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Showing papers on "Electroplating published in 2017"


Journal ArticleDOI
Kyung Eun Kate Sun1, Tuan K. A. Hoang1, Yan Yu1, Xiao Zhu1, Ye Tian1, Pu Chen1 
TL;DR: Among these electroplated anodes, Zn-SDS is the most suitable for aqueous batteries thanks to its low corrosion rate, low dendrite formation, low float current, and high capacity retention after 1000 cycles.
Abstract: Novel zinc anodes are synthesized via electroplating with organic additives in the plating solution. The selected organic additives are cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyethylene-glycol (PEG-8000), and thiourea (TU). The synthesized zinc anode materials, namely, Zn-CTAB, Zn-SDS, Zn-PEG, and Zn-TU, are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that each additive produces distinctively different crystallographic orientation and surface texture. The surface electrochemical activity is characterized by linear polarization when the zinc is in contact with the battery’s electrolyte. Tafel fitting on the linear polarization data reveals that the synthetic zinc materials using organic additives all exhibit 6–30 times lower corrosion currents. When using Zn-SDS as the anode in the rechargeable hybrid aqueous battery, the float current decreases as much as 2.5 times. The batteries with Zn-SDS, Zn-PEG, and Zn-TU anodes display ...

381 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A systematic study of the influence of pulsed electroplating protocols on the formation of Zn dendrites and in turn on strategies to completely prevent ZN dendrite formation leads to substantially prolonged cyclability demonstrating the benefits of pulsing charging in Zn metal-based batteries.
Abstract: Zn metal as anode in rechargeable batteries, such as Zn/air or Zn/Ni, suffers from poor cyclability The formation of Zn dendrites upon cycling is the key limiting step We report a systematic study of the influence of pulsed electroplating protocols on the formation of Zn dendrites and in turn on strategies to completely prevent Zn dendrite formation Because of the large number of variables in electroplating protocols, a scanning droplet cell technique was adapted as a high-throughput methodology in which a descriptor of the surface roughness can be in situ derived by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Upon optimizing the electroplating protocol by controlling nucleation, zincate ion depletion, and zincate ion diffusion, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy confirmed the growth of uniform and homogenous Zn deposits with a complete prevention of dendrite growth The implementation of pulsed electroplating as the charging protocol for commercially available Ni–Zn batterie

110 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of microbial fuel cells implemented with a proton exchange membrane (PEM-MFC) and a bipolar membrane (BPM) was compared with hexavalent chromium from electroplating wastewater as the catholyte.

107 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a kind of Zr-doped, Pt-modified aluminide coating has been prepared by a hybrid process, first electroplating a Pt layer and then co-depositing Zr and Al elements by an above-the-pack process.
Abstract: To take advantage of the synergistic effects of Pt and Zr, a kind of Zr-doped, Pt-modified aluminide coating has been prepared by a hybrid process, first electroplating a Pt layer and then co-depositing Zr and Al elements by an above-the-pack process. The microstructure and isothermal oxidation behavior of the coating has been studied, using a Pt-modified aluminide coating as a reference. Results showed that the Zr-doped, Pt-modified aluminide coating was primarily composed of β-(Ni,Pt)Al phase, with small amounts of PtAl2- and Zr-rich phases dispersed in it. The addition of Zr diminished voids on the coating surface since Zr could hinder the growth of β-NiAl grains. It also helped to increase the spalling resistance of the oxide scale and reduce the oxidation rate, which made the Zr-doped, Pt-modified aluminide coating possess better oxidation resistance than the reference Pt-modified aluminide coating at the temperature of 1100 °C.

95 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of a platinum nanocell and single molecule/nanoparticle fluorescence microscopy can be extended to other systems to yield highly dynamic information about the electrochemical interface to demonstrate that silver nanoparticle collision and oxidation is highly dynamic and likely controlled by a strong electrostatic effect at the electrode/solution interface.
Abstract: The electrochemical interface is an ultrathin interfacial region between the electrode surface and the electrolyte solution and is often characterized by numerous dynamic processes, such as solvation and desolvation, heterogeneous electron transfer, molecular adsorption and desorption, diffusion, and surface rearrangement. Many of these processes are driven and modulated by the presence of a large interfacial potential gradient. The study and better understanding of the electrochemical interface is important for designing better electrochemical systems where their applications may include batteries, fuel cells, electrocatalytic water splitting, corrosion protection, and electroplating. This, however, has proved to be a challenging analytical task due to the ultracompact and dynamic evolving nature of the electrochemical interface. Here, we describe the use of an electrochemical nanocell to image the dynamic collision and oxidation process of single silver nanoparticles at the surface of a platinum nanoele...

