Showing papers on "Emergency management published in 1984"
Book•
19 Jun 1984
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address two common problems encountered by emergency services personnel: the design and implementation of evacuation warning systems to ensure citizen compliance with the directives of authorities and the permanent relocation of families threatened by hazards.
Abstract: This book addresses two common problems encountered by emergency services personnel: the design and implementation of evacuation warning systems to ensure citizen compliance with the directives of authorities and the permanent relocation of families threatened by hazards. The authors pay particular attention to the problems of constructing warning messages; to the citizen's interpretation of message content; the techniques of delivering warning messages; and the management of citizen movements out of threatened areas. Administrative issues related to variations in compliance among ethnic groups are also noted. In the second section, the authors explore the social psychological impact and the logistical, administrative, public policy, and political aspects of relocation. They elaborate a series of principles of positive relocation general enough to apply to a variety of relocation situations.
87 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: The Fourth Edition of Risk Analysis and the Security Survey as discussed by the authors provides a comprehensive overview of the most fundamental theories surrounding risk control, design, and implementation by reviewing topics such as cost/benefit analysis, crime prediction, response planning, and business impact analysis.
Abstract: As there is a need for careful analysis in a world where threats are growing more complex and serious, you need the tools to ensure that sensible methods are employed and correlated directly to risk. Counter threats such as terrorism, fraud, natural disasters, and information theft with the Fourth Edition of Risk Analysis and the Security Survey. Broder and Tucker guide you throughanalysis toimplementationto provide you with the know-how to implement rigorous, accurate, and cost-effective security policies and designs. This book builds on the legacy of its predecessors by updating and covering new content. Understand the most fundamental theories surrounding risk control, design, and implementation by reviewing topics such as cost/benefit analysis, crime prediction, response planning, and business impact analysis--all updated to match today's current standards.
This book will show you how to develop and maintain current business contingency and disaster recovery plans to ensure your enterprises are able to sustain loss are able to recover, and protect your assets, be it your business, your information,or yourself,from threats.
*Offers powerful techniques for weighing and managing the risks that face your organization *Gives insights into universal principles that can be adapted to specific situations and threats *Covers topics needed by homeland security professionals as well as IT and physical security managers
Table of Contents
Part I: The Treatment and Analysis of Risk Chapter 1: Risk Chapter 2: Vulnerability and Threat Identification Chapter 3: Risk Measurement Chapter 4: Quantifying and Prioritizing Loss Potential Chapter 5: Cost/Benefit Analysis Chapter 6: Other Risk Analysis Methodologies Chapter 7: The Security Survey: An Overview Chapter 8: Management Audit Techniques and the Preliminary Survey Chapter 9: The Survey Report Chapter 10: Crime Prediction Chapter 11: Determining Insurance Requirements Part II: Emergency Managment and Business Continuity Planning Chapter 12: Emergency Management: A Brief Introduction Chapter 13: Mitigation and Preparedness Chapter 14: Response Planning Chapter 15: Business Impact Analysis Chapter 16: Business Continuity Planning Chapter 17: Plan Documentation Chapter 18: Crisis Management Planning for Kidnap, Ransom, and Extortion Chapter 19: Monitoring Safeguards Chapter 20: The Security Consultant
Appendix A: Security Survey Work Sheets
Appendix B: Sample Kidnap and Ransom Contingency Plan
Appendix C: Security Systems Specifications
77 citations
TL;DR: Microcomputer-based decision aids that assist four different disaster management organizations: the American Red Cross, the United States Coast Guard, a regional emergency medical organization, and the New York State Office of Disaster Preparedness.
Abstract: We have helped develop microcomputer-based decision aids that assist four different disaster management organizations: the American Red Cross, the United States Coast Guard, a regional emergency medical organization, and the New York State Office of Disaster Preparedness. The four systems emphasize different components of a “typical” disaster response DSS. The microcomputer itself, because of its portability and low cost, has helped to bring computer technology into this important area where it has been traditionally shunned.
72 citations
TL;DR: A series of psychiatric patients examined after the Ash Wednesday bushfires in South Australia are described, and the role played by the disaster in the onset of these disorders is described.
