding of the location of possible stimulation sites in the brain.
234 citations
TL;DR: The dependence of the ultimate intrinsic SNR on a variety of experimental conditions is explored and a physically intuitive explanation for the observed behavior is provided based on a comparison between the electromagnetic wavelength and the distance between aliasing points.
Abstract: A method is described for establishing an upper bound on the spatial encoding capabilities of coil arrays in parallel MRI Ultimate intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), independent of any particular conductor arrangement, is calculated by expressing arbitrary coil sensitivities in terms of a complete set of basis functions that satisfy Maxwell's equations within the sample and performing parallel imaging reconstructions using these basis functions The dependence of the ultimate intrinsic SNR on a variety of experimental conditions is explored and a physically intuitive explanation for the observed behavior is provided based on a comparison between the electromagnetic wavelength and the distance between aliasing points Imaging at high field strength, with correspondingly short wavelength, is shown to offer advantages for parallel imaging beyond those already expected due to the larger available spin polarization One-dimensional undersampling of k-space yields a steep drop in attainable SNR for more than a 5-fold reduction of scan time, while 2D undersampling permits access to much higher degrees of acceleration Increased tissue conductivity decreases baseline SNR, but improves parallel imaging performance A procedure is also provided for generating the optimal coil sensitivity pattern for a given acceleration, which will serve as a useful guide for future coil designs
233 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results from three-dimensional particle simulations of collisionless shocks with relativistic counter-streaming ion-electron plasmas, which confirm the generation of strong magnetic and electric fields by Weibel-like kinetic streaming instability, and demonstrate that the electromagnetic fields propagate far downstream of the shock.
Abstract: We present results from three-dimensional particle simulations of collisionless shocks with relativistic counter-streaming ion-electron plasmas. Particles are followed over many skin depths downstream of the shock. Open boundaries allow the experiments to be continued for several particle crossing times. The experiments confirm the generation of strong magnetic and electric fields by a Weibel-like kinetic streaming instability, and demonstrate that the electromagnetic fields propagate far downstream of the shock. The magnetic fields are predominantly transversal, and are associated with merging ion current channels. The total magnetic energy grows as the ion channels merge, and as the magnetic field patterns propagate down stream. The electron populations are quickly thermalized, while the ion populations retain distinct bulk speeds in shielded ion channels and thermalize much more slowly. These results may help explain the origin of the magnetic fields responsible for afterglow synchrotron/jitter radiation from Gamma-Ray Bursts.
228 citations
TL;DR: Microwave-radiation induced giant magnetoresistance oscillations recently discovered in high-mobility two-dimensional electron systems are analyzed theoretically and Multiphoton-assisted impurity scatterings are shown to be the primary origin of the oscillation.
Abstract: Microwave-radiation induced giant magnetoresistance oscillations recently discovered in high-mobility two-dimensional electron systems are analyzed theoretically. Multiphoton-assisted impurity scatterings are shown to be the primary origin of the oscillation. Based on a theory which considers the interaction of electrons with electromagnetic fields and the effect of the cyclotron resonance in Faraday geometry, we are able not only to reproduce the correct period, phase, and the negative resistivity of the main oscillation, but also to predict the secondary peaks and additional maxima and minima observed in the experiments. These peak-valley structures are identified to relate, respectively, to single-, double-, and triple-photon processes.
TL;DR: In this article, a finite-difference scheme for the electromagnetic field in 3D anisotropic media for electromagnetic logging was proposed, which has the following features: coercivity (i.e., the complete discrete analogy of all continuous equations in every grid cell, even for nondiagonal conductivity tensors), a special conductivity averaging, and a spectrally optimal grid refinement minimizing the error at the receiver locations and optimizing the approximation of the boundary conditions at infinity.
Abstract: We consider a problem of computing the electromagnetic field in 3D anisotropic media for electromagnetic logging. The proposed finite-difference scheme for Maxwell equations has the following new features based on some recent and not so recent developments in numerical analysis: coercivity (i.e., the complete discrete analogy of all continuous equations in every grid cell, even for nondiagonal conductivity tensors), a special conductivity averaging that does not require the grid to be small compared to layering or fractures, and a spectrally optimal grid refinement minimizing the error at the receiver locations and optimizing the approximation of the boundary conditions at infinity. All of these features significantly reduce the grid size and accelerate the computation of electromagnetic logs in 3D geometries without sacrificing accuracy.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors interpret gamma ray bursts as relativistic, electromagnetic explosions, and propose that they are created when a rotating, relativistically, stellar-mass progenitor loses much of its rotational energy in the form of a Poynting flux during an active period lasting about 100$ s.
