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Showing papers on "Emergency management published in 2021"


MonographDOI
23 Sep 2021
TL;DR: In many Third World countries it is environmental degradation, poverty and rapid population growth which turn a natural hazard into a major disaster as mentioned in this paper, and the appropriate response must include an element of true development, development which reduces rather than increases vulnerability to disasters.
Abstract: Originally published in 1984 Natural Disasters shows how misleading the term “natural disaster” can be. Forces of nature such as earthquakes, cyclones and extreme variations in weather can trigger disasters, but in many Third World countries it is environmental degradation, poverty and rapid population growth which turn a natural hazard into major disaster. This book questions whether the rich nations’ usual response to disaster – fast, short-lived emergency assistance – is any longer adequate. Today, most major disasters are “development” gone wrong, development which puts millions of poor people on the margins of existence. Disaster relief alone is like bandaging a rapidly growing wound. The appropriate response must include an element of true development – development which reduces rather than increases vulnerability to disasters.

201 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A vision for a Disaster City Digital Twin paradigm that can enable interdisciplinary convergence in the field of crisis informatics and information and communication technology in disaster management and integrate artificial intelligence algorithms and approaches to improve situation assessment, decision making, and coordination among various stakeholders is presented.

160 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A PEPR framework is drawn on to provide expanded guidance for pharmacists and pharmacy professionals across all practice settings in EP&R, and enhanced recognition of pharmacists’ skills, roles and contributions as integral members of the interprofessional healthcare team.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pharmacists have long been involved in public health and emergency preparedness and response (EP&R), including through preventive measures such as screening, vaccinations, testing, medical and pharmaceutical countermeasures, as well as ensuring medication safety and access during natural disasters and pandemics. Pharmacy professionals are considered essential partners in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Community and hospital pharmacies are expanding services and hours to provide essential services, putting pharmacists and their co-workers at the frontlines for patient care and safety to improve public health. In addition, pharmacy professionals are increasingly integrating into global, national, state and local EP&R efforts, including into interprofessional teams, such as Medical Reserve Corps (MRCs). However, lacunae exist for further integration of pharmacists into public health and safety initiatives. There are increasing opportunities and recommendations that should be expanded upon to provide improved patient care and population health interventions, and to ensure healthcare worker and public health safety. OBJECTIVE: Develop a Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and Response (PEPR) Framework and recommendations for pharmacy professional pathways towards full integration within public health EP&R efforts (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), and enhanced recognition of pharmacists' skills, roles and contributions as integral members of the interprofessional healthcare team. METHODS: This paper draws on the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) 2003 Statement on the Role of Health-System Pharmacists in Emergency Preparedness and lessons learned from previous and current public health emergencies, such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and the current COVID-19 pandemic, to provide expanded guidance for pharmacists and pharmacy professionals across all practice settings in EP&R. The proposed PEPR framework also incorporates information and recommendations from The Pharmacy Organizations' Joint Policy Recommendations to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic (March 2020), CDC-NIOSH, International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Guidance, health departments and emergency preparedness guidance and resources, Boards of Pharmacy, and other pharmacy professional organizations and educational institutions. RESULTS: Based on methods and resources utilized in developing this proposed PEPR Framework, five key focus areas were identified, as follows: CONCLUSION: Pharmacists and pharmacy professionals have been at the frontlines in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, challenges remain, such as limited availability of personal protection equipment, high risk of infectious exposures inherent in healthcare professions, and legislative hurdles resulting in lack of provider status and related reimbursements. Recommendations to enhance pharmacy's scope as public health professionals involved in EP&R include targeted training and education on key framework areas and policymaking. Pharmacy professionals should further integrate with interdisciplinary public health teams. Additional research and dissemination on impacts and outcomes of EP&R can enhance recognition of pharmacy professionals' contribution and value during public health emergencies. The proposed PEPR Framework can be utilized to develop, implement, evaluate, and disseminate results in order to strengthen existing efforts and to establish new initiatives in EP&R.