Abstract: Adequate disaster management depends on the incorporation of experience and research findings into future disaster plans. To assist in this process, a series of psychiatric patients examined after the Ash Wednesday bushfires in South Australia are described. The level of handicap experienced was often substantial and interfered with these people's attempts to overcome the losses they experienced in the disaster. Some people had to go to considerable lengths to seek psychiatric help because their general practitioners and bushfire relief workers did not understand the quality of their symptoms and had not arranged referral for them. The types of disorder, the time of presentation and the role played by the disaster in the onset of these disorders are described. The need for an educational and consultative psychiatric service for general practitioners and welfare workers who have contact with disaster victims is discussed.
49 citations
01 Nov 1984
TL;DR: In this article, simulation tests that were carried out to evaluate decision support system design factors in the context of emergency management decision-making are reported, in particular, the availability of a microcomputer for enhancing data display during an emergency: and the stage or severity of the emergency.
Abstract: Simulation tests that were carried out to evaluate decision support system design factors in the context of emergency management decision-making are reported. In particular, two basic issues have been examined: the availability of a microcomputer for enhancing data display during an emergency: and the stage or severity of the emergency. The exercise involved the response to a nuclear generating facility accident, a situation that typically would require various inputs from public officials to protect the local community from potential radiation exposure. The results of the experiment indicate: clear support for computerization of emergency management decision support systems; and an apparent need to focus attention on further development of these systems to improve the decision-making capabilities of public managers during the later, less-structured stages of an emergency.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the emergency manager is discussed, and the more common organizational niches that emergency managers are placed into, and it examines some of the political, institutional, and budgetary constraints that hinder the emergency managers' operations.
Abstract: Local governments (county and city) take the most active role in responding to natural and manmade disasters, yet very little is understood about the role of the emergency manager-the administrator who organizes and coordinates the emergency response of a community. This article describes the more common organizational niches that emergency managers are placed into, and it examines some of the political, institutional, and budgetary constraints that hinder the emergency manager's operations. Finally, it suggests strategies for solving these problems and identifies areas for further research.
29 citations
TL;DR: A retrospective review of emergency department logs for a three-week period surrounding the storm was conducted to determine the amount and type of back up needed for an emergency department to cope with the results of such a disaster.
29 citations
TL;DR: The Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping System (VAMS) as mentioned in this paper was designed to estimate the extent and spatial distribution of potential casualties, and losses to housing and commercial-industrial facilities as a result of hurricane landfall.
14 citations
TL;DR: The problems of mass-homelessness created by the earthquake of 23 November 1980 in southern Italy were tackled by the Italian government in two phases, respectively involving resettlement of the survivors in temporary prefabricated homes and reconstruction of permanent housing.
14 citations
TL;DR: A taxonomy of Australia's counter-disaster organizations is developed based on the ability of individual organizations within the network to determine the role which it will perform and the potential of the organization to influence the direction of the network.
Abstract: An analysis of organizations involved in response to disaster within Australia is offered. The location of these key organizations within the existing institutional framework, and a discussion of the functions of each, together with the relationships between them is provided. Particular emphasis is placed on the location and role of the State and Territory Emergency Service organizations (S/TES's) within this organizational network. The paper suggests there are a number of constraints that operate upon the S/TES's which prejudice both the effectiveness of this organizational type and that of the entire organizational network. These constraints are analyzed in terms of power and influence variables. The outcome of this discussion is the development of a taxonomy of Australia's counter-disaster organizations that is based on: (1) the ability of individual organizations within the network to determine the role which it will perform; and (2) the potential of the organization to influence the direction of the network.
13 citations
01 Jan 1984
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The current level of emergency preparedness and planning for off-site releases of radioactivity from nuclear power plants in the United States and public reactions to it are reviewed in this article.
TL;DR: An overview of the plan for medical response in the event of a disaster in the Netherlands is presented and an idealized evaluation of the response capability and the probable actual ability is reviewed.
Abstract: An overview of the plan for medical response in the event of a disaster in the Netherlands is presented. An idealized evaluation of the response capability, as well as the probable actual ability, is reviewed. The plan involves a response to the disaster site by teams comprising a surgeon, anesthesiologist, and two specially trained nurses from 1 or many of 20 participating hospitals as well as an ambulance response from associated district ambulance posts. An overview of disaster management in general is presented.
TL;DR: This book argues that civil defense efforts to save civilian lives in a massive nuclear attack by relocating those living in areas at high risk of direct thermal and blast effects and sheltering them in low-risk rural areas give a false sense of security because such plans cannot achieve the intended goal.
Abstract: "Counterfeit ark" refers to current efforts of the US Federal Emergency Management Agency to save civilian lives in a massive nuclear attack by relocating those living in areas at high risk of direct thermal and blast effects and sheltering them in low-risk rural areas. The contributors to the 15 chapters of this book examine the assumptions underlying these civil defense efforts in crisis relocation planning. They argue that these efforts give a false sense of security because such plans cannot achieve the intended goal of saving 80% of the American population after a 6,600-megaton nuclear attack by the Soviet Union. Excerpts from recent documents that rationalize these relocation plans begin 14 of the chapters and act as convenient foils. The first seven chapters, "Before the Flood," question the rationale of the plans for the interval before the attack. Can other disasters suggest what the disaster from nuclear war will be
01 Mar 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present empirical evidence that demonstrates the potential magnitude and geographic extent of spontaneous evacuation in the event of an accident at the Long Island Lighting Company's Shoreham Nuclear Power Station.
Abstract: The Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) radiological emergency preparedness program ignores the potential problem of spontaneous evacuation during a nuclear reactor accident. To show the importance of incorporating the emergency spatial behaviors of the population at risk in radiological emergency preparedness and response plans, this article presents empirical evidence that demonstrates the potential magnitude and geographic extent of spontaneous evacuation in the event of an accident at the Long Island Lighting Company's Shoreham Nuclear Power Station. The results indicate that, on the average, 39% of the population of Long Island is likely to evacuate spontaneously and thus to cast an evacuation shadow extending at least 25 miles beyond the plant. On the basis of these findings, necessary revisions to FEMA's radiological emergency preparedness program are outlined.
Journal Article•
03 Apr 1984
TL;DR: The National Communications System [NCS] was established by Executive Order (EO) 12472 as a Federal interagency group assigned national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) telecommunications responsibilities throughout the full spec-trum of emergencies.
Abstract: NOTE: The National Communications System [NCS] was established by Executive Order (EO) 12472 as a Federal interagency group assigned national security and emergency preparedness (NS/EP) telecommunications responsibilities throughout the full spec-trum of emergencies. Under the policy objectives stated in EO 12472 and National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 97, these responsibilities include planning for, developing, and implementing enhancements to the national telecommunications infrastructure to achieve measurable improvements in survivability, interoperability, and operational effectiveness under all conditions and seeking greater effectiveness in managing and using national telecommunication resources to support the Government during any emergency. In order to accomplish these responsibilities, the NCS must:
15 Sep 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the effectiveness of emergency management networks of fifteen communities throughout the U.S. and found that most of the networks are effective; those that are ineffective are difficult to repair under present conditions.
Abstract: : The emergency management networks of fifteen communities throughout the U.S. were examined with particular attention to their effectiveness. Most of the networks sampled are effective; those that are ineffective are difficult to repair under present conditions. All networks underutilize available local resources in the voluntary and commercial/industrial sectors of their communities, and limit communication with the general public. The concept of integrated emergency management systems has so far been well-received on the local level, partly because it conforms to pre-existing practice, and partly because it deflects attention from possibly controversial civil defense measures to types of emergency management that enjoy unequivocal public support. Few distinctive civil defense activities are currently ongoing in the sampled communities and there is considerable confusion about how the public would be warned and instructed in case of a nuclear alert. Aside from these considerations, most of the networks studied should be able handle any emergency that bears a reasonable relationship to their available resources.
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this article, the notion of a democracy as a system that makes government responsive to the public interest is discussed, and the ways in which computer networks can aid democracy is discussed.