Abstract: (Abridged) We interpret gamma ray bursts as relativistic, electromagnetic explosions. Specifically, we propose that they are created when a rotating, relativistic, stellar-mass progenitor loses much of its rotational energy in the form of a Poynting flux during an active period lasting $\sim 100$ s. Initially, a non-spherically symmetric, electromagnetically-dominated bubble expands non-relativistically inside the star, most rapidly along the rotational axis of the progenitor. After the bubble breaks out from the stellar surface and most of the electron-positron pairs annihilate, the bubble expansion becomes highly relativistic. After the end of the source activity most of the electromagnetic energy is concentrated in a thin shell inside the contact discontinuity between the ejecta and the shocked circumstellar material. This electromagnetic shell pushes a relativistic blast wave into the circumstellar medium. Current-driven instabilities develop in this shell at a radius $\sim3\times10^{16}$ cm and lead to dissipation of magnetic field and acceleration of pairs which are responsible for the $\gamma$-ray burst. At larger radii, the energy contained in the electromagnetic shell is mostly transferred to the preceding blast wave. Particles accelerated at the forward shock may combine with electromagnetic field from the electromagnetic shell to produce the afterglow emission.
TL;DR: In this article, a quantization scheme for the electromagnetic field interacting with atomic systems in the presence of dispersing and absorbing magnetodielectric media, including left-handed material having negative real part of the refractive index, is presented.
Abstract: We present a quantization scheme for the electromagnetic field interacting with atomic systems in the presence of dispersing and absorbing magnetodielectric media, including left-handed material having negative real part of the refractive index. The theory is applied to the spontaneous decay of a two-level atom at the center of a spherical free-space cavity surrounded by magnetodielectric matter of overlapping band-gap zones. Results for both big and small cavities are presented, and the problem of local-field corrections within the real-cavity model is addressed.
TL;DR: In this article, a consistent technique for the calculation of real photon emission in hard exclusive processes, which is based on the background field formalism and allows a convenient separation of hard electromagnetic and soft hadronic components of the photon.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors simulated an electromagnetic field enhancement in the vicinity of an AFM tip in close proximity to silver spherical nanoparticles under the illumination of a laser beam of various incident angles under different geometric arrangements.
Abstract: Electric field enhancement distributions encountered in atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip-enhanced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) experiments (AFM-SERS) are simulated using a frequency-domain three-dimensional finite element method to solve Maxwell's equations of electric field distributions. We simulated an electromagnetic field enhancement in the vicinity of an AFM tip in close proximity to silver spherical nanoparticles under the illumination of a laser beam of various incident angles under different geometric arrangements. Maximum electric field enhancement is discussed in terms of the relative position of the tip and nanoparticles, as well as the direction of excitation laser propagation. Our results suggest new approaches for using AFM-SERS tip-enhanced near-field technique to image samples on surfaces.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The theoretical basis for describing scattering properties of media composed of small discrete particles is formed by the classical electromagnetic theory as discussed by the authors, and it is convenient for our purposes to begin with a summary of those concepts and equations that are central to the subject of this book and will be used extensively in the following chapters.
Abstract: The analytical and numerical basis for describing scattering properties of media composed of small discrete particles is formed by the classical electromagnetic theory. Although there are several excellent textbooks outlining the fundamentals of this theory, it is convenient for our purposes to begin with a summary of those concepts and equations that are central to the subject of this book and will be used extensively in the following chapters. We start by formulating Maxwell's equations and constitutive relations for time- harmonic macroscopic electromagnetic fields and derive the simplest plane-wave solution that underlies the basic optical idea of a monochromatic parallel beam of light. This solution naturally leads to the introduction of such fundamental quantities as the refractive index and the Stokes parameters. Finally, we define the concept of a quasi-monochromatic beam of light and discuss its implications.
TL;DR: A direct connection is presented between the dissipative Hofstadter problem, or quantum Brownian motion in two dimensions in a periodic potential and an external magnetic field, which in turn is connected to open string theory in a background electromagnetic field.
Abstract: We study a junction of three quantum wires enclosing a magnetic flux. This is the simplest problem of a quantum junction between Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids in which Fermi statistics enter in a nontrivial way. We present a direct connection between this problem and the dissipative Hofstadter problem, or quantum Brownian motion in two dimensions in a periodic potential and an external magnetic field, which in turn is connected to open string theory in a background electromagnetic field. We find nontrivial fixed points corresponding to a chiral conductance tensor leading to an asymmetric flow of the current.