84 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel approach to making metal-mesh TCE has been proposed that is based on hybrid printing of silver (Ag) nanoparticle ink and electroplating of nickel (Ni) and shows outstanding mechanical flexibility and environmental stability at high temperature and humidity.
Abstract: Metal-mesh is one of the contenders to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) as transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) for optoelectronic applications. However, considerable surface roughness accompanying metal-mesh type of transparent electrodes has been the root cause of electrical short-circuiting for optoelectronic devices, such as organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and organic photovoltaic (OPV). In this work, a novel approach to making metal-mesh TCE has been proposed that is based on hybrid printing of silver (Ag) nanoparticle ink and electroplating of nickel (Ni). By polishing back the electroplated Ni, an extremely smooth surface was achieved. The fabricated Ag/Ni metal-mesh TCE has a surface roughness of 0.17 nm, a low sheet resistance of 2.1 Ω/□, and a high transmittance of 88.6%. The figure of merit is 1450, which is 30 times better than ITO. In addition, the Ag/Ni metal-mesh TCE shows outstanding mechanical flexibility and environmental stability at high temperature and humidity. Using the polish...

77 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, stainless steel 3D-printed electrodes (3D-steel) have been tested for individual and simultaneous square wave anodic stripping analysis of Pb and Cd in aqueous solution.
Abstract: Heavy metals, being one of the most toxic and hazardous pollutants in natural water, are of great public health concern. Much effort is still being devoted to the optimization of the electroanalytical methods and devices, particularly for the development of novel electrode materials in order to enhance selectivity and sensitivity for the analysis of heavy metals. The ability of 3D-printing to fabricate objects with unique structures and functions enables infinite possibilities for the creation of custom-made electrochemical devices. Here, stainless steel 3D-printed electrodes (3D-steel) have been tested for individual and simultaneous square wave anodic stripping analysis of Pb and Cd in aqueous solution. Electrodeposition methods have also been employed to modify the steel electrode surface by coating with a thin gold film (3D−Au) or a bismuth film (3D−Bi) to enhance the analytical performance. All 3D-printed electrodes (3D-steel, 3D−Au and 3D−Bi) have been tested against a conventionally employed glassy carbon electrode (GC) for comparison. The surface modified electrodes (3D−Au and 3D−Bi) outperformed the GC electrode demonstrating higher sensitivity over the studied concentration ranges of 50–300 and 50–500 ppb for Pb and Cd, respectively. Owing to the bismuth property of binary alloys formation with heavy metals, 3D−Bi electrode displayed well-defined, reproducible signals with relatively low detection limits of 3.53 and 9.35 ppb for Pb and Cd, respectively. The voltammetric behaviour of 3D−Bi electrode in simultaneous detection of Pb and Cd, as well as in individual detection of Pb in tap water was also monitored. Overall, 3D-printed electrodes exhibited promising qualities for further investigation on a more customizable electrode design.

64 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the efficiency enhancement of a LiOH/Al solar cell by growing copper particles on the space between TiO 2 and/or CuO particles.

59 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a flexible RuO 2 /Gr/Cu electrode with a high energy density of ∼13.5 W kg −1 ǫ at a power density of 21kW −1.

46 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an electroplating method was used to obtain good electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency (EMI-SE) of Ni-Co/carbon fibers-reinforced composites.

44 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a low-temperature aluminizing process involving a surface slurry pre-coating and powder embedded aluminization process, with AlCl 3 as the chosen activator, was developed to avoid changes in the mechanical properties of the substrate at high temperatures.
Abstract: A low-temperature aluminizing process involving a surface slurry pre-coating and powder embedded aluminizing process, with AlCl 3 as the chosen activator, was developed to avoid changes in the mechanical properties of the substrate at high temperatures. An electrolytic polishing process using an acidic electroplating solution was further adopted to improve the average surface roughness of the aluminide coating and the smoothing mechanism was explained. Heat treatment promotes the diffusion of iron into the coating and aluminum into the substrate, the phase structure of the coating changed simultaneously. After a 30 h heat treatment at 700 °C, the brittle phases of Fe 2 Al 5 and FeAl 3 disappeared and the aluminide coating completely transformed into the Fe 3 Al and FeAl phases no cracks were observed inside the coating. Through the above processes, a dense and ductile aluminide coating was obtained with a thickness of about 60 μm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel method of preparation of dendritic interfacial metal electrodes of palladium, platinum, silver and copper inside an ionomer for ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) application and the capacitance and actuation performance of IPMC was dramatically enhanced.
Abstract: Formation of dendritic interfacial electrodes (DIEs) between metal/polymer interfaces has high demands in a variety of areas. By combining impregnation electroplating (IEP) step with impregnation–reduction (IR) step under straightforward conditions, we report a novel method of preparation of dendritic interfacial metal electrodes of palladium, platinum, silver and copper inside an ionomer for ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC) application. The depth of palladium DIEs can be controlled by adjusting the reaction time, and the maximum depth can almost reach up to contact from the both sides of ionomer with a total thickness of 200 μm. The capacitance and actuation performance of IPMC was dramatically enhanced because of the presence of DIEs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The surface morphology indicated that addition of DPP derivative (1c) could lead a fine copper deposit and cause the preferential orientations of copper deposits to change from [220] to [111], which happened in particular at higher concentrations.
Abstract: A series of DPP derivatives bearing quaternary ammonium salt centers with different lengths of carbon chains have been designed and synthesized. Their inhibition actions on copper electroplating were first investigated. A total of four diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives showed different inhibition capabilities on copper electroplating. To investigate interactions between metal surface and additives, we used quantum chemical calculations. Static and dynamic surface tension of four DPP derivatives had been measured, and the results showed DPP-10C (1c) with a faster-decreasing rate of dynamic surface tension among the four derivatives, which indicated higher adsorption rate of additive on the cathode surface and gives rise to stronger inhibiting effect of copper electrodeposition. Then, DPP-10C (1c) as the representative additive, was selected for the systematic study of the leveling influence during microvia filling through comprehensive electroplating tests. In addition, field-emission scanning electro...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of each additive on co-deposition was studied by cyclic voltammetry using a rotating disk electrode, which showed that each additive helps to shift the reduction onset potential of Cu closer to that of Sn, thus resulting in uniform Cu-Sn coating.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These electrodes significantly reduce the dimensions of the conventional three electrode electrochemical cell to the microscale, which has been evaluated as a microsensor for the simultaneous determination of trace levels of heavy metal ions by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV).
Abstract: In this work, all three electrodes in an electrochemical cell were fabricated based on carbon nanotube (CNT) thread. CNT thread partially insulated with a thin polystyrene coating to define the microelectrode area was used as the working electrode; bare CNT thread was used as the auxiliary electrode; and a micro quasi-reference electrode was fabricated by electroplating CNT thread with Ag and then anodizing it in chloride solution to form a layer of AgCl. The Ag|AgCl coated CNT thread electrode provided a stable potential comparable to the conventional liquid-junction type Ag|AgCl reference electrode. The CNT thread auxiliary electrode provided a stable current, which is comparable to a Pt wire auxiliary electrode. This all-CNT thread three electrode cell has been evaluated as a microsensor for the simultaneous determination of trace levels of heavy metal ions by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). Hg2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ were used as a representative system for this study. The calculated detection limits (b...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduced novel methods of forming silver (Ag) and palladium (Pd) fibers by combining electrospinning, electroplating, and ion-exchange techniques.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of adding CeO2 nanoparticles on modifying microstructures and wear mechanisms of Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings were investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Copper electroplating technology combined with nano-carbon coating process was used to achieve void-free and high-speed filling for through ceramic holes (TCHs) to prepare direct plated copper (DPC) ceramic substrates and promotes the development of vertical interconnection for DPC ceramic substrate and enhances their reliability for high power packages.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of 4,6-dimethyl-2-mercaptopyrimidine (DMP) as a potential leveler on microvia electroplating copper filling from an acid cupric sulfate electrolyte, including polyethylene glycol (PEG), bis(3-sulfopropyl)disulfide (SPS), and chloride ion, was investigated.
Abstract: The impact of 4,6-dimethyl-2-mercaptopyrimidine (DMP) as a potential leveler on microvia electroplating copper filling from an acid cupric sulfate electrolyte, including polyethylene glycol (PEG), bis(3-sulfopropyl)disulfide (SPS), and chloride ion, was investigated. The results of electrochemical measurement, atomic force microscope (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) revealed that DMP adsorption on the copper surface inhibited copper deposition. Different surface morphology and crystalline orientation was observed after plating using electroplating solutions with different concentrations of DMP. Analytical data were obtained by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD), respectively. In addition, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to investigate the interaction mechanism between DMP and copper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of water addition on the electrodeposition of nickel coatings was investigated using an electrolyte containing choline chloride, ethylene glycol, nickel chloride and water in the molar ratio of 1: 2: 1: x where x is equal to 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18.
Abstract: The electrodeposition of nanocrystalline Ni coatings from electroplating baths containing deep eutectic solvents (analogues of room-temperature ionic liquids) is studied. To improve physicochemical properties of electrolytes and enhance mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Ni films, we suggest introducing extra water into plating baths based on a deep eutectic solvent. The effect of water addition on the electrodeposition of nickel coatings is investigated using an electrolyte containing choline chloride, ethylene glycol, nickel chloride and water in the molar ratio of 1: 2: 1: x where x is equal to 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 (i.e., Ethaline + NiCl2 + xH2O). The introduction of water into the liquid mixture results in an increase in conductivity and a decrease in viscosity. The addition of extra water leads to more uniform and finer grained deposits. The electrodeposited Ni coatings with an average crystallite size of about 5 to 7 nm have an fcc crystal nanostructure. An increase in water content in the plating bath results in an increase in the microhardness of deposits and the inverse Hall–Petch effect is observed. According to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, the coatings with higher corrosion resistance are deposited from Ni plating bath containing water addition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple and accurate quasi-classical model was proposed to calculate the resistances of the laminated composites, which indicated that the model used to describe the resistance of laminated composite in the present study is feasible.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a multilayer Ni-Co alloy was developed galvanostatically by periodic modulation of ultrasound effect, parallel to the process of conventional electroplating by turning the sonicator probe, ON and OFF periodically, while keeping the current density (cd) constant.
Abstract: Ultrasound induced multilayer Ni-Co alloy coatings have been developed galvanostatically by periodic modulation of ultrasound effect, parallel to the process of conventional electroplating Multilayer Ni-Co alloy having alternative layers of different composition were developed by turning the sonicator probe, ON and OFF periodically, while keeping the current density (cd) constant The deposition conditions, in terms of pulsing power density (pd) and degree of layering have been optimized for the highest performance of coating against corrosion, evaluated by electrochemical testing methods Corrosion data revealed that under optimal conditions, multilayer Ni-Co alloy coating having 150 layers, represented as (Ni-Co) 2/2/150 is about 11 times more corrosion resistant than its homogeneous coating, represented as (Ni-Co) 40 A dm − 2 , deposited from the same bath for same duration of time Improved corrosion resistance of multilayer Ni-Co alloy coatings was attributed to an increase in the number of interfaces, separating the layers of alloys of different composition, affected due to periodic pulsing of the sonicator The dependence of corrosion behaviors at different combination of cd and pd, on surface morphology, composition and phase structures were analyzed, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, respectively Experimental results are compared, and discussed

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel electrochemical system with activated carbon fiber and stainless steel combined cathodes was constructed for copper (I) cyanide (Cu(CN)32−) destruction and Cu(I) recovery.

Patent
31 May 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, a Fe-based amorphous alloy powder and a preparation method for its preparation is described. But the specific alloy ingredient of the powder is 40-95 wt% of Fe, and alloy elements are one or combination of multiple elements, such as, P, Ni, Cr, Co, Mo, W and Re, which can be subjected to electrodeposition together with iron.
Abstract: The invention provides Fe-based amorphous alloy powder and a preparation method thereof. The specific alloy ingredient of the powder is 40-95 wt% of Fe, and alloy elements are one or combination of multiple elements, such as, P, Ni, Cr, Co, Mo, W and Re, which can be subjected to electro-deposition together with iron. The preparation process of the powder includes the steps that (1), pre-treatment of a metal substrate plated surface is performed; (2), electroplating liquor is prepared; (3), a constant-potential power source or a pulse power source can be adopted, current density of an electrode is 200-1000 mA/mm , and electrolyte temperature is 30-70 DEG C; (4), a mechanical or physical method is adopted to make a plated layer fall off; (5) ball milling is performed under protection of vacuum or inert gases; (6), the amorphous alloy powder is sieved.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of pulse electroplating parameters on the cross-sectional and surface microstructures of blanket copper films using electron backscattering diffraction and x-ray diffraction was studied.

Patent
29 Sep 2017
TL;DR: In this article, a composite current collector consisting of an upper metal layer, a lower metal layer and a non-metal layer arranged between the upper and lower metal layers is described.
Abstract: The invention discloses a current collector, and an application of the current collector in a lithium ion battery, and concretely relates to a composite current collector, and a lithium ion secondary battery applying the current collector. The composite current collector comprises an upper metal layer, a lower metal layer and a nonmetal layer arranged between the upper metal layer and the lower metal layer, vacuum electroplating, electrolytic electroplating or composite bonding compounding is carried out between the upper metal layer and the nonmetal layer and between the nonmetal layer and the lower metal layer, and the thickness of the nonmetal layer is controlled to be 2-20 [mu]m; and the thickness of each of the upper metal layer and the lower metal layer is controlled to be 1-10 [mu]m. The above structure reduces the weight of the current collector and guarantees that the composite current collector have excellent tensile strength and excellent flexibility; the outer layer of the current collector is the metal layer, and has a conductive effect; and the above reasonable structure design substantially improves the mass energy density of the produced lithium ion secondary battery and effectively prolongs the cycle life of the battery.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to densify self-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) to achieve high voltage and high density.
Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) exhibit high ampacity, the key property needed for next-generation interconnects at miniaturized scales. Copper (Cu), the current state-of-the-art material used in interconnects, faces reliability issues at further miniaturized scales. This is due to high current density causing electromigration of Cu atoms. Therefore, CNTs and CNF were proposed to replace Cu in next-generation microelectronics. Using standalone CNT or CNF structures is very challenging and achieving the same properties as an individual CNT or CNF is difficult. The difficulty arises because the electrical properties of a grown forest depend on characteristics of the forest including self-alignment, density and mechanical stability. Thus, in this study, Cu is used to densify self-aligned CNTs and CNFs so that the mechanical stability and high density can be achieved. Parameters that impact the quality of the final Cu–CNT composite layer including the CNT qualities and fabrication techniques, CNT underlayer effect and different Cu deposition techniques are investigated. Different Cu deposition techniques on the as-grown CNTs are also experimented including electroplating, electroless plating and physical vapor deposition (PVD). The experiments show that although CNFs were successfully coated with Cu using electroless plating, CNTs are found to be fragile and are dissolved during the process of electroless plating. Furthermore, it was found that CNTs cannot act as seed layer for Cu. Other underlayer material such as Ti and TiN were found difficult to work with due to several reasons. Ti and TiN were not found a good material to grow vertically aligned CNTs using CVD. However, PECVD combined with TiN underlayer was successful in obtaining vertically aligned CNTs, although with a much slower growth rate compared to CNTs grown on Al2O3 underlayer. However, TiN was not successful in terms of electroplating.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the surface morphology of zinc prepared by the electroplating process was compared to the commercial bulk zinc (BZn), and the power density of batteries consisting of electroplated Zn anodes were increased comparing with their bulk counterpart.
Abstract: In this study, zinc anodes used in Zn-air battery were fabricated by electroplating processes, i.e., conventional direct current (DC) electroplating and pulse plating. The results showed that the surface morphology of zinc prepared by the electroplating process was porous in contrast to the commercial bulk zinc (BZn). The power density of batteries consisting of electroplated Zn anodes were increased comparing with their bulk counterpart. Moreover, because the anode with high specific surface area can reduce the distributed current density and inhibit the passivation that may block oxidization of active material during discharge, the utilization of anode material can be improved without other treatments. Among the fabricated anodes, the one prepared by pulse plating with frequency of 500 Hz showed the best battery performance. The specific discharge capacity and battery efficiency reached 711 mAh g− 1 and 86.7%, respectively. The result indicated a 50% improvement with respect to BZn. The highest peak power density of the pulse plated Zn anode achieved 23.4 mW cm− 2 at room temperature. Comparing with other recent zinc-air battery studies using MnO2-based air cathode, the discharging power density of this zinc anode prepared by pulse electroplating with frequency of 500 Hz showed a 15% improvement.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the reduced graphene oxide was deposited on stainless steel by an electroplating method and investigated for application as a protective barrier against hydrogen embrittlement, and a durable protective layer was formed after formation of the reduced graphite oxide.