Showing papers on "Emergency management published in 1995"

Patterns of sheltering and housing in US disasters

Abstract: The terms “sheltering” and “housing” are used in a variety of unclear and inconsistent ways in the disaster literature. Proposes a differentiation among emergency sheltering, temporary sheltering, temporary housing and permanent housing. Indicates how they are paid differential attention in American disaster planning and gives specific observations about the four patterns, noting especially how they differ from one another. Suggests there will be a future increase in problems in all the patterns, and that it is not yet fully established to what extent these patterns are applicable in all types of societies.

Effective emergency management: reconsidering the bureaucratic approach.

Abstract: The command and control approach is compared with the Emergent Human Resources Model (EHRM) approach to emergency management. Four decades of systematic research shows that a rigid, bureaucratic command and control approach to emergency management generally leads to an ineffective emergency response. Previous studies and our own research suggest that flexible, malleable, loosely coupled, organizational configurations can create a more effective disaster response.

Flirting with Disaster: Public Management in Crisis Situations

Abstract: Now updated with examples through 2010, this classic study examines the disruptive effects of disasters on patterns of human behavior and the operations of government, and the conditions under which even relatively minor crises can lead to system breakdown.

Corporate support in the aftermath of a natural disaster: Effects on employee strains

Abstract: Relief services provided by corporations to employees following a natural disaster were expected to be associated with reduced levels of employee strains. Data from 143 hurricane victims partially ...

The Economics of Crop Insurance and Disaster Aid

Abstract: This study is the first to provide a comprehensive and in-depth economic analysis of the origins and consequences of U.S. crop insurance and disaster relief programs.

Northridge earthquake : lifeline performance and post-earthquake response

Abstract: This monograph describes the earthquake performance, emergency response, and recovery for the following lifeline systems: electric power, water, wastewater communications, roads and bridges, railroads, ports, airports, gas, and liquid fuels. In addition, the impact of lifeline disruption on emergency response capabilities of hospitals and fire suppression elements of the emergency response community are discussed. For each lifeline, damage, emergency response methods used to cope with damage and disruption, and the restoration and recovery processes are described. Implemented and proposed changes in equipment and facility design specifications, operating procedures, and emergency response plans are also explained. Each section summarizes the lessons learned, makes recommendations to improve system earthquake response, and identifies needed research.

Flood disaster management in Malaysia: an evaluation of the effectiveness of government resettlement schemes

Abstract: In disaster management, relocation/resettlement is more often seen as the worst option as it gives the impression that nothing else can be done about the hazard and people have to be moved. Relocation is unpopular, as plans to relocate entire communities are costly, mainly because of the need to acquire alternative locations and the provision of housing for those resettled. More significantly, at least on the part of those being relocated, it provokes social disruption and upheaval when people are bundled into an alien environment. Notwithstanding the influence of structural/societal forces, people are also reluctant to be relocated far from relatives, friends and their place of work (or schools in the case of children). Examines the effectiveness of government‐run permanent relocation schemes as a response to flood hazards in Malaysia.

A framework for improving operational effectiveness and cost efficiency in emergency planning and response

Abstract: Presents a practical framework within which disaster response operational effectiveness can be balanced with cost efficiency. This balancing is accomplished through a systematic proactive planning of response requirements, costs projections, procurement and resource mobilization. The framework is useful in general disaster response planning and in the development of cost‐efficient procedures for supporting disaster response efforts. It is generic and can be adapted to local conditions and requirements.

The Kobe earthquake: some realities of strategic management of crises and disasters

Abstract: The response management of the Kobe earthquake in 1995 provides practitioners and theorists of crisis and disaster management with much to consider. As in other efforts around the world the Kobe response management appeared slow and less than optimal in performance. Focuses on the effects of magnitude of impact and degree of strategic preparedness that may affect response. Magnitude of impact is the degree to which impact damage seems random in occurrence, the size of the impact area, the severity of impact, the ratio of visible to invisible damage, the number of major sub‐event crises triggered by the impact of the event, and the degree of psychological distortion caused by (or accelerated by) the impact of the event. The degree of strategic preparedness depends on the degree to which response managers can successfully translate meta‐strategic missions and objectives into operational strategies that are realistic and achievable in any given crisis or disaster event. Components of strategic preparedness i...

Disasters in Bangladesh

Abstract: This paper deals with various types of natural disasters which occur very frequently in Bangladesh. Disaster can occur at any time, in any place, in any dimension, and may owe as much to the circumstances as to the scale of the event. With the exception of the man-made disaster of war, famine, fire, pollution, accident and civil strife, the worst disasters follow natural events. Bangladesh is widely known as a land of natural disasters and is highly vulnerable to flood, cyclone and river erosion. By the effects of these disasters the country is now permanently in distress. These disasters have become a regular phenomenon and cause suffering to millions of people of the country since many decades. Besides, it also focuses on policy options concerning disaster management.

