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Showing papers on "Emergency management published in 1999"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article extends the argument using American demographic trends that certain categories of people, such as the poor, the elderly, women-headed households and recent residents, are at greater risk throughout the disaster response process.
Abstract: Disaster vulnerability is socially constructed, i.e., it arises out of the social and economic circumstances of everyday living. Most often discussed from the perspective of developing nations, this article extends the argument using American demographic trends. Examples from recent disasters, Hurricane Andrew in particular, illustrate how certain categories of people, such as the poor, the elderly, women-headed households and recent residents, are at greater risk throughout the disaster response process. Knowledge of where these groups are concentrated within communities and the general nature of their circumstances is an important step towards effective emergency management. Emergency planners, policy-makers and responding organisations are encouraged to identify and locate high-risk sectors on Community Vulnerability Maps, integrating this information into GIS systems where feasible. Effective disaster management calls for aggressively involving these neighbourhoods and groups at all levels of planning and response, as well as mitigation efforts that address the root causes of vulnerability.

1,045 citations


Book
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address the long-overdue imbalance in disaster management: an over-emphasis on post-disaster assistance and a lack of attention to vulnerability reduction.
Abstract: This book addresses the long-overdue imbalance in disaster management: an over-emphasis on post-disaster assistance and a lack of attention to vulnerability reduction It answers the fundamental question in this debate: how can we mould pre-disaster development initiatives to become the most appropriate means for vulnerability reduction The book reasserts and reapplies some of the basic concepts and issues which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, with the message that development is a prime medium both of vulnerability and its reduction The author examines requirements for long-term change so that conditions which have become the context for catastrophe can be modified By focusing on longer-term policies and activities now, emergency relief efforts have a positive context within which to contribute to development and the likelihood of recurrence will be reduced The book contains case-studies from Sri Lanka, the Caribbean and the South Pacific and focuses on hazards of all kinds, setting out to redress the balance between large-scale disasters of global significance and small-scale disasters that are a matter of everyday existence

344 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigating preparation and response to the 1997 Red River Flood by three rural communities in Manitoba, Canada found communities characterised by higher levels of physical, human and social capital were better prepared and more effective responders to the flood.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between community preparedness and response to natural disaster and their level and pattern of community development. This is done by investigating preparation and response to the 1997 Red River Flood by three rural communities in Manitoba, Canada. The communities were selected because of their different ethnic mix and associated level and pattern of community development. The hypothesis was supported that the level and pattern of community development affect community capacity to respond to flooding. Communities characterised by higher levels of physical, human and social capital were better prepared and more effective responders to the flood. However, where the pattern of community development was characterised by high levels of social capital, decision-making processes were complicated.

206 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the sources of stress likely to be encountered by emergency managers when responding to a disaster are examined and strategies for identifying which of these potential stress factors can be controlled or reduced and for training emergency managers to deal with the others are discussed.
Abstract: This paper examines the sources of stress likely to be encountered by emergency managers when responding to a disaster. Stressors relating to environmental (e.g. time pressure, level of risk, heat), organisational (e.g. bureaucracy, appropriateness of information, decision support and management systems) and operational (e.g. incident command, decision making, interagency liaison, team and media management) demands are considered. The mediating role of personality and transient states of physical (e.g. fitness and fatigue) and psychological (e.g. high levels of occupational stress) states are reviewed in terms of their influence on stress, judgement and decision making. Strategies for identifying which of these potential stress factors can be controlled or reduced and for training emergency managers to deal with the others are discussed.

152 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A conceptual model is proposed that uses a generic, non-quantitative, mathematical expression (formula) for relating the probability that damage will occur with specific hazards and with the risk posed by the hazard and vulnerabilities.
Abstract: The ultimate objective of disaster management is to bring the probability that damage will occur from an event as close to zero as is possible. A conceptual model is proposed that uses a generic, non-quantitative, mathematical expression (formula) for relating the probability that damage will occur with specific hazards and with the risk posed by the hazard and vulnerabilities. Actions are subdivided into those that are implemented before a hazard becomes an event and those provided as a response to an event that is occurring or has occurred. In the former category are those actions that either augment or mitigate vulnerability by increasing or decreasing the absorbing capacity and/or buffering capacity of the population/environment at risk for an event. Responses to an event either may be productive or counterproductive. Use of this “formula” in disaster planning and analysis should assist in identification of the essential elements that contribute to a disaster. For example, application of the formula should facilitate the development of understanding why the occurrence of similar events produce a disaster in one setting but not in another. Numerous examples of its application are provided.