TL;DR: The low frequency electric signals (emitted from the focal area when the stress reaches a critical value) that precede major earthquakes, are recorded at distances approximately 100 km being accompanied by magnetic field variations.
Abstract: The low frequency electric signals (emitted from the focal area when the stress reaches a critical value) that precede major earthquakes, are recorded at distances approximately 100 km being accompanied by magnetic field variations. The electric field "arrives" 1 to 2 s before the time derivative of the horizontal magnetic field. An explanation, which is still awaiting, should consider, beyond criticality, the large spatial scale as well as that the transmission of the electromagnetic fields (through an inhomogeneous weakly conductive medium like the Earth) obeys diffusion type equations.
TL;DR: In this article, the ground magnetic field disturbance caused by ionospheric currents can be represented by equivalent currents placed to the ionosphere plane, and the applicability of the method for the Baltic Electromagnetic Array Research (BEAR) magnetometer array is validated by means of synthetic ionosphere current models and by investigating the goodness of the fit between the modeled and measured ground magnetic fields.
Abstract: [1] The ground magnetic field disturbance caused by ionospheric currents can be represented by equivalent currents placed to the ionospheric plane. Equivalent currents provide valuable information about the ionospheric electrodynamics, and thus they can be used, for example, in studies of space weather, ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling, and the magnetotelluric source effect. We derive equivalent currents by using the spherical elementary current system method. The applicability of the method for the Baltic Electromagnetic Array Research (BEAR) magnetometer array is validated by means of synthetic ionospheric current models and by investigating the goodness of the fit between the modeled and measured ground magnetic field. The applicability of the method for the sparser International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects (IMAGE) magnetometer network is also proved. In addition, the combination of the elementary current system method and the complex image method, used for the calculation of the induced electromagnetic fields on ground, is introduced, and the combination of the methods is tested by using geoelectric field data from the BEAR project. Our special interest is in the effects that rapidly varying ionospheric currents have on technological conductor systems at the surface of the Earth due to geomagnetically induced currents. Comparison between equivalent currents and the time derivative vector of the horizontal magnetic field emphasizes the importance of small-scale structures.
TL;DR: In this paper, accurate asymptotic expansions of the electric and magnetic fields, the resonant frequencies, and the scattering amplitude in the practically interesting situation, where a number of dielectric objects of small diameter and with different material characteristics are imbedded in an otherwise smooth medium.
TL;DR: In this article, the discrete singular convolution (DSC) algorithm is used for the spatial discretization and the fourth-order Runge Kutta scheme for the time advancing.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the quantum properties of the electromagnetic field in optical cavities coupled to an arbitrary number of escape channels and showed that the field Hamiltonian reduces to the system-and-bath Hamiltonian of quantum optics.
Abstract: We study the quantum properties of the electromagnetic field in optical cavities coupled to an arbitrary number of escape channels. We consider both inhomogeneous dielectric resonators with a scalar dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\mathbf{r})$ and cavities defined by mirrors of arbitrary shape. Using the Feshbach projector technique we quantize the field in terms of a set of resonator and bath modes. We rigorously show that the field Hamiltonian reduces to the system-and-bath Hamiltonian of quantum optics. The field dynamics is investigated using the input-output theory of Gardiner and Collet. In the case of strong coupling to the external radiation field we find spectrally overlapping resonator modes. The mode dynamics is coupled due to the damping and noise inflicted by the external field. For wave chaotic resonators the mode dynamics is determined by a non-Hermitean random matrix. Upon including an amplifying medium, our dynamics of open-resonator modes may serve as a starting point for a quantum theory of random lasing.
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical model has been developed to accurately calculate the current density and magnetic flux fields and the resulting electromagnetic force field in three dimensions in the entire weldment, which can take into account any current distribution on the work piece surface and evaluate the effects of different arc locations and work piece geometry on the magnetic force field.
Abstract: Electromagnetic force is an important driving force for convection in the weld pool during arc welding. Accurate calculation of the electromagnetic force field requires complex numerical calculations of three-dimensional current density and magnetic flux fields. Several simplifying assumptions have been suggested to avoid the complex calculations. The resulting analytical expressions for the electromagnetic force field have been widely used without any critical evaluation of their intrinsic merit, since accurate numerical calculations were difficult in the past because of lack of fast computers. A numerical model has been developed to accurately calculate the current density and magnetic flux fields and the resulting electromagnetic force field in three dimensions in the entire weldment. The model can take into account any current distribution on the work piece surface and evaluate the effects of different arc locations and work piece geometry on the electromagnetic force field. Contributions of the electrode current, arc plasma, and current distribution inside the three-dimensional work piece to the magnetic field and the electromagnetic force field are determined. The electromagnetic force field computed from the model is compared with those obtained from the commonly used simplified expressions of electromagnetic force to examine the accuracy of the commonly used simplifying assumptions. The accuracy of the computed electromagnetic force field can be significantly improved by using the proposed numerical model.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that a non-zero-radius vertical wire above ground excited by a practical source at its bottom end cannot support unattenuated current waves, and the associated electromagnetic field structure is non-TEM.