Inter‐organizational policy processes in disaster management

Abstract: Discusses the efficiency of disaster management policies and programmes in Australia Argues that there are long‐standing deficiencies in strategic and operational planning and forecasting approaches Urges more co‐operation and co‐ordination between the various emergency services Discusses the development of terrestrial and space technologies which could be used in disaster management

Complex, humanitarian emergencies: III. Measures of effectiveness.

Abstract: Complex humanitarian emergencies lack a mechanism to coordinate, communicate, assess, and evaluate response and outcome for the major participants (United Nations, International Committee of the Red Cross, non-governmental organizations and military forces). Success in these emergencies will depend on the ability to accomplish agreed upon measures of effectiveness (MOEs). A recent civil-military humanitarian exercise demonstrated the ability of participants to develop consensus-driven MOEs. These MOEs combined security measures utilized by the military with humanitarian indicators recognized by relief organizations. Measures of effectiveness have the potential to be a unifying disaster management tool and a partial solution to the communication and coordination problems inherent in these complex emergencies.

The structure and function of community emergency operations centres

Abstract: Addresses the issue of the structure and function of the community emergency operations centre (EOC). There is some confusion among some emergency responders and particularly among public officials regarding the role and function of the EOC. In part this emerges because many EOCs at different levels operate in conjunction with any given disaster. It is argued that the community EOC is best seen as an over‐arching organization into which information from more specialized EOCs – such as those operated by fire and police departments – flows, and from which the overall response to the disaster is directed. There is also a tendency to define the functions of the community EOC narrowly. Such definitions typically understate the importance of such activities as damage assessment and public information, and consequently leave the responsibility for these and related critical functions somewhat ambiguous. Seeks to achieve an explicit definition of the range and content of disaster responsibilities associated with ...

Complex, humanitarian emergencies: I. Concept and participants.

Abstract: Complex, humanitarian emergencies, the result of civil strife and armed conflict affecting large populations at the brink of extinction, represent the most compelling of disaster relief challenges. They require the coordination of the United Nations agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross, international nongovernmental relief organizations, and military forces. An increasing number of civilian and military health-care providers find themselves involved in the planning, coordination, and direct patient-care aspects of these emergencies, often without proper initiation and understanding of the unique nature of these disasters. This article provides a primer on the concept of complex, humanitarian emergencies and the contributions, characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of each major participant.

Computer supported risk management

Abstract: Preface. Section 1: Conceptual Aspects. Systems Engineering for Risk Management A.P. Sage. Computer Supported Risk Management: Between Scylla and Charybdis E. Hollnagel. Designing Risk and Environmental Management Support Systems P. Haastrup. Modeling Human-Machine Systems: a Challenge for Systems Analysis B. Wahlstrom. Section 2: Planning and Policy Analysis. Contingency Planning Using Expert Judgment in a Group Decision Support Center Environment J.R. Harrald. GIS-Based Environmental Equity Analysis -- a Case Study of TRI Facilities in the Pittsburgh Area T.S. Glickman, D. Golding, R. Hersh. Transportation Hazard Analysis in an Integrated GIS Environment M. Lepofsky, M. Abkowitz, P. Cheng. GIS Applications in Emergency Management G.O. Johnson. Section 3: Operational Decision Making. On-Line Nuclear Power Reactor Accident Monitoring M.C. Parker, J.L. Brittin, F. Niziolek. Decision-Support Integration-Platform for Major Emergency Management Y. Shavit. Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Telecommunications Technology to Deliver Public Safety Warnings G.J. Hunter. Decision Support for Real-Time Management of Hazardous Operations G.E.G. Beroggi, W.A. Wallace. Section 4: Commercial Applications. Integrated Information Systems for Technological Risk Assessment K. Fedra, E. Weigkricht. Environmental Decision Support System for Air Quality Risk Assessment and Innovation Investment in Large Industrial Complexes and Energy Production Systems A.V. Gheorghe, V. Litwin, S. Golovanov. Computer Models Used to Support Cleanup Decision Making at Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Sites P.D. Moskowitz, M.P. DePhillips, A.F. Meinhold, B. Irla.Environmental Modeling Software at the U.S. Protection Agency's Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling D.C. Bouchard, R.B. Ambrose Jr., T.O. Barnwell Jr., D.W. Disney. Index.

Crisis communication: managing the mass media

Abstract: Argues for the need to develop a crisis communication programme, well in advance of any catastrophe. An organization must have a definite policy and procedures to be followed during a disaster. Shows the need for organizations to wake up to the immediacy of mass media coverage and learn how to handle public relations in a crisis situation.

Coordination in emergency operations and the tabletop training exercise

Abstract: Emergency relief operations following catastrophic accidents and natural disasters can only be effective if they are well coordinated. This paper first identifies the cognitive issues of coordination at the heart of emergency operations and illustrates the issues through an examination of the Clapham railway accident. The official enquiry following that particular accident recommended the use of tabletop exercises for training the emergency agencies. Today, tabletop training is widely practised in the UK and this paper presents an account of one such exercise observed by the author. The tabletop exercise used the scenario of a fictitious railway accident to train personnel from a number of emergency agencies and the general potential of tabletop exercises for training coordination is examined. The paper has implications for the development of training practices and technologies for emergency agencies and for other organisations where coordination is critical for effectiveness.

Developing Decentralized Capacity for Disaster Prevention: Lessons from Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring in Malawi

Abstract: Lack of sufficient analytical capacity in most of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa has been frequently mentioned as a major factor limiting the effectiveness of drought management interventions. In this article we describe an approach used in Malawi for the past three years to develop a decentralized capacity to analyse drought management and disaster prevention programmes. A conceptual framework is presented which identifies the areas in which capacity strengthening is required and lessons from the Malawi experience are presented. Various issues relating to the efficiency of capacity building programmes are discussed. We argue that continuous dialogue between development researchers and decision-makers, and between trainers in academic institutions and donor agencies, is essential for achieving the goals of improved capacity for drought management and disaster prevention.

Preparing public safety organizations for disaster response: a study of Tucson, Arizona′s response to flooding

Abstract: Tucson, Arizona, experienced two large‐scale floods in October 1983 and January 1993. In comparing these floods, examines both the natural events and the response of public safety organizations. A summary of the natural events compares the weather, flooding and damages. In consideration of the human response to the 1983 event, finds that the community′s emergency co‐ordination centre was ineffective and isolated from the public safety response network. Furthermore, an organizational structure, suited to the management of large‐scale, multi‐organizational response, failed to emerge. Concludes that local government mitigated these deficiencies before the January 1993 flood. This was accomplished in two ways. First, the community′s emergency management agency merged into the Sheriff′s Department and second, through consensus building and training, the community institutionalized an effective disaster response organizational structure.

Thetford plastics fire, October 1991: the role of a preventive medical team in chemical incidents.

Abstract: OBJECTIVES--To review the role of a medical team in the emergency management of a major polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fire in an urban area. METHODS--The district health authority's consultant in communicable disease control (CCDC) was requested to advise on the health impacts of a fire that consumed some 1000 tonnes of plastic, mainly PVC, over 72 hours and which emitted a large smoke plume that threatened the health of local residents and emergency workers alike, constituting one of the largest incidents the local emergency services had dealt with in recent years. A medical team was formed comprising the CCDC, a regional epidemiologist, an occupational physician, and a medical toxicologist. This paper is an account of this team's experience of advising on the medical management of the emergency without having any formally established role or previous training for the task. RESULTS--The main issues requiring the input of the medical team included: the possible products of combustion and their effects on health; the clinical management of those exposed; the alerting of local hospitals to the type of casualties to expect; the special health risks posed to emergency workers, especially the firemen; the need for evacuation of local residents; the risks of contamination of soil, water, and crops; the potential health impact of the plume; and the provision of expert and authoritative advice on the short and long term health implications to the public. Active surveillance systems, which included the local general practitioners and hospitals, were established and air monitoring instigated. The 46 casualties were restricted to emergency personnel who had inadvertently received exposure to the fire smoke: all recovered within 48 hours. Local residents were unharmed. CONCLUSION--The incident showed the need for preventive medical teams trained to fill a formal advisory and investigative role for chemical releases and fires, and which can play an integral part in emergency management.

Disaster area architecture: telecommunications support to disaster response and recovery

Abstract: The expanse and complexity of disaster response and recovery is staggering, requiring a wide range of resources to ensure the safety of the population and the recovery of the affected area. The Northridge Earthquake disaster response and recovery effort, to date, required $7.5 billion in disaster response and recovery funds and over 10,000 Federal emergency users deployed throughout the region. Hurricane Andrew disaster response and recovery required 1,973 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) users, 29,000 military support personnel (both US and Canada), 12,872 contractors and 9,600 volunteers. FEMA estimated the cost to exceed 2.2 billion dollars. The magnitude of these disasters in terms of government resources and lives affected demonstrates the need for fast, efficient response and recovery. Communications are vital for effective management and execution of disaster response and recovery efforts. Emergency response personnel must be able to exchange information with each other from anywhere, at any time, to successfully fulfill their missions. The National Communications System (NCS) has initiated an effort to improve communication capabilities by first identifying the full range of communication requirements within the disaster area. The NCS has interviewed disaster response managers with experience in the most recent occurrences, to learn specific communication and information system requirements are most critical. A disaster area architecture was designed to meet these requirements.