148 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The triage assessment relies on a few clinical signs, which can be readily taught so that it can be used by health workers with limited clinical background and carried out quickly if negative, making it functional for triaging children in queues.
Abstract: Simplified guidelines for the emergency care of children have been developed to improve the triage and rapid initiation of appropriate emergency treatments for children presenting to hospitals in developing countries. The guidelines are part of the effort to improve referral level paediatric care within the World Health Organisation/Unicef strategy integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI), based on evidence of significant deficiencies in triage and emergency care. Existing emergency guidelines have been modified according to resource limitations and significant differences in the epidemiology of severe paediatric illness and preventable death in developing countries with raised infant and child mortality rates. In these settings, it is important to address the emergency management of diarrhoea with severe dehydration, severe malaria, severe malnutrition, and severe bacterial pneumonia, and to focus attention on sick infants younger than 2 months of age. The triage assessment relies on a few clinical signs, which can be readily taught so that it can be used by health workers with limited clinical background. The assessment has been designed so that it can be carried out quickly if negative, making it functional for triaging children in queues.

146 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A study of organizational readiness, impact, and response employing a mail survey and open-ended telephone interviewing was conducted by as discussed by the authors, who found that low levels of in-house emergency preparedness were found, but also strong interest in increasing disaster readiness.
Abstract: Although data are limited, field reports indicate that reported violence against women increases in communities hit by environmental disasters. Seventy-seven Canadian and U.S. domestic violence programs participated in a study of organizational readiness, impact, and response employing a mail survey and open-ended telephone interviewing. Low levels of in-house emergency preparedness were found, but also strong interest in increasing disaster readiness. Those programs most severely impacted by disasters reported increased service demands, as long as 1 year after the event, and decreased organizational resources. Strategies are suggested for more fully engaging women's services in community-based disaster mitigation, planning, and response.

119 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Emergency care providers must begin to plan effectively to utilize disaster-specific telemedicine applications to improve future outcomes, based on lessons learned from a decade of civilian and military disaster (wide-area) telemedICine deployments.

102 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the role of exercises in disaster management and placed them within the context of preparedness activities, and found that successful exercises can enhance perceptions of teamwork, training adequacy, response network effectiveness, job risk, and equipment adequacy.
Abstract: There is a prevailing assumption in the research literature that disaster exercises produce a wide variety of benefits that promote effective emergency management. Unfortunately, there are few studies available that confirm this assumption. This paper reviews the role of exercises in disaster management and places them within the context of preparedness activities. Within this context, the links among planning, training and exercising are explicated. The potential benefits of exercises are reviewed and hypotheses generated that link exercise experiences with emergency responders’ perceptions of planning adequacy, training adequacy, teamwork, response network effectiveness, equipment adequacy and job risk. The effects of two exercises – one dealing with hazardous materials and one with medical mass casualties – are examined using a quasi‐experimental research design. The subjects were professional firefighters. Results indicated that successful exercises can enhance perceptions of teamwork, training adequacy, response network effectiveness, job risk, and equipment adequacy. The link between exercise participation and perception of planning adequacy was found to be equivocal.

92 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: What is the present state of international disaster relief?
Abstract: What is the present state of international disaster relief? Seeks to answer this important inquiry because the increased emphasis on prevention does not make post‐disaster response unnecessary In so doing, this article will explore three important questions Have practitioners overcome the obstacles to effective and efficient relief which have been identified in previous studies? What problems remain? What are the solutions to those issues which have not been resolved? Suggests numerous opportunities for improvement in both disaster management and scholarship

