Showing papers on "Emotional exhaustion published in 1988"

The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment

Abstract: Summary Organizational commitment and burnout were related to interpersonal relationships of nurses in a small general hospital. Regular communication contacts among personnel were differentiated as supervisor or coworker contact, and these categories were further differentiated into pleasant and unpleasant contacts. The results were consistent with a view of burnout in which emotional exhaustion leads to greater depersonalization which subsequently leads to diminished personal accomplishment. Interpersonal contact with personnel in the organization was related to the development of burnout at each stage. Patterns of pleasant and unpleasant contacts with supervisors and coworkers were related to the three aspects of burnout in a distinct manner. High burnout was related to diminished organizational commitment, which was also related to aspects of the interpersonal environment of the organization. The results are discussed in the context of a comprehensive approach to psychological adjustment to a worksetting.

A Confirmation of the Three-Factor Structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory.

Abstract: The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is a widely used measure of three specific aspects of the burnout syndrome-namely; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. It is rapidly becoming a valued tool in assessment of perceived burnout in human service professionals. Although its reliability and validity are well established, its factor structure is not. In previous studies different researchers have found very different factor solutions. In the present study this problem was solved by principal components analysis of previously published American data and New Zealand data, followed by three- and four-factor varimax rotations. The outcome produced a clear, replicable three-factor solution consistent with that of the MBI authors' descriptions. No replicable four-factor structure was found.

Correlates of Burnout Among Family Practice Residents.

Abstract: Burnout among 67 residents in four family practice training programs was explored. The residents' scores on the emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of accomplishment subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory were used to assess burnout. These scores were examined in relation to situational and background measures, two personality instruments (the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator), and to regrets about career decisions. Few significant relationships were found between the background and situational factors and the burnout scores, but numerous relationships were found among personality measures, burnout scores, and measures of regret. The pattern of these relationships indicates the importance of interpersonal comfort and skills in mitigating burnout. Although personality factors were more predictive than demographic and situational variables of the variability in burnout among residents in the sample, the variables shared across the sample--long hours, little time for leisure activities and social contact, and compulsive personality characteristics--may contribute to the moderate level of burnout shared by these residents.

Disorders of Emotion

Abstract: A general framework for the analysis of emotion is developed and applied to an understanding of emotional disorders. A normal emotional state is presumed to exist when a person is disposed to respond in a manner consistent with an appropriately constituted emotional role (syndrome) under conditions that legitimize involvement in the role. Enactment of an emotional role requires certain biosocial capacities, but the content of a role is determined primarily by social rules. Three kinds of rules may be distinguished, depending on whether they help create the emotional role in the first place (constitutive rules), specify the manner and circumstances under which the role may be enacted (regulative rules), and/or contribute to the strategic and skilled enactment of the role (procedural rules). Most common emotional disorders result when the rules of emotion are habitually misconstrued or misapplied, for example, due to physiological dysfunction, inadequate socialization, motivational distortion, and/or cognit...

Burnout in occupational therapists.

Abstract: Burnout is a job-related condition involving feelings of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1981a) is the instrument most widely used to measure job-related stress in human service professions, such as occupational therapy. This study explored the application of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for use with occupational therapists. The subjects were 99 registered occupational therapists residing in the southeastern United States. Mean scores lower than the aggregate occupational norms provided by the test's authors on the Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization subscales supported the need to develop specific norms for occupational therapists. Results of this study indicate that use of the aggregate norms would underestimate the level of experienced burnout. Correlational analyses delineated significant relationships between age and Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, education and Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, years of work as an occupational therapist and Depersonalization and Personal Accomplishment, years in the present position and Personal Accomplishment (intensity only), hours of direct patient contact and Emotional Exhaustion (intensity only), and hours of direct patient contact and Depersonalization (frequency only). These correlates of burnout furnish clues for understanding the development of work-related stress in occupational therapists.

Burnout in day care workers: The effects of learned helplessness and self-esteem

Abstract: The study focused on the relationships between selected personality factors and burnout in day care workers. The results indicated that caregivers who experienced emotional exhaustion and depersonalization tended toward lower self-esteem and learned helplessness. Burnout did not, however, include a reduced sense of personal accomplishment in this population.