153 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed 512 articles including 79 papers on COVID-19, spanning 36 years, between 1985 and 2020, and found that the research focus of crisis management, crisis impact and recovery, as well as risk management, risk perception and disaster management dominated mainstream crisis management research.

126 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors investigated hotels' service standard changes, processes of management decisions and preparations for the future using grounded theory methodology, and interviewed 24 hotel managers from mainland China and Hong Kong.
Abstract: Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has tremendously affected the hospitality industry. With the experiences of severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003 and commitments to ensure guests' health and safety, many hotels in Asia have actively engaged in updating and implementing new service standards and measures. This study aims to investigate hotels' service standard changes, processes of management decisions and preparations for the future. Design/methodology/approach: Using grounded theory methodology, this research interviews 24 hotel managers from mainland China and Hong Kong. It examines the differences among hotels with different operation types, classifications and locations, and analyzes the service standards in physical and social services cape. Findings: Building on the service marketing and crisis management literature, this research provides a synthesis that reflects how hotels have coped with the COVID-19 crisis. It depicts the service standard update process during the COVID-19. Research limitations/implications: In line with the literature in disaster management, hotels experienced the outbreak, response and recovery phases of the crisis management procedure. However, given the severity and scope of the COVID-19 pandemic, undertaking particular processes is necessary at every procedure such as following local guidelines and updating local standard operating procedures (LSOPs). This research also expands the literature on the process of adopting new technology in hotels during crisis management. Practical implications: The paper suggests that hotel managers should update and use well-thoughtout standards on the bases of available scientific evidence. For example, hotels should use LSOPs according to the local situations. Hotels are also suggested to exert additional efforts and attention in service innovation, guest experience and enhancing hospitableness. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is one of the first efforts to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on hotel operations. It offers empirical evidence from hotel operators who worked against the crisis during the pandemic and provides valuable theoretical contribution to the hospitality service literature as well as managerial implications for hotel operators globally.

64 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A literature review of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms for disaster and pandemic management and how these algorithms can be combined with other technologies to address disaster andPandemic management is provided.
Abstract: This article provides a literature review of state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) algorithms for disaster and pandemic management. Most nations are concerned about disasters and pandemics, which, in general, are highly unlikely events. To date, various technologies, such as IoT, object sensing, UAV, 5G, and cellular networks, smartphone-based system, and satellite-based systems have been used for disaster and pandemic management. ML algorithms can handle multidimensional, large volumes of data that occur naturally in environments related to disaster and pandemic management and are particularly well suited for important related tasks, such as recognition and classification. ML algorithms are useful for predicting disasters and assisting in disaster management tasks, such as determining crowd evacuation routes, analyzing social media posts, and handling the post-disaster situation. ML algorithms also find great application in pandemic management scenarios, such as predicting pandemics, monitoring pandemic spread, disease diagnosis, etc. This article first presents a tutorial on ML algorithms. It then presents a detailed review of several ML algorithms and how we can combine these algorithms with other technologies to address disaster and pandemic management. It also discusses various challenges, open issues and, directions for future research.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper aims to provide a reference for the prevention and control of future city epidemics and disasters in responding to strategies of urban planning and design by considering the reform of urban construction related regulations, further to facilitate creation of healthy and safe urban environments.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed a suboptimal response to this threatening global disaster, including the response to the psychological impact as discussed by the authors, which also includes increased domestic violence.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed a suboptimal response to this threatening global disaster, including the response to the psychological impact. Both the economic hardship and the continuous media coverage of alarming news have exacerbated this effect which also includes increased domestic violence. To address this important aspect of disaster management and provide recommendations on how to mitigate these effects. This is a narrative review written by three experts in community medicine, disaster medicine and psychiatry reflecting the interdisciplinary approach in managing disasters. Selected important papers, personal published papers, PUBMED articles and media news related to the disaster management of the psychological effects of COVID-19 pandemic were collected over the last year, critically appraised and used in writing this manuscript. The COVID-19 pandemic causes major emotional distress. Lack of effective treatments and availability of the current vaccines for this virus increases the fear of being infected and infecting others. Negative emotions are common and are related to adjustment but may progress in the long term to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress syndrome. The COVID-19 pandemic has a major impact on mental health. The most common distress reactions include anxiety, insomnia, perception of insecurity, anger, fear of illness, and risky behaviors. Patients having mental disorders are vulnerable during the pandemic because of (1) somatic vulnerability, (2) cognitive and behavioral vulnerability, (3) psychosocial vulnerability, and (4) disruption to psychiatric care. Psychiatric wards, which are commonly separate from main hospitals, should be included in the disaster management plans. Acute care physicians carry the psychological and ethical impact of difficult triage decisions when ending the support of some patients to save others. A combination of fear and guilt may overcome normal human tolerance levels in vulnerable health workers. The moral injuries can be carried for a long time. Addressing the psychological effects is an essential component of disaster management of infectious pandemics. This should be implemented through the whole spectrum of disaster management including preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess challenges that arise from complex intersections between the threat multipliers and provide guidance on how to address them effectively, considering the limitations of our knowledge including unknown unknowns.
Abstract: The coincidence of floods and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a genuine multihazard problem. Since the beginning of 2020, many regions around the World have been experiencing this double hazard of serious flooding and the pandemic. There have been 70 countries with flood events occurring after detection of the country's first COVID-19 case and hundreds of thousands of people have been evacuated. The main objective of this article is to assess challenges that arise from complex intersections between the threat multipliers and to provide guidance on how to address them effectively. We consider the limitations of our knowledge including "unknown unknowns." During emergency evacuation, practicing social distancing can be very difficult. However, people are going to take action to respond to rising waters, even if it means breaking quarantine. This is an emergency manager's nightmare scenario: two potentially serious emergencies happening at once. During this unprecedented year (2020), we are experiencing one of the most challenging flood seasons we have seen in a while. Practical examples of issues and guides for managing floods and COVID-19 are presented. We feel that a new approach is needed in dealing with multiple hazards. Our main messages are: a resilience approach is needed whether in response to floods or a pandemic; preparation is vital, in addition to defense; the responsible actors must be prepared with actions plans and command structure, while the general population must be involved in the discussions so that they are aware of the risk and the reasons for the actions they must take. This article is categorized under:Engineering Water > Methods.

44 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Sarita Panday1, Simon Rushton1, Jiban Karki1, Julie Balen1, Amy Barnes1 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how bonding, bridging, and linking social capital operated after the 2015 Nepal earthquake in three remote Nepali communities of Sindhupalchok and Gorkha districts, which have varying degrees of access to infrastructure, relief and recovery programmes.
Abstract: Social capital is widely regarded as a key element in recovery from and resilience to disasters Yet, little attention has been paid to the specificities of what supports or undermines remote rural communities' social capital in disasters Here, we examine how bonding, bridging, and linking social capital operated after the 2015 earthquake in three remote Nepali communities of Sindhupalchok and Gorkha Districts, which have varying degrees of access to infrastructure, relief and recovery programmes We draw on community-based qualitative research conducted in 2018 (including data from Participatory Videos, Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews) to show how different forms of social capital ‘matter’ more in different phases of recovery Immediately after the earthquake, high levels of bonding and bridging social capital among residents reduced barriers to collective action and helped efforts to rescue and support affected individuals This dissipated, however, once external relief arrived Already-marginalised groups with low social capital of all types were less able to access relief items and funding for rebuilding compared with those of higher social status or with political links Pre-existing socio-cultural inequalities, including those driven by weak bonding relationships in families, gender inequalities and the remoteness of villages, further undermined communities' social capital and their resilience to the earthquake Disaster relief programmes should target women and the elderly to improve the resilience of marginalised communities to future disasters For long-term resilience, disaster programmes should consider social capital in terms of power and pre-existing inequalities, so that linking capital would not just serve elite groups

43 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, supervised learning approaches are compared for the multi-class classification of Twitter data, and a careful setting of multilayer perceptron (MLP) network layers and the optimizer has shown promising results for classification of tweets into three categories, i.e., resource needs, resource availability, and other categories being neutral and of no useful information.
Abstract: In emergencies and disasters, large numbers of people require basic needs and medical attention In such situations, online social media comes as a possible solution to aid the current disaster management methods In this paper, supervised learning approaches are compared for the multi-class classification of Twitter data A careful setting of Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) network layers and the optimizer has shown promising results for classification of tweets into three categories ie ‘resource needs’, ‘resource availability’, and ‘others’ being neutral and of no useful information Public data of Nepal Earthquake (2015) and Italy Earthquake (2016) have been used for training and validation of the models, and original COVID-19 data is acquired, annotated, and used for testing Detailed data analysis of tweets collected during different disasters has also been incorporated in the paper The proposed model has been able to achieve 83% classification accuracy on the original COVID-19 dataset Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) is used to explain the behavior and shortcomings model on COVID-19 data This paper provides a simple choice for real-world applications and a good starting point for future research

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a pragmatic approach to identify challenges in the effectiveness of the conventional disaster risk management cycle and its phases in the context of urban flooding in Pakistan and recommended the inclusion of climate change adaptation and resilience in the current management cycle for reducing future urban risks.
Abstract: The disaster risk management cycle is a recognized instrument for managing disaster events and their impacts. However, the usefulness of the cycle has become questionable in diverse urban settings. Thus, this research uses a pragmatic approach to identify challenges in the effectiveness of the conventional disaster risk management cycle and its phases in the context of urban flooding in Pakistan. Institutions involved in flood risk management were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Three focus group discussions were also held to understand the viewpoints of selected communities. Thematic analysis was used to categorize views and responses under each phase. The analysis reveals that, despite the advent of disaster risk reduction strategies, local institutions are still relying on reactive approaches and are managing flood risk on an ad-hoc basis. Weak governance and limited corrective measures for existing development patterns are making it difficult to manage flood risks. There is an urgent need to perform multi-hazard vulnerability and risk assessment, and develop specific strategies under the philosophies of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. This study recommends the inclusion of climate change adaptation and resilience in the current management cycle for reducing future urban risks.

Journal ArticleDOI
Yiqing Zhu1, Nan Li1
01 Mar 2021
TL;DR: A review of state-of-the-art VR/AR applications for emergency management in the built environment is presented in this article, where the authors provide a synthetic and critical review of current research trends, knowledge gaps and directions for future research.
Abstract: With the rapid technological advancements in recent decades, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have been increasingly adopted to address various challenges in emergency management in the built environments. This paper presents a review of state-of-the-art applications in this rapidly evolving area. A total of 84 relevant articles are identified based on searching in the Web of Science Core Collection and snowballing. These papers are then organized based on a taxonomy developed in this study. Next, a range of VR/AR applications presented in these papers that are aimed to enhance various processes associated with pre-emergency preparedness, responses during emergency and post-emergency recovery are reviewed in detail. The existing VR/AR applications are also described from a human-computer interaction perspective. Finally, current research trends, knowledge gaps and directions for future research are discussed. The findings presented in this paper are expected to provide a synthetic and critical review of state-of-the-art VR/AR applications for emergency management in the built environment and facilitate further advancements in both research and practice in this area.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that the social benefit of using SoVI is as more significant as the vulnerability increases, which reveals the importance of considering this index to design more social-effective humanitarian supply chains.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To recover the network within a disaster area, a fast K-means-based user clustering model and jointly optimal power and time transferring allocation which can be applied in the real system by using UAVs as flying base stations for real-time recovering and maintaining network connectivity during and after disasters is proposed.
Abstract: In this work, we consider a joint optimisation of real-time deployment and resource allocation scheme for UAV-aided relay systems in emergency scenarios such as disaster relief and public safety missions. In particular, to recover the network within a disaster area, we propose a fast K-means-based user clustering model and jointly optimal power and time transferring allocation which can be applied in the real system by using UAVs as flying base stations for real-time recovering and maintaining network connectivity during and after disasters. Under the stringent QoS constraints, we then provide centralised and distributed models to maximise the energy efficiency of the considered network. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed computational approaches in terms of network energy efficiency and execution time for solving the resource allocation problem in real-time scenarios. We demonstrate that our proposed algorithm outperforms other benchmark schemes.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2021-Burns
TL;DR: These recommendations cover the initial response from the scene to the first receiving hospital and referral to specialist services, including clinical and logistical aspects.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: UAV-based aerial imagery is used as a flood detection method based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract flood-related features from the images of the disaster zone and is effective in assessing the damage to local infrastructures in the disaster zones.
Abstract: Floods have been a major cause of destruction, instigating fatalities and massive damage to the infrastructure and overall economy of the affected country. Flood-related devastation results in the loss of homes, buildings, and critical infrastructure, leaving no means of communication or travel for the people stuck in such disasters. Thus, it is essential to develop systems that can detect floods in a region to provide timely aid and relief to stranded people, save their livelihoods, homes, and buildings, and protect key city infrastructure. Flood prediction and warning systems have been implemented in developed countries, but the manufacturing cost of such systems is too high for developing countries. Remote sensing, satellite imagery, global positioning system, and geographical information systems are currently used for flood detection to assess the flood-related damages. These techniques use neural networks, machine learning, or deep learning methods. However, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) coupled with convolution neural networks have not been explored in these contexts to instigate a swift disaster management response to minimize damage to infrastructure. Accordingly, this paper uses UAV-based aerial imagery as a flood detection method based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract flood-related features from the images of the disaster zone. This method is effective in assessing the damage to local infrastructures in the disaster zones. The study area is based on a flood-prone region of the Indus River in Pakistan, where both pre-and post-disaster images are collected through UAVs. For the training phase, 2150 image patches are created by resizing and cropping the source images. These patches in the training dataset train the CNN model to detect and extract the regions where a flood-related change has occurred. The model is tested against both pre-and post-disaster images to validate it, which has positive flood detection results with an accuracy of 91%. Disaster management organizations can use this model to assess the damages to critical city infrastructure and other assets worldwide to instigate proper disaster responses and minimize the damages. This can help with the smart governance of the cities where all emergent disasters are addressed promptly.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the assessment of disaster risk management (DRM), which will help to develop pandemic resilient urban strategies (response, mitigation and preparedness phase) through analyzing previously published literature.
Abstract: From the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, the scientific community has been continuously trying to assess the virus, its socio-environmental impacts, regulatory/adaptation policies and plans. The emergency is to develop pandemic resilient city planning and management in order to tackle the infectious diseases during COVID-19. Such development includes the reframing of unsustainable urban patterns, hazards and social inequalities to be prepared for the emerging cases. In this study, we focus on the assessment of Disaster Risk Management (DRM), which will help to develop pandemic resilient urban strategies (response, mitigation and preparedness phase) through analyzing previously published literature. Also, short and long-term recommendations for pandemic resilience urban planning and design have been provided. In the response phase, implementation of the smart and resilient city design and policies has been highlighted to identify disease transmission. In mitigation,, new technological approaches can be adopted for better management of present and future pandemics. The physical (urban access, infrastructure, environmental factors and land use patterns) and non-physical (socio-cultural, governance and economic factors) aspects of resilient urban strategies have been focused, which may help to develop understanding of health and disaster related risks in pandemic. In the preparedness phase, proactive measures such as capacity building of people towards any outbreak and different simulation processes (models of transmission pattern) can be adopted for future pandemics. Also, we discuss about the enhancement of urban resiliency in housing, public spaces and cities that may bring the effective outcome of DRM framework to combat pandemic. The study focuses on the major lessons that can be adopted for post-pandemic urban resilient planning related to disaster management and climate change adaptation, preventing extensive challenges of sustainability apart. In the following months and years, it will be difficult to assess various changes to develop urban planning and design in the post-COVID-19 world. However, this study expresses the possibility of creating good opportunities for policy makers and city planners to undertake significant transformative and advanced actions during three different phases of DRM. This study presents a novel approach to delineate the scope of DRM framework in achieving more resilient cities to tackle future pandemics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the Internet of People (IoP) enabled framework to assess road network performance loss during disasters and propose a performance loss rate to evaluate the road network resilience.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Future efforts need to focus on combining disaster management knowledge, image processing techniques and machine learning tools to ensure effective and holistic disaster management across all phases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art prediction technologies which have been widely applied in EM and summarizes the challenges of current efforts and point out future directions.
Abstract: With the trend of global warming and destructive human activities, the frequent occurrences of catastrophes have posed devastating threats to human life and social stability worldwide. The emergency management (EM) system plays a significant role in saving people's lives and reducing property damage. The prediction system for the occurrence of emergency events and resulting impacts is widely recognized as the first stage of the EM system, the accuracy of which has a significant impact on the efficiency of resource allocation, dispatching, and evacuation. In fact, the number and variety of contributions to prediction techniques, such as statistic analysis, artificial intelligence, and simulation method, are exploded in recent years, motivating the need for a systematic analysis of the current works on disaster prediction. To this end, this paper presents a systematic review of contributions on prediction methods for emergency occurrence and resource demand of both natural and man-made disasters. Through a detailed discussion on the features of each type of emergency event, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art prediction technologies which have been widely applied in EM. After that, we summarize the challenges of current efforts and point out future directions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper used survey data from 327 households in four districts and counties of Sichuan Province, China to explore the correlations between community resilience and residents' disaster preparedness.
Abstract: With the increasing frequency of all kinds of natural disasters, strengthening the resilience and disaster prevention capacity of communities, and improving residents' preparedness for disasters, have gradually become effective means of dealing with disaster risks and improving residents' well-being. However, few studies have explored the correlation between community resilience and disaster preparedness. This study uses survey data from 327 households in four districts and counties affected by the Wenchuan earthquake and the Lushan County, Sichuan earthquake in Sichuan Province, China. The study deeply analyzed the characteristics of community resilience and residents' disaster preparedness. We constructed a Tobit regression model to explore the correlations between community resilience and residents' disaster preparedness. The results show that (1) the community resilience and disaster prevention capability reached the general level of disaster risk reduction paradigm, and the overall disaster preparedness of residents was moderate. (2) The higher the score of community connection care, the better the residents' knowledge and skills preparation and overall disaster preparedness. The higher the score of community resource endowment, the weaker the residents' emergency preparedness. The higher the score of community change potential, the stronger the residents' emergency preparedness. The higher the score of community disaster management, the stronger the residents' emergency preparedness, knowledge and skills preparation, and overall preparedness. The higher the community information communication score, the weaker the knowledge and skills preparation of residents. This study deepens the understanding of the relationship between community resilience and residents’ disaster preparedness. Furthermore, it provides information for the establishment of resilient disaster prevention systems in communities threatened by disasters and for the formulation of policies to improve residents' ability to avoid disasters.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A systematic search for relevant literature published between January 2000 to December 2019 was conducted using electronic databases including the CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus with the keywords on disaster nursing education and training as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
04 May 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a comprehensive systematic and comparative review of disaster management in the Arab world, and highlighted the need to raise the educational attainment among citizens to understand disaster risk reduction.
Abstract: The Arab world is made up of 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa. These countries are subjected to many social, economic, political and geographical vulnerabilities contributing to increased risks or ineffective emergency and disaster management. This paper examines these vulnerabilities, how they may impact the country's ability to face disasters, and how they can improve disasters' overall management.,The author selected Qatar, Oman to represent the Arab oil-rich countries, while Jordan, Egypt and Morocco to represent non-oil rich countries. The research was conducted in a qualitative, inductive systematic literature review based on a well-established systematic literature review methodology. Selected literature was based on its recency and the countries in question.,The review reveals population gaps that could threaten the social system in the event of a disaster in countries like Qatar and Oman. The majority of the countries lack community engagement and pre-planning for emergency preparedness due to social and cultural barriers. Other nations like Jordan, Egypt and Morocco are prone to long-lasting economic challenges due to lack of resources, mismanagement or corruption. The paper also highlights the need to raise the educational attainment among citizens to understand disaster risk reduction.,This study utilized the research method developed by Williams et al. (2017) to present a comprehensive systematic and comparative review of disaster management in the Arab world. Considering that disaster and emergency management has remained disproportionately unexplored in the Arab world, this paper reviewed several vulnerabilities and how those vulnerabilities may affect disaster and emergency management efforts in the Arab countries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of IoT in disaster management is described, an implementation of some examples of the application of IoT such as early-warning system for fire detection and earthquake and some approaches talking about the application, IoT architecture are represented, focusing on different disasters.
Abstract: The advanced technology Internet of Things (IoT) visualizes a worldwide, that is, internally connected, networks of smart physical entities. IoT is a promising technology used in several applications including disaster management. In disaster management, the role of IoT is so important and ubiquitous and could be life-saving. This article describes the role of IoT in disaster management. More precisely, it presents IoT-based disaster management for different kind of disasters with a comparison between some solutions that are available in the market. It shows an implementation of some examples of the application of IoT such as early-warning system for fire detection and earthquake and represents some approaches talking about the application, IoT architecture, and focusing of the study on different disasters. This study could be a good guide to stakeholder about the use of IoT technology to secure their smart cities’ infrastructure and to manage disaster and reduce risks.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the proposed humanitarian aid information system (HAIS) will help humanitarian organizations and government agencies coordinate and perform relief operations effectively in the worst-hit regions across the country.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed an agent-based model to simulate and explore the post-disaster recovery process in urban areas of Tacloban, the Philippines devastated by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.
Abstract: Disaster risk management, and post-disaster recovery (PDR) in particular, become increasingly important to assure resilient development. Yet, PDR is the most poorly understood phase of the disaster management cycle and can take years or even decades. The physical aspects of the recovery are relatively easy to monitor and evaluate using, e.g. geospatial remote sensing data compared to functional assessments that include social and economic processes. Therefore, there is a need to explore the impacts of different dimensions of the recovery, including individual behaviour and their interactions with socio-economic institutions. In this study, we develop an agent-based model to simulate and explore the PDR process in urban areas of Tacloban, the Philippines devastated by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Formal and informal (slum) sector households are differentiated in the model to explore their resilience and different recovery patterns. Machine learning-derived land use maps are extracted from remote sensing images for pre- and post-disaster and are used to provide information on physical recovery. We use the empirical model to evaluate two realistic policy scenarios: the construction of relocation sites after a disaster and the investments in improving employment options. We find that the speed of the recovery of the slum dwellers is higher than formal sector households due to the quick reconstruction of slums and the availability of low-income jobs in the first months after the disaster. Finally, the results reveal that the households' commuting distance to their workplaces is one of the critical factors in households’ decision to relocate after a disaster.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the network performance for efficient collaboration of drone edge intelligence and smart wearable devices for disaster management, and they focus mainly on network connectivity parameters for improving real-time data sharing between the drone-edge intelligence and wearable devices.
Abstract: Disasters, either manmade or natural, call for rapid and timely actions. Due to disaster, all of the communication infrastructures are destroyed, and there is no way for connection between people in disaster and others outside the disaster range. Drone technology is the critical technology for delivering communication services and guiding people and monitoring the unwanted effects of a disaster. The collaboration of advanced technologies can reduce life losses, save people’s lives, and manage the disaster crisis. The network performance of collaboration between the Internet of Things (IoT) and drone edge intelligence can help gather and process data, extend the wireless coverage area, deliver medical emergencies, provide real-time information about the emergency, and gather data from areas that are impossible for humans to reach. In this paper, we focus on the network performance for efficient collaboration of drone edge intelligence and smart wearable devices for disaster management. We focus mainly on network connectivity parameters for improving real-time data sharing between the drone edge intelligence and smart wearable devices. The relevant parameters that are considered in this study include delay, throughput, and the load from drone edge intelligence. It is further shown that network performance can have significant improvement when the abovementioned parameters are correctly optimised, and the improved performance can significantly improve the guiding/coordinating of search and rescue (SAR) teams effectively and efficiently.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an evidence-and expertise-informed framework of leadership imperatives to serve as a resource to guide health and public health leaders during the post-emergency stage of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Abstract: Importance The COVID-19 pandemic is the greatest global test of health leadership of our generation. There is an urgent need to provide guidance for leaders at all levels during the unprecedented preresolution recovery stage. Objective To create an evidence- and expertise-informed framework of leadership imperatives to serve as a resource to guide health and public health leaders during the postemergency stage of the pandemic. Evidence Review A literature search in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase revealed 10 910 articles published between 2000 and 2021 that included the termsleadershipand variations ofemergency,crisis,disaster,pandemic,COVID-19, orpublic health. Using the Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence reporting guideline for consensus statement development, this assessment adopted a 6-round modified Delphi approach involving 32 expert coauthors from 17 countries who participated in creating and validating a framework outlining essential leadership imperatives. Findings The 10 imperatives in the framework are: (1) acknowledge staff and celebrate successes; (2) provide support for staff well-being; (3) develop a clear understanding of the current local and global context, along with informed projections; (4) prepare for future emergencies (personnel, resources, protocols, contingency plans, coalitions, and training); (5) reassess priorities explicitly and regularly and provide purpose, meaning, and direction; (6) maximize team, organizational, and system performance and discuss enhancements; (7) manage the backlog of paused services and consider improvements while avoiding burnout and moral distress; (8) sustain learning, innovations, and collaborations, and imagine future possibilities; (9) provide regular communication and engender trust; and (10) in consultation with public health and fellow leaders, provide safety information and recommendations to government, other organizations, staff, and the community to improve equitable and integrated care and emergency preparedness systemwide. Conclusions and Relevance Leaders who most effectively implement these imperatives are ideally positioned to address urgent needs and inequalities in health systems and to cocreate with their organizations a future that best serves stakeholders and communities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article describes the alignment of an emergency department (ED) specific Forward Command structure with the hospital incident command system (ICS) and presents this as a model that can be applied to other hospital EDs around the country to help structure the response to the COVID-19 pandemic while remaining generalizable to other disaster situations.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented demands on health systems, where hospitals have become overwhelmed with patients amidst limited resources Disaster response and resource allocation during such crises present multiple challenges A breakdown in communication and organization can lead to unnecessary disruptions and adverse events The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) promotes the use of an incident command system (ICS) model during large-scale disasters, and we hope that an institutional disaster plan and ICS will help to mitigate these lapses In this article, we describe the alignment of an emergency department (ED) specific Forward Command structure with the hospital ICS and address the challenges specific to the ED Key components of this ICS include a hospital-wide incident command or Joint Operations Center (JOC) and an ED Forward Command This type of structure leads to a shared mental model with division of responsibilities that allows institutional adaptations to changing environments and maintenance of specific roles for optimal coordination and communication We present this as a model that can be applied to other hospital EDs around the country to help structure the response to the COVID-19 pandemic while remaining generalizable to other disaster situations