89 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the acceptance of communities as an integral and fundamental part of the emergency management structure because they realise that if they have a better understanding of the situation they have to deal with, it will help them develop strategies and actions across prevention, response and recovery.
Abstract: Communities are now being accepted by emergency managers as an integral and fundamental part of the emergency management structure because they realise that if they have a better understanding of the situation they have to deal with, it will help them develop strategies and actions across prevention, response and recovery. When vulnerabilities and resilience are identified, social issues or trends that are not necessarily part of emergency management are also identified.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The theme of the TIEMS '99 conference is "Defining the Agenda for the Third Millennium" as mentioned in this paper, and the trends noted above -the disaster resistant community, voices for victims, participatory methodologies, victims as consumers and the several drives towards greater accountability -are all likely to feature on that agenda at its outset, over the next decade or two.
Abstract: Genuine participation and community involvement in disaster reduction and community based approaches in disaster management is highlighted. The theme of the TIEMS '99 conference is 'Defining the Agenda for the Third Millennium'. The trends noted above - the disaster-resistant community, voices for victims, participatory methodologies, victims as consumers and the several drives towards greater accountability - are all likely to feature on that agenda at its outset, over the next decade or two. How prominently each will feature remains to be seen, but it is very likely that emergency and disaster management is now entering an 'age of accountability'.

Journal Article
TL;DR: A generic model is provided, focusing on practical disaster management needs, with its strength lying in an ability to help the disaster manager or researcher define and understand the relationship between inputs and impacts.
Abstract: The different ways to reduce the complexity of disasters thus making them less severe, less traumatic, less disruptive, and damaging are illustrated by understanding the relation of different facets of a disaster. A generic model is hence provided, focusing on practical disaster management needs, with its strength lying in an ability to help the disaster manager or researcher define and understand the relationship between inputs and impacts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The history of US federal natural disaster assistance to individuals is reviewed and a recommendation for a new government role in the provision of disaster insurance is made.
Abstract: Governments often provide grants or low-interest loans to disaster victims. Yet these programmes have proven to be quite costly. In addition, questions have been raised about associated behavioural incentives. Conceptually, government disaster insurance programmes should be more efficient, consistent and equitable than ex post facto disaster relief in the form of grants and loans. Yet the performance of government disaster insurance programmes has been mixed, at best. This article reviews the history of US federal natural disaster assistance to individuals and concludes with a recommendation for a new government role in the provision of disaster insurance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This research presents a meta-analyses of the immune system’s response to infectious disease and its role in promoting and sustaining human rights in the developing world.
Abstract: Disasters always have been a part of life, whether caused by unavoidable natural events or by avoidable, man-made events. Being rendered helpless by such events has caused fear and concern in all periods of history. To some extent, a disaster is expected, but there are varying degrees of uncertainty as to how and when it will occur. The occurrence of a disaster creates varying degrees of chaos combined with a mismatch between resources and needs. Therefore, in order to restore an affected society back to its pre-event status requires extraordinary efforts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Various telecommunications tools that can enhance medical response in a disaster and includes those associated with telemedicine (providing medical care from a distance through telecommunications) are explored.

Book
01 Feb 1999
TL;DR: In this article, Cuny adopts an economic approach to wartime famine that is still considered innovative and challenging by field experts and focuses on counter-famine measures revolving around people s livelihoods, giving humanitarian relief workers a more permanent solution to world hunger.
Abstract: * A practical guide to underlying causes and immediate, lasting solutions for famine* Explains efficient use of resources in a crisis* Written by a well-known disaster relief practitioner and humanitarianFred Cuny adopts an economic approach to wartime famine that is still considered innovative and challenging by field experts. His international fieldwork in both natural and man-made disasters is visionary and his approach to famine pragmatic. This book focuses on counter-famine measures revolving around people s livelihoods, giving humanitarian relief workers a more permanent solution to world hunger.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ninety fire chiefs were interviewed about their own accounts of factors affecting the difficulty level of decisions, and a model for evaluation of information transmitted to the emergency management system is proposed.
Abstract: The emergency director's (ED) decision making is decisive for the outcome of an emergency operation. Particularly in large-scale operations, the cognitive demands on the ED are severe. Ninety fire chiefs were interviewed about their own accounts of factors affecting the difficulty level of decisions. Types of decisions described as especially hard to make concerned giving priorities in lifesaving operations and evacuations and whether to adopt an offensive or a defensive fire fighting strategy. Perceived stressors related to lack of information in the initial phase of an operation. Emergency management, being a control task, can be analyzed within the framework of distributed dynamic decision making. Interview data confirmed some findings of previous laboratory research of distributed dynamic decision making. Information needs differ according to the decision-maker's position in the distributed system. A model for evaluation of information transmitted to the emergency management system is proposed.

MonographDOI
01 Dec 1999
TL;DR: Definition of a Disaster Identify Disaster as a Possibility Need for a Disaster Recovery Plan Secure Top Management Support and Resources Organize Plan Development Team Appoint Disaster Recovery Coordinator.
Abstract: Definition of a Disaster Identify Disaster as a Possibility Need for a Disaster Recovery Plan Secure Top Management Support and Resources Organize Plan Development Team Appoint Disaster Recovery Coordinator Conduct Risk and Business Impact Analyses Identify Data Storage and Recovery Sites Formulate Strategies for System Recovery Evaluate Alternatives for Disaster Recovery Plan Development Define Assumptions and Limitations of the Plan Write the Plan Develop Primary Procedures for Emergency Response Write Emergency Management Plan Designate Disaster Recovery Teams Develop a Notification Directory Establish Emergency Operations Centre Train Employees Test the Plan Maintain the Plan Invoke the Plan Manage the Media Other Resources for Disaster Recovery Information

31 May 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of the World Bank's experience in providing assistance for natural disasters, and in so doing, aim to lay the foundation for a new paradigm of natural disaster management, one that involves a shift away from a primarily reactive stance to a more proactive approach.
Abstract: This report aims to provide an overview of the World Bank's experience in providing assistance for natural disasters, and in so doing, aims to lay the foundation for a new paradigm of natural disaster management, one that involves a shift away from a primarily reactive stance to a more proactive approach. The study identified 198 disaster related projects, which were divided between reconstruction projects and those which contained aspects of disaster mitigation. The projects are examined in regards to portfolio and project size, by region and country, types of natural disaster, sectors of intervention, project components, results of performance evaluation and lessons learned. The final section deals with contemporary priority issues in natural disaster management.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of natural disasters on heritage sites and argues for increased awareness and training for disaster managers are discussed. But, the authors do not address the impact of such disasters on cultural heritage property.
Abstract: Annually, natural disasters cause loss of life, damage to property, and damage to the environment. Concomitant is damage to the cultural heritage property, both items and places. Yet in the wake of a disaster, containment and response efforts put additional cultural resources at risk--usually due to ignorance rather than malice on the part of the disaster manager or the property owners. This paper reviews the effects of natural disasters on heritage sites and argues for increased awareness and training for disaster managers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Modelling of medical disaster management is important not only in the preparedness phase, but also during the disaster itself and its evaluation, which may in turn result in a decrease in mortality, morbidity and disability amongst disaster casualties.
Abstract: The medical aspects of disaster management, also referred to as disaster medicine, is a relatively new medical specialty, the roots of which are to be found in war surgery and traumatology. The main content of disaster medicine is based on empiricism. During the past couple of years, a mathematical