Administrator Burnout: Findings and Future Directions.

Abstract: The increasing incidence of educator stress and burnout is cause for concern. Nonetheless, the findings of this Canadian‐based study indicate that school principals are experiencing less than average levels of Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization burnout, and an average level of Personal Accomplishment burnout. Work conditions most likely to contribute to burnout were work stress, work overload, a deteriorating sense of status and recognition, and unsatisfactory interpersonal relationships. The implications of the study are discussed in terms of both individual and organizational factors.

Burnout and stress among employees at a state institution for mentally retarded persons.

Abstract: The effects of burnout of 192 employees of a state institution were examined to determine whether these problems were different from conditions resulting from stress. Each subject completed a packet including the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Ivancevich's Job Stress Scale. For all groups, high burnout emerged in the form of low personal accomplishment, with moderate degrees of burnout measured by the Burnout Inventory subscales Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization. One of the stress variables (underutilization) correlated significantly with one Burnout Inventory subscale (Emotional Exhaustion). Results generally indicated that stress and burnout were separate constructs that can be best thought of as distinct entities.

Organizational climate and burnout in a New Zealand social service agency

Abstract: A two-phase study was conducted on the relationship between organizational climate variables and burnout among personnel in a multifunction community service agency. Initial interviews with a small pilot sample identified major sources of stress, which were then incorporated into a second-phase questionnaire to all staff. Multiple regression analyses illustrated that perceived interactions between head office administrators and sections of the agency contributed significantly to emotional exhaustion, whereas perceptions of within-section interactions and involvement in decision-making had a positive impact on personal accomplishment. Perceived communication levels, however, were negatively related to personal accomplishment. The findings suggest the importance of organizational variables and highlight strategies for burnout reduction and effective stress management in human service organizations.

The Role of Cognition in Emotional Experience

Abstract: This paper considers the origins of the phenomenological experience of emotion. It is argued that contemporary psychology unnecessarily restricts emotional feelings to the sensation of bodily changes, despite there being cognitive origins as well. There may be several reasons for this restricted view. It has a long history, from Descartes to William James to the present; it justifies the collection of physiological data; it seems congruent with there being physical causes and effects of moods and emotions; and it seems congruent with a view of cognition as rational and nonbiological. Yet, these reasons are unsound. Thinking also can be affected by physical causes, and it can be primitive and innate as well. There are compelling reasons to temper the historical emphasis on bodily feelings and physiological measures. Consider that there exist feelings states that seem to be primarily cognitive; examples would be certainty, confusion, amazement, and deja vu. The existence of such states suggests that cognition could contribute to the phenomenological experience - the feeling - of emotion as well. Such a conception has several advantages to recommend it. It helps account for differences in the experience of cognitively complex emotions that have no known physiological differences, and it aids the conceptual reintegration of cognition and affect.

Degree of Emotional Expressiveness as a Function of Face-Needs, Gender, and Interpersonal Relationship.

Abstract: A face‐needs model of emotional expressiveness is used to explain and predict the degree to which an emotion will be expressed or understated. This model proposes a three‐part hierarchy for emotional disclosures: non‐face‐threatening, mixed‐face‐value, and face‐threatening. The hierarchy was confirmed for both males and females and generally was supported across two relationship types: best friends and acquaintances. The possibility that relationship level may influence the face‐value of some emotional disclosures is explored. Females reported greater disclosure than males, and emotions are disclosed more fully to best friends than to acquaintances.

The Effect of Task Characteristics On Hospitality Employees' Job Satisfaction and Burnout:

Abstract: This study examined the roles of task characteristics as determinants of various facets of job satisfaction and burnout for employees in the hospitality industry. Several conclusions can be derived from this study. First, task characteristics were found to be relatively powerful determinants of satisfaction with co-workers and satisfaction with supervisors. The major determinants of these two aspects of satisfaction were: feedback received from supervisors and peers and the experienced meaningfulness of the job. These two task characteristics were directly linked to improving satisfaction with coworkers and supervisors and may offer hotel management some concrete suggestions as to how to improve some facets of job satisfaction. Second, task characