Showing papers on "Emancipation published in 1999"

Social Work Practices: Contemporary Perspectives on Change

Abstract: Social Work Contemporary Challenges The Legacy of Our Past and the Nature of Our Present Foucault, Feminism and the Politics of Emancipation Critical Social Work Responses to 'Post' Theories Rethinking Professional Power and Identity Liberation or Regulation Interrogating the Practices of Change Reconstructing Critical Practices Conclusions

Turkish women's predicament.

Abstract: Synopsis — To the foreign observer, Turkish women constitute an anomaly amongst Muslim societies. Since the creation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Turkey has engaged in a project of modernization and secularization. As part and parcel of this process of modernization, Turkish women have been granted social, political, and legal rights. Despite Kemalist reforms of the 1920s, the basics of male domination stayed intact. It is this paradoxical character of Kemalist reforms that this article emphasises. The legal equality granted to Turkish women did not succeed in their emancipation. The image of Turkey as the only modern, secular, democratic country in the Islamic Middle East has been an effective distortion, concealing many truths about Turkey. The author proposes that the Mediterranean culture, the Islamist traditions, and the Kemalist ideology act together in perpetuating the oppression of women in Turkey and keep patriarchy intact. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Meanings of the Market: The Free Market Iin Western Culture

Abstract: Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture. JAMES G. CARRIER. Oxford: Berg,1997; 276 pp. Reviewed by DEBORAH WINSLOW University of New Hampshire Recently my university has been considering adopting a new form of market-model budgeting. One surprising development, as reported by faculty representatives to the inevitable planning committees, is that the task is not just difficult, but is also uncomfortable. Designing systems to balance departmental credits (students attracted, income acquired) and debits (space occupied, services used) is accompanied, they say, by a troubling sense that there is something essentially wrong about the entire undertaking. Their idea of the market model they must use conflicts with their understanding of a University. The University represents a community within which ideas and knowledge are freely exchanged for the common good, but the market, James Carrier tells us, embodies the idea of a world of disassociated individuals who interact through competitive buying and selling for individual gain. This idea of the Market (capitalized, to distinguish the representation from the purely economic), as an "important element of the culture of Western societies . . . " (p. 23), is the concern of Carrier and his seven anthropological associates in this collection. Meanings of the market is a timely book, not just for anthropologists but for everyone living in the post-Reagan Thatcher world of market culture, a world in which, Carrier assures us, "We are all neo-classical economists" (p. ix). Carrier opens the volume with his own wideranging and illuminating introduction to the western Market concept, which, he asserts, has its own language, history, and politics. It generally is understood to be rooted in human nature, a protection against an intrusive state, efficient and rational in allocating resources, and necessary to ensure economic growth and prosperity. Because there have been markets in other times and places unaccompanied by this particular and, since the 1980s, almost unquestioned culture, Carrier concludes that the Market is worthy of study in its own right. The introduction is followed by six papers and an Afterword, all of which dovetail nicely with the volume's theme. In the first essay, "Demons, Commodities and the History of Anthropology," Joel Kahn analyzes late eighteenth-century expressivist/romanticist demonizing of Enlightenment instrumental rationality. This analysis he frames with an opening review of anti-materialism in The treasure of Sierra Madre and a concluding discussion of the Western origins of anti-Market sentiments in modern Islamic economics. Kahn argues, contra M. Taussig (The devil and commodity fetishism in South America, 1980), that "contemporary understandings of the market are informed as much by critical anti-Market strands in modern thought as by . . . Market triumphalism" (p. 76). This paper is a useful corrective to the ahistoricism of some recent critique-of-development literature. It also introduces a motif that pervades the volume: the belief that "the `market model' represents not just a defense of 'markets', but an elaborated 'theory' about human nature and the best means of promoting human emancipation" (p. 75). While the expressivists thought that human nature is best realized in community, not hyperindividualism, the anarcho-capitalists described by Susan Love Brown in "The Free Market as Salvation from Government," take the opposite position. They contend that "the free market, unhampered by government intervention, can coordinate all the functions of society currently being carried out by the state" (p. 99). They attach to this position a moral valuation of personal autonomy that has roots in both nineteenth-century American anarchism and an American tradition of resenting any authority that compromises individualism. …

Women's Studies on the Edge

Abstract: At many universities, women’s studies programs have achieved department status, establishing tenure-track appointments, graduate programs, and consistent course enrollments. Yet, as Joan Wallach Scott notes in her introduction to this collection, in the wake of its institutional successes, women’s studies has begun to lose its critical purchase. Feminism, the driving political force behind women’s studies, is often regarded as an outmoded political position by many of today’s students, and activism is no longer central to women’s studies programs on many campuses. In Women’s Studies on the Edge , leading feminist scholars tackle the critical, political, and institutional challenges that women’s studies has faced since its widespread integration into university curricula. The contributors to Women’s Studies on the Edge embrace feminism not as a set of prescriptions but as a critical stance, one that seeks to interrogate and disrupt prevailing systems of gender. Refusing to perpetuate and protect orthodoxies, they ask tough questions about the impact of institutionalization on the once radical field of women’s studies; about the ongoing difficulties of articulating women’s studies with ethnic, queer, and race studies; and about the limits of liberal concepts of emancipation for understanding non-Western women. They also question the viability of continuing to ground women’s studies in identity politics authorized by personal experience. The multiple interpretations in Women’s Studies on the Edge sometimes overlap and sometimes stand in opposition to one another. The result is a collection that embodies the best aspects of critique: the intellectual and political stance that the contributors take to be feminism’s ethos and its aim. Contributors Wendy Brown Beverly Guy-Sheftall Evelynn M. Hammonds Saba Mahmood Biddy Martin Afsaneh Najmabadi Ellen Rooney Gayle Salamon Joan Wallach Scott Robyn Wiegman

The Untouchables of India

Abstract: The untouchables - an overview untouchability - theories of caste the ambiguity of untouchables untouchable myths of origin discrimination, disabilities and segregation untouchable occupations emancipation movements B.R. Ambedkar leader of the untouchables positive discrimination conclusion.

Learning the routines: "professionalization" of newcomers in secondary school

Abstract: Education systems are expected to enhance both social regulation and emancipation of school students. The contradictions between these aims are visible in the everyday life at school in tensions between control and agency. These tensions are explored in this article by analysing the first two weeks in secondary school, on the basis of ethnographic data collected in the project "Citizenship, Difference and Marginalization in Schools: with Special Reference to Gender." Multilayered processes and practices are involved in the induction of new students. Banal instructions in the "official school," the construction of differences and continuities in the "informal" school, and the ways in which bodies of students are placed in the time-space paths in the "physical" school are explored. The authors ask how school students are taught to become "professional pupils" routinized in the everyday life of their new schools, and how students themselves construct competences through negotiation, withdrawal, or resistance.

Tamed Frontiers: Economy, Society, And Civil Rights In Upper Amazonia

Abstract: List of Tables and Illustrations Acknowledgments Glossary of Spanish Terms Introduction Part 1 : Coming of Age, 1851-1914 1. "Paying Preferential Attention": The State and the Rearing of Loreto 2. "A Magical Product": The Ecological Basis of the Rubber Economy 3. "Having No Other Capital Than Our Personnel": Labor Recruitment and Control 4. "Commerce is the Most Powerful Agent": The Hegemonic Role of Merchant Houses 5. "Extending its Control": State Regulation and Local Resistance Part 2 : In Search of a New Economic Identity, 1915-1962 6. "Kept in the Cruelest Oblivion": Rubber Crisis, State Indifference, and Private Gambles 7. "Buyers of All Sorts of Regional Products": Merchant Houses and Export Cycles 8. "Purveyors of All Sorts of Regional Products": The Workings of the Fundo/Patrn System 9. "Ensuring the Region's Future": State Action and the End of Fundo /Merchant House Dominance Part 3 : The Taming of the Frontier, 1963-1990 10. "Amazonia Will Become a Joyous Region": State Planning and Oil Exploration 11. "Attempting to Change the Phoenician Mentality": From Trading Elite to Regional Bourgeoisie 12. " Without Patrones We Lead a Better Life": The Emancipation of Rural Laborers 13. "People Expect the State to Solve Everything": Popular Organization and Regionalist Demands Conclusions Epilogue Appendixes Reference List Index

From Slavery to Freedom: Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery

Abstract: Foreword by Stanley L. Engerman - PART ONE - Introduction - Capitalism and Abolition: Values and Forces in Britain, 1783-1814 - Two Variants of Anti Slavery: Religious Organization and Social Mobilization in Britain and France, 1780-1870 - Public Opinion and the Destruction of British Colonial Slavery - The Decline Thesis of British Slavery since Econocide - PART TWO - Introduction - Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective - British Way, French Way: Opinion Building and Revolution in the Second French Slave Emancipation - The Long Goodbye: Dutch Capitalism and Antislavery in Comparative Perspective - Servile Insurrection and John Brown's Body in Europe - PART THREE - Introduction - The Ending of the Slave Trade and the Evolution of European Scientific Racism - The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Holocaust: A Comparative Analysis - The Role of Jews in the Transatlantic Slave Trade - Eric Williams: British Capitalism and British Slavery - Capitalism and Slavery after Fifty Years - Free Labor vs. Slave Labor: The British and Caribbean Cases

Marxism and historical-geographical materialism: A spectre is haunting geography

Abstract: This paper explores some of the key insights raised and developed by Marxist geographers, themes that still infuse today the vanguard debates in geography. The insights from Marxism have been central in shaping contemporary debates in the social sciences and in geography. In particular, the politicisation of space, the dialectics of social change and the politics of emancipation remain central to any Marxian project. Whatever the failings of a Marxist critique, few other perspectives seem to be equipped to grasp persistent in- equalities and exploitation with the power of insight and the passion of commitment brought by Marx's original formulations and elaborated by a century of dedicated scholars and activists. The paper suggests how and why Marxism still has a place in geography, not just in maintaining it as a vibrant and exciting discipline, but — perhaps most importantly — in contributing to the production of a truly humanising geography.

Transformation Theory - Postmodern Issues

Abstract: This paper briefly comments on selected issues raised by postmodern writers regarding Transformation Theory, as developed by the author. Issues include situated learning, autonomy, teleology, metanarratives, reason and the self. A brief summary of Transformation Theory will be available at this presentation. There is much about the postmodern critique that both supports and challenges the validity of Transformation Theory. I agree with Foucault who interprets modernity and postmodernity as oppositional attitudes, present in any epoch or period, that assume a continuing critical dialectic, a discourse. As there are no fixed truths or totally definitive knowledge and circumstances change, the human condition may be best understood as a continuous effort to negotiate contested meanings. That is why transformative learning, with its emphasis on contextual understanding, critical reflection on assumptions and validating meaning through discourse, is so important. Milan Kundera in The Book of Laughter and Forgetting wisely suggests that if there were too much incontestable meaning in the world we would succumb under its weight. Critical reflection of assumptions is at the heart of both postmodern critique and Transformation Theory. Both teaches us to be critical of all forms of foundationalism, of totalizing and definitive explanations and theories and the dominant take-for-granted paradigms. Both agree that the discourses of science, truth and progress cannot be taken for granted, and that we should be skeptical of all theories and frames of reference including Transformation Theory and postmodernism. Both celebrate diversity and seek social justice. We have a mutual aim to avoid closure of certainty, seek openness to new experience with new and multiple meanings, accept the possibility of uncertainty and unpredictability while recognizing difference and otherness. We both reject the notion that 'emancipation' becomes a search for certainty and control through definitive knowledge, totalizing explanation and the elimination of difference. Both foster recognition of the tension between the goals of emancipation and democracy and the ubiquity of arbitrary power and oppression. Both seek to create multicultural learning environments free of sexist, racist and imperialistic discourses. To become critically reflective of assumptions leads postmodern and transformative thinkers to challenge the social consequences of any concept of reason, progress, autonomy, education, common humanity or emancipation. However, there are significant differences between these two orientations. Perhaps the most important pertains to a tendency of postmodern critique to show how these concepts, historically associated with the Enlightenment and interpreted in the Western rational tradition, have tacitly produced negative social results and hense to categorically reject them in any form, regardless of their current reference or meaning. The negative judgment of how these concepts have historically functioned in society appears from the postmodern view to render them no longer viable, regardless of their new or changing meaning in contemporary contexts, including Transformation Theory. They tend to become negative labels. Transformation Theory sees each of these concepts as contested meanings and respects the postmodern sensibility but, rather than throw out the baby with the bath water, attempts to redefine their meaning in a contemporary context of adult learning.

CHANGING PATTERNS OF SOCIAL CONTROLS AND SELF-CONTROLS On the Rise of Crime since the 1950s and the Sociogenesis of a 'Third Nature'

Abstract: This attempts to explain the rise in crime rates since the 1950s in all Western countries focuses on changes in the pattern of social controls and self-controls, as well as changes in the balance between these two types of control. Between the 1950s and 1980s, the old conviction that being open to 'dangerous' impulses and emotions would almost irrevocably be followed by acting upon them, was destroyed. This conviction expressed a fear that is symptomatic of rather authoritarian relationships and social controls as well as of a rather rigid type of self-control, dominated by an authoritarian conscience. As social and psychic distance between people diminished, overcoming this fear came to be taken for granted. Social emancipation and integration demanded psychic emancipation and integration: only a more ego-dominated self-regulation allowed for the reflexive and flexible calculation that came to be expected. In these processes, increasing numbers of people have become aware of emotions and temptations in circumstances where fears and dangers had been dominant before. This paper aims at suggesting an explanatory connection between these social and psychic processes and the rise in crime rates in all Western countries since the 1950s. The central hypothesis is that as more calculative and flexible self-controls have come to be socially demanded, most people came more readily to consider the possibility of becoming involved in criminal activities; this has made these acts more likely in general, and more likely in particular to be committed by those sections of the population that are relatively deprived.

On the Rise of Crime since the 1950s and the Sociogenesis of a 'Third Nature'

Abstract: This attempt to explain the rise in crime rates since the 1950s in all Western countries focuses on changes in the pattern of social controls and self-controls, as well as changes in the balance between these two types of control. Between the 1950s and 1980s, the old conviction that being open to 'dangerous' impulses and emotions would almost irrevocably be followed by acting upon them, was destroyed. This conviction expressed a fear that is symptomatic of rather authoritarian relationships and social controls as well as of a rather rigid type of self-control, dominated by an authoritarian conscience. As social and psychic distance between people diminished, overcoming this fear came to be taken for granted. Social emancipation and integration demanded psychic emancipation and integration: only a more ego-dominated self-regulation allowed for the reflexive and flexible calculation that came to be expected. In these processes, increasing numbers of people have become aware of emotions and temptations in circumstances where fears and dangers had been dominant before. This paper aims at suggesting an explanatory connection between these social and psychic processes and the rise in crime rates in all Western countries since the 1950s. The central hypothesis is that as more calculative and flexible self-controls have come to be socially demanded, most people came more readily to consider the possibility of becoming involved in criminal activities; this has made these acts more likely in general, and more likely in particular to be committed by those sections of the population that are relatively deprived.

A Nation in Distress: Human Rights, Authoritarianism, and Asian Values in Malaysia

Abstract: This paper discusses the relevance of the "Asian values" debate for Malaysia. It argues that "Asian values" is not a useful notion for understanding Malaysia's attempts to modernize itself. In fact, this debate acts as a distraction and justifies the government's campaign to diminish human rights as well as cultural emancipation. "Asian values" often act as an excuse for authoritarianism and other abuses of government. Instead, we should examine why Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries justify oppressive practices using the excuse of "Asian values". Unless we find better answers, both the state and civil society in Malaysia will be seriously destabilized, thus risking the genuine economic achievements of the past decade.

Terms of labor : slavery, serfdom, and free labor

Abstract: Introduction Stanley L. Engerman 1. Slavery and freedom in the early modern world David Eltis 2. Free labor vs. slave labor: the British and Caribbean cases Seymour Drescher 3. After serfdom: Russian emancipation in comparative perspective Peter Kolchin 4. From autonomy to abundance: changing beliefs about the free labour system in nineteenth-century America Leon Fink 5. Changing legal conceptions of free labor Robert J. Steinfeld 6. Race, labor and gender in the languages of antebellum social protest David Roediger 7. 'We did not separate man and wife, but all had to work': freedom and dependence in the aftermath of slave emancipation Amy Dru Stanley 8. Free labor, law and American trade unionism David Brody 9. Social mobility, free labor, and the American dream Clayne Pope Notes Index.

Emancipation och religion. Den svenska kvinnorörelsens pionjärer i debatt om kvinnans kallelse ca 1860-1900

Abstract: The purpose of the thesis is to chart the ideology that formed the basis for the initial stages of the emancipation of women in Sweden. The focus of the analysis is the debate over what constituted a woman's calling, and her place in public life. The early feminists possessed a Christian outlook with strong liberal overtones, and it was thus specifically theological arguments that the pioneering generation was to use in the debate over the emancipation of women. This debate was mainly conducted with men who argued for the official, orthodox interpretation of the Lutheran-Christian understanding of the relationship between the sexes. The pioneer emancipationists' line was firmly anchored in a Lutheran tradition that asserted that, at Creation, God destined the sexes to complete one another. This, however, was not synonymous with accepting the subordination of women. Although research into the history of Swedish women dates back to the 1960s, and numerous historians have dealt with the pioneer period of the second half of the nineteenth century, no one thus far has observed, even less analysed, the fundamentel significance of religion to an understanding of the relationship between the sexes, and the effect it was to have upon the debate about women's emancipation. In a simplistic way, religion, the church, and the priesthood have been described as being hostile to emancipation. In so doing, a glaring contradiction was missed; the women who from the mid-nineteenth century demanded emancipation had ideological roots in the very context that research has described as hostile to emancipation. The driving force behind the call for women's emancipation has been sought in other places. A case was made for economic imperatives, and another for an ideological basis for an emancipated world view that is wholly separate from Lutheran, Bible-based ideology. In the thesis, such reseach has been termed 'religious-blind', a term that takes its inspiration from the widely established term 'gender-blind'. The study shows that an analysis of people's relationship to the prevailing interpretative framework of Lutheran teaching, can provide a greater understanding of the ideology that was the basis the emancipationists' actions. The central figures are drawn from the circle around "Tidskrift for hemmet" ("Home Journal") that was published between 1859 and 1885, and its successor "Dagny", published from 1886. The circle can be seen as following the footsteps of Fredrika Bremer, and its main character is Sophie Leijonhufvud-Adlersparre. Theolocically, the circle was tied to a religious liberalism that, in demanding personal freedom, also gave support to the women's movement. Their basic theological view was based on a historical understanding of the Bible, and a critical view of history, that grew during the second half of the nineteenth century. The pioneering feminists' ideology came, by the turn of the century, to be questioned from within. The objections did not now stem from othodox theology, but instead from an increasingly secularised movement where the new emancipation ideology was described in non-theological terms and reflected an earthbound perspective.

Order and Justice: National Minorities and the Right to Secession

Abstract: The Versailles Treaty sought to protect minorities by giving them their own state. This practice, labelled 'self-determination' has changed guise considerably post World War II. Paramount to the emancipation of colonies, it came to be the concept that legitimated the 'rule of the people' over that of their colonial masters. However post-colonial 'self-determined' states are often manufactured entities forced into the strait-jacket of Westphalian statehood; and unlike the states that emanated from the Westphalian Treaty, were given no time to evolve by themselves. As a result these states often house disparate sets of minorities that go unrepresented within the Statist discourse. Further, these states have attempted to suppress their minorities through the various policies associated with nation-building. Today, with secession an increasingly attainable form of self-determination, the question arises as to whether these minorities have a right to form a separate state. The international law of self-determination suggests that this is a right of all peoples. It however leaves the parameters of this 'peoplehood' undefined. This paper seeks to examine the discourse of minority rights within that of the international right to self determination. It seeks to trace the history of minority rights protection, and to examine the way in which minority rights are protected within current international law. In addition, it examines the parameters of peoplehood and concludes by looking at two cases where disaffected minorities in a post-colonial state sought to form their own state.

Serving the Master: Slavery and Society in Nineteenth-century Morocco

Abstract: Preface E.Gellner Introduction Slaves in Society Daily Life Family and Sexuality Escape Emancipation Kidnapping Enslavement The Makhzen's Slaves Abolition Notes

From Class to Race in Early America: Northern Post-Emancipation Racial Reconstruction

Abstract: The American Revolution created an immediate break from England's political and economic control. It also marked the beginning of internal evolutionary changes in America. The Revolution began the abolition of slavery in the North, transforming the operation and meaning of class and race. Gradual emancipation strategies preserved unfree black labor just when indentures for European-American workers were disappearing, and this had important consequences for the relationship between poor blacks and poor whites. They were less likely thereafter to share a common condition and, from the perspective of white workers, were more likely to be in competition. Racial tensions were undoubtedly exacerbated as the nation moved toward its first labor surplus in the 1820s with many northern blacks occupying a middle ground of labor, neither slave nor free. A growing racial divide at the bottom of society can be traced through the institution of racially defined political statuses, violent racial conflicts, labor competition, the systematic exclusion of blacks from certain occupations, and the development of an ideology of racial inferiority. Analysis of these changes can deepen our understanding of the role of race and racism in the early republic and of the transformation of race and class.

Balancing Sex and Love since the 1960s Sexual Revolution

Abstract: The longing for an enduring intimate relationship and the longing for sex are connected, but not unproblematically. Throughout this century, a `sexualization of love' and an `eroticization of sex' have continued, but only since the Sexual Revolution the traditional lustbalance of a lust dominated sexuality for men and a complementary (romantic) love- or relationship-dominated sexuality for women has come under attack. The article describes and interprets these developments, focusing on the (difficulties accompanying) relational and psychical processes. It argues, for example, that the emancipation of women and their sexuality (complement of the accommodation of men and their sexuality) has intensified both erotic and sexual awareness as well as both types of longings. The article is divided into two longer sections. The first is subdivided according to the four phases that are distinguished. The second attempts to interpret and explain these changes by presenting them as regularities in all processes of i...

The pornography of permissiveness: men's sexuality and women's emancipation in mid twentieth-century Britain.

Abstract: Closed access. This article was published in the History Workshop Journal [Oxford University Press © History Workshop Journal] and the definitive version is available at:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/1999.47.99

The emancipation of Catholics, Jews and Protestants : minorities and the nation state in nineteenth-century Europe

Abstract: British Catholics, G.I.T Machin British Jews, David Cesarani French Protestants, Andre Encreve French Jews, Francis Malino German Catholics, Wolfgang Altgeld German Jews, Christopher Clark Italian protestants, Gian Paolo Romagnani italian Jews, Gadi Luzzatto Voghera paths of national integration - the emancipation of catholics, Jews and Protestants in the 19th-century Europe, Stephan Wendehorst.

Free to Work: Labor Law, Emancipation, and Reconstruction, 1815-1880

Abstract: In this intriguing and innovative work, James D. Schmidt examines federal efforts to establish "free labor" in the South during and after the Civil War by exploring labor law in the antebellum North and South and its role in the development of a capitalist labor market. Identifying the emergence of conservative, moderate, and liberal stances on state intervention in the labor market, Schmidt develops three important case studies--wartime Reconstruction in Louisiana, the Thirteenth Amendment, and the Freedmen's Bureau--to conclude that the reconstruction of free labor in the South failed in large part because of the underdeveloped and contradictory state of labor law. The same legal principles, Schmidt argues, triumphed in the postwar North to produce a capitalist market in labor.

Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War

Abstract: In Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom, Howard Jones explores the relationship between President Lincoln's wartime diplomacy and his interrelated goals of forming a more perfect Union and abolishing slavery. From the outset of the Civil War, Lincoln's central purpose was to save the Union by defeating the South on the battlefield. No less important was his need to prevent a European intervention that would have facilitated the South's move for independence. Lincoln's goal of preserving the Union, however, soon evolved into an effort to form a more perfect Union, one that rested on the natural rights principles of the Declaration of Independence and thus necessitated emancipation. Howard Jones is University Research Professor in the Department of History at the University of Alabama. He is the author of numerous books, including Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Slave Revolt and Its Impact on American Abolition, Law, and Diplomacy which provided the historical basis for the movie Amistad.

The Hyphen : Between Judaism and Christianity

Abstract: This brilliant and engaging critical encounter between Jean-Franiois Lyotard and Eberhard Gruber has as its focus a single punctuation mark-the hyphen connecting 'Jew' and 'Christian' in the expression 'Judeo-Christian'. While focusing on the nature, meaning, and function of this hyphen, the authors are able to analyse many of the essential differences between Judaism and Christianity, as well as the most significant historical and political consequences of these differences from the Roman Empire to the Shoah. Beginning with a reading of the Letters of Paul, they contrast the Jewish and Christian positions on a variety of issues ranging from emancipation, history, sacrifice, incarnation, faith, law, and sexual difference to the value that is accorded reading, writing, and interpretation within these two traditions.

Re‐imaging Bulgarian women: The Marxist Legacy and women's self‐identity

Abstract: In Bulgarian society under communist rule, two conflicting images of women were constructed: the socialist Amazon ‐ a woman‐android, the mechanical woman, woman‐heroine of a socialist modernization project ‐ and woman as a mother and carer of children Recent investigation reveals a high degree of convergence in the self‐identification strategies pursued by different groups of Bulgarian women, with some divergence among ethnic minorities Despite general, abstract approval of gender equality and emancipation, women predominantly identify themselves with motherhood and caring within the family, and women's perceptions of self‐esteem, sense of dignity, individual emancipation or unfair treatment are passed over in silence by significant numbers of women A possible explanation for this is that in the situation of a radical reorganization of public institutions and blocking of women's access to influential public positions, family life becomes the only alternative space in which to invest personal energies

1910: The Emancipation of Dissonance

Abstract: The year 1910 marks an astonishing, and largely unrecognized, juncture in Western history. In this perceptive interdisciplinary analysis, Thomas Harrison addresses the extraordinary intellectual achievement of the time. Focusing on the cultural climate of Middle Europe and paying particular attention to the life and work of Carlo Michelstaedter, he deftly portrays the reciprocal implications of different discourses - philosophy, literature, sociology, music, and painting. His beautifully balanced and deeply informed study provides a new, wider, and more ambitious definition of expressionism and shows the significance of this movement in shaping the artistic and intellectual mood of the age. "1910" probes the recurrent themes and obsessions in the work of intellectuals as diverse as Egon Schiele, Georg Trakl, Vasily Kandinsky, Georg Lukacs, Georg Simmel, Dino Campana, and Arnold Schoenberg. Together with Michelstaedter, who committed suicide in 1910 at the age of 23, these thinkers shared the essential concerns of expressionism: a sense of irresolvable conflict in human existence, the philosophical status of death, and a quest for the nature of human subjectivity. Expressionism, Harrison argues provocatively, was a last, desperate attempt by the intelligentsia to defend some of the most venerable assumptions of European culture. This ideological desperation, he claims, was more than a spiritual prelude to World War I: it was an unheeded, prophetic critique.

The Autonomy and Democracy of Indigenous Peoples in Canada and Mexico

Abstract: This article has two objectives. One is to explain how, in the current international relations environment, the trend of global democratization is producing, ironically, the opposite trend of ethnic fragmentation of the multinational state and how this tension is resulting in new sources of international conflict. The other is to analyze the way in which, as a result of the aforementioned trends, local conflicts within the nation-states are representing a challenge to the nation-state as we know it. Taking advantage of the democratization wave, ethnic groups have launched, some with violence, some peacefully, a quest for emancipation, which constitutes a threat to the idea of the unitary nation-state and asks questions about the nature of civil society.