Journal Article
TL;DR: Both the Red Cross as well as the US Armed Forces considers persons who are severely stressed as having NORMAL reactions to abnormal situations and only individuals who develop significant mental symptoms are deemed to be mentally ill.
Abstract: The traditional medical roles of doctor and patient are not particularly well suited to disaster scenarios for reasons to be discussed later. Certain federal, state and local medical entities provide disaster mental health services along medical occupational lines, I.e., social workers, psychologists and psychiatrists. These degreebased distinctions have little practical value at a disaster site with the exception of a rare individual who might require psychiatric medication. My personal experience has been as a member of a Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT), a unit of the National Disaster Medical System (US Public Health Service) as well as a disaster mental health volunteer with the American Red Cross. The American Red Cross, the official lead disaster relief agency in the U.S., utilizes a different (non-medical) model of mental health services. All state licensed mental health professionals are considered as (generic) mental health workers, with no distinction, for example, between psychiatrists and (licensed) counselors. Regardless of which occupational training the mental health professional received, there typically is little, if any, formal graduate school training for activities at a disaster site. Therefore the American Red Cross requires all professional applicants for volunteer disaster mental health work to undergo 16 hours of course work. Classes include, but are not limited to: the emotional impact of disaster, roles of direct services, and defusing and debriefing. Attendees get some “hands-on” experience by role-playing various disaster scenarios. Clearly, regardless of professional designation, the victims will receive identical services from any and all Red Cross disaster mental health workers. (1) In the Red Cross organization, top priority for mental health services is to Red Cross volunteers as well as other disaster responders. The premise being that unless responders function well, the relief operation may be compromised. The second priority is providing services to victims (referred to as clients) and their families. In a medical model, victims would be referred to as “patients, “ as least semantically indicating that they have become “sick.” Both the Red Cross as well as the US Armed Forces considers persons who are severely stressed as having NORMAL reactions to abnormal situations. Only individuals who develop significant mental symptoms are deemed to be mentally ill. Contrary to the role of traditional mental health workers, within the Red Cross there are numerous functions they perform in addition to the customary mental health diagnostic and therapeutic activities. Stress management is probably the single most important function. Training in stress prevention/reduction is offered to other Red Cross volunteers and takes place in local Red Cross chapters. At a disaster site, mental health workers serve as “stress troubleshooters,” and monitor all activities and interactions that might be stressful. For example, noticing that workers are becoming irritable due to long shifts would be brought to the attention of the supervisory staff. Supervisor-staff conflicts would be mediated by a mental health worker. Of course, formal mental health symptoms would be noted, evaluated, and appropriate referrals made. At the conclusion of an especially stressful episode or day, debriefing would take place, conducted by mental health workers trained in that activity. Furthermore, all Red Cross volunteers are expected to be debriefed at the conclusion of their assignments. Additional functions of Red Cross mental health personnel include (2): Disaster Mental Health Services 2 of 3 Participating in staff meetings Assisting with the work of other functions Advocating improvement of mental health conditions within the setting Provide consultation within and across functions Assessing stress level of supervisors and providing interventions appropriately Of secondary priority are mental health interventions for clients (victims) and their families, including support during their grieving as well as amelioration of other stresses due to loss of property, etc.. Debriefing is done when appropriate and referral to local mental health resources is performed. At the recent Egypt Air crash site, about 50 Red Cross mental health workers (including the author) were deployed. Assignments included assistance to grieving families as well as mental health support for all Red Cross volunteers and other responders, such as the FBI. In contrast, at Ft. Dix, New Jersey, where up to 4000 Kosovo refugees were processed, only one nurse with some mental health experience was available. Actually, she was assigned to more pressing medical duties. Many refugees had been raped and had other horrendous experiences, requiring interventions, debriefing, etc. Yet when the author volunteered, he was told that no psychiatrists were needed, since several Public Health Service psychiatrists were on the scene to perform forensic immigration related evaluations. Apparently psychiatrists were not deemed relevant to performing ’counseling” or other direct services to the refugees. An example of the limitation of strictly utilizing the traditional medical model of services and thereby not seeing the forest through the trees! Red Cross mental health workers at a disaster site are adequately supervised to avoid intrusive or unwanted interventions or ethical lapses such as soliciting private clients. The latter is more likely to occur when local nonRed Cross mental health volunteers appear at a disaster site.

01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, the challenges that occur between humans and their environment under conditions thought to be hazardous to life or habitat are examined and the results from focus groups at the University Consortium for Geo- graphic Information Science Summer Assembly (1999), which identified and recommended priorities for research, educational, and policy contributions to emergency preparedness and response, are documented.
Abstract: Understanding geographic information is critical if we are to build and maintain livable communities. Since comput- ing has become almost ubiquitous in planning and managing our communities, it is probable that advances in geographic information science will play a founding role in having more-informed decision making available to all. We examine the challenges that occur between humans and their environment under conditions thought to be hazardous to life or habitat. Emergency preparedness and response are reviewed and the results from focus groups at the University Consortium for Geo- graphic Information Science Summer Assembly (1999), which identified and recommended priorities for research, educational, and policy contributions to emergency preparedness and response, are documented.


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, an exploratory study of woman battering in the Grand Forks, North Dakota, flood of April 1997 is presented, which illustrates how battered women make sense of their situations and how factors such as class and disability play a role in how women experience domestic violence.
Abstract: This paper presents an exploratory study of woman battering in the Grand Forks, North Dakota, flood of April 1997. Based on my qualitative research of women's experiences in this flood, I present two case studies of battered women to enhance understanding of what intimate partner violence means to women in the face of a natural disaster. The case studies illustrate how battered women make sense of their situations and how factors such as class and disability play a role in how women experience domestic violence. The case studies also show why services for battered women, such as emergency shelters and crisis counseling, are crucial during a disaster period. Even though we do not know if domestic violence rates increase in a disaster, we do have evidence that the demand for domestic violence services increases during disaster times. In light of this, I argue that there is a need to prepare for that situation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, human behaviour and risk communications which occurred during a number of major fires (Beverly Hills Supper Club, Summerland, Woolworths, Bradford, King's Cross) and a crowd crush (Hillsborough) are reviewed.
Abstract: This paper reviews the human behaviour and risk communications which occurred during a number of major fires (Beverly Hills Supper Club, Summerland, Woolworth’s, Bradford, King’s Cross) and a crowd crush (Hillsborough). The paper draws on official Inquiry reports and related research, including a series of five underground station evacuation studies modelled on the King’s Cross fire scenario. The pattern of delay in warning the public is considered in terms of misconceptions about “panic” and the performance of public facilities as a communication system consisting of design, technology, management and occupancy (setting in use). The paper advocates performance‐based design, warning system technology and facilities management (organisational and occupant response) criteria, allied to minimally sufficient early warning of the public on a risk communication timeline. The latter needs to address and accommodate the timing and duration of occupant response, shelter and escape behaviour from different locations as an emergency unfolds.

Book
29 Jun 1999
TL;DR: Safety in the construction process is discussed in this paper, where the authors present a plan and design for constructability and safe operations for a project safety program, as well as an evaluation of the safety program effectiveness.
Abstract: Safety in Construction Introduction Changes in the Industry Industry Trends and Challenges Involvement and Safety Risks of Using Contracted Services Compliance Expectations Who Pays Establishing a Safety Program Planning Cost of a Safety Program Cost of not Having a Safety Program Legal Requirements Contractor Selection Safety Programs Introduction Due Diligence Documenting the Safety Program Responsibility and Accountability Reinforcement (Discipline) Inspecting Training Accident Reporting & Investigations Housekeeping Substance Abuse Program Emergency Procedures Conclusion Safety in The Construction Process Introduction Engineering and Design Phase (Step 1) Procurement/Contracting Phase (Step 2) Work/Construction Phase (Step 3) Conclusion Roles and Responsibilities Introduction How is a Safe Job Established? Safety Management The Client Architects and Design Engineers Construction Manager General Contractor Subcontractors Craftsmen Conclusion Plan and Design for Constructability and Safe Operations Introduction Project Safety Planning Project Design Considerations Constructability Reviews Contractor Work Evaluation Conclusion Insurance-Demystified Introduction What is Insurance? Comprehensive General Liability Independent Contractor's Protective Liability Worker Compensation Wrap-Up Insurance Programs Conclusion Safety In Construction Contracts Introduction The Contract Safety Clauses Objectivity and Specificity Conclusion Appendix 7.1 Contract terms and Conditions Contractor Selection Introduction Contractor Screening Safety as a Technical Selection Criteria Request for Proposal and the Pre-Bid Meeting Summary Appendix 8.1 Evaluation Criteria and Contractor Selection Preparing for Contractor Mobilization Introduction Safety Program Documentation Job Site Manager's Preparation for Mobilizing Summary Role of the Field Engineer Introduction Role of the Field Engineer Work Release Meeting Equipment Inspections Tool Inspections Job Site Monitoring Inspections Enforcement Accident Investigation and Reporting Progress Meetings Work Safety File Summary Procedures and Permits Introduction Procedures Permits Types of Permits Summary Appendix 11.1 Procedures Evaluation of Safety Program Effectiveness Introduction Evaluating Safety Program Effectiveness Frequency of Evaluations and Audits What Should be Done with Evaluation Results? Summary Safety Statistics and Reports Introduction What Should be Reported? Collecting Safety Information Safety Report Summary Emergency & Crisis Management Introduction What is Emergency Management? Developing an Emergency Management Plan Emergency Management Plan Documentation Managing an Emergency Situation Controlling the Message Communicating with the Media Tips Summary Contract Closeout Documentation & Transfer of Responsibility Introduction Contract Closeout Final Steps Conclusion Epilogue Index

Journal ArticleDOI
Douglas Paton1
TL;DR: In this article, the implications of staff vulnerability, hazard and risk assessment, organisational systems, training and recovery management for disaster business continuity are discussed, and a human resource perspective is adopted to ensure the availability of staff capable of operating these systems under adverse disaster conditions.
Abstract: The object of business continuity planning is minimising loss after a disaster. Achieving this goal requires that management and information systems are available to facilitate the recovery of core business operations as soon as possible. While safeguarding systems and/or arranging for substitutes is vital, it is equally important to ensure the availability of staff capable of operating these system under adverse disaster conditions. Adopting a human resource perspective, this paper discusses the implications of staff vulnerability, hazard and risk assessment, organisational systems, training and recovery management for disaster business continuity.