Abstract: [1] The widely used transmission-line (TL) model of lightning return stroke in a vertical channel is most rigorously represented by a vertical phased array of current sources that produce a spherical transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave in the case of return-stroke speed v equal to the speed of light c. If the radius of the lightning channel were equal to zero, the equivalent representation could be obtained by applying a hypothetical infinitesimal source of pure spherical TEM wave at the bottom of the channel. A non-zero-radius vertical wire above ground excited by a practical source at its bottom end cannot support unattenuated current waves, and the associated electromagnetic field structure is non-TEM.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the Hamiltonian describing N nonrelativistic electrons with spin, interacting with the quantized radiation field and several fixed nuclei with total charge Z, has a ground state when N < Z + 1.
Abstract: We show that the Hamiltonian describing N nonrelativistic electrons with spin, interacting with the quantized radiation field and several fixed nuclei with total charge Z, has a ground state when N < Z + 1. The result holds for any value of the fine structure constant α and for any value of the ultraviolet cutoff A on the radiation field. There is no infrared cutoff. The basic mathematical ingredient in our proof is a novel localization of the electromagnetic field in such a way that the errors in the energy are of smaller order than 1/L, where L is the localization radius.
Book•
18 Sep 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the relativistic kinematics and field theory of classical electrodynamics were studied and the fundamental particles in classical electromagnetism were discussed. But they did not consider the effects of relativism on the quantum field theory.
Abstract: 1. Relativistic kinematics 2. Relativistic mechanics and field theory 3. Time-independent electromagnetic fields 4. Electromagnetic waves 5. Fourier techniques and virtual quanta 6. Macroscopic materials 7. Linear, dispersive media 8. Nonlinear optics 9. Diffraction 10. Radiation by relativistic particles 11. Fundamental particles in classical electrodynamics Appendix: Units and dimensions
TL;DR: The dynamics of a relativistic, hot charged fluid is expressed in terms of a hybrid magnetofluid field which unifies the electromagnetic field with an appropriately defined but analogous flow field, and the changes brought about by the plasma temperature are highlighted.
Abstract: The dynamics of a relativistic, hot charged fluid is expressed in terms of a hybrid magnetofluid field which unifies the electromagnetic field with an appropriately defined but analogous flow field. The unification is affected by a well-defined prescription that allows the derivation of the equations of motion of a plasma embedded in an electromagnetic field from the field-free equations. The relationship of this prescription with the minimal coupling prescription of particle dynamics is discussed; the changes brought about by the plasma temperature are highlighted. A few consequences of the unification are worked out.
TL;DR: In this article, the classical theory of the electromagnetic field associated with paraxial Laguerre-Gaussian light is generalized to apply to propagation in a bulk dielectric, and the theory is quantized to obtain expressions for the electric and magnetic field operators.
Abstract: The classical theory of the electromagnetic field associated with paraxial Laguerre-Gaussian light is generalized to apply to propagation in a bulk dielectric, and the theory is quantized to obtain expressions for the electric and magnetic field operators. The forms of the Poynting vector and angular momentum density operators are derived and their expectation values for a single-photon wave packet are obtained. The Lorentz force operator in the dielectric is resolved into longitudinal, radial, and azimuthal components. The theory is extended to apply to an interface between two semi-infinite dielectric media, one of which is transparent with an incident single-photon pulse, and the other of which is weakly attenuating. For a pulse that is much shorter than the attenuation length, the theory can separately identify the surface and bulk contributions to the Lorentz force on the attenuating dielectric. Particular attention is given to the transfer of longitudinal and angular momentum to the dielectric from light incident from free space. The resulting expressions for the shift and rotation of a transparent dielectric slab are shown to agree with those obtained from Einstein box theories.
TL;DR: In this article, the electromagnetic energy-momentum distribution and the mechanical forces of the electromagnetic field in material media are discussed and a solution of this problem appears to be natural and self-consistent from both a theoretical and an experimental point of view.