Abstract: This chapter focuses on networks and politics. It is suggested that planning centers should be set up to use computer simulation and data-base management in regional planning—whether at the town, state, national, or international level. Computer networking would allow planners to share data and programs and to set up problem-solving teams. Networks can also be used for distributed problem solving. In particular, the chapter discusses the emergency management information system and reference index (EMISARI) system use in the 1971 United States wage-price freeze. The chapter reviews the notion of a democracy as a system that makes government responsive to the public interest. The ways in which computer networks can aid democracy is discussed. Because individuals have relatively little time to devote to political decision making, they need elected representatives to act as their interface with the government. By providing access to information, allowing them to register complaints or queries, and enabling them to take part in instantaneous polls on key issues, computer networks could provide citizens with a mechanism to help ensure that their interface with the government will be truly representative.
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this article, the specific features of the emergency management of disaster victims are discussed, including the role of emergency personnel as part of a disaster rescue team and patients presenting with acute or delayed stress symptoms resulting from the disaster.
Abstract: Natural disasters (e.g., floods, earthquakes) as well as disasters attributable to human error (e.g., accidents) or to human design (e.g., war, bombings) are events sufficiently far from ordinary human experience to cause severe psychological stress in the victims. Emergency personnel automatically form part of a disaster rescue team and also see patients in the emergency room presenting with acute or delayed stress symptoms resulting from the disaster. This chapter discusses the specific features of the emergency management of disaster victims.
01 Aug 1984
TL;DR: In this article, Pacific Northwest Laboratory is providing the NRC with source terms by developing several accident scenarios for eleven types of fuel cycle and byproduct operations, leading to the identification of the maximum release considered for emergency preparedness planning (MREPP) scenario.
Abstract: In order to establish requirements for emergency preparedness plans at facilities licensed by the Office of Nuclear Materials Safety and Safeguards, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) needs to develop source terms (the amount of material made airborne) in accidents. These source terms are used to estimate the potential public doses from the events, which, in turn, will be used to judge whether emergency preparedness plans are needed for a particular type of facility. Pacific Northwest Laboratory is providing the NRC with source terms by developing several accident scenarios for eleven types of fuel cycle and by-product operations. Several scenarios are developed for each operation, leading to the identification of the maximum release considered for emergency preparedness planning (MREPP) scenario. The MREPP scenarios postulated were of three types: fire, tornado, and criticality. Fire was significant at oxide fuel fabrication, UF/sub 6/ production, radiopharmaceutical manufacturing, radiopharmacy, sealed source manufacturing, waste warehousing, and university research and development facilities. Tornadoes were MREPP events for uranium mills and plutonium contaminated facilities, and criticalities were significant at nonoxide fuel fabrication and nuclear research and development facilities. Techniques for adjusting the MREPP release to different facilities are also described.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine why off-site nuclear accident planning has been a low federal priority, why the problem is intergovernmentally complex, and why this sub-policy issue remains controversial.
Abstract: Great uncertainty currently prevails in the matter of off-site emergency response planning around U.S. civilian nuclear power plants. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Federal Emergency Management Agency share in review and approval of off-site emergency plans prepared by state and local governments in the emergency planning zone of nuclear power plants. This study examines why off-site nuclear accident planning has been a low federal priority, why the problem is intergovernmentally complex, and why this sub-policy issue remains controversial. Language: en
01 Feb 1984
TL;DR: The case history presented in this paper involves the planning and implementation of a suitable siren-alarm system by General Public Utilities and its consultant firm, which was used to warn all civilian populations within a 10-mile radius by audible alarms in the event of nuclear plant emergency.
Abstract: Since the Three Mile Island (TMI) incident in 1979, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) guidelines require utilities operating nuclear reactors to warn all civilian populations within a 10-mile radius by audible alarms in the event of a nuclear plant emergency. The case history presented involves the planning and implementation of a suitable siren-alarm system by General Public Utilities and its consultant firm. 1 figure
Book•
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: Noel McGinn points out that the education that contributes to restoration of a community’s social structure may also reproduce the same features that made the community vulnerable to the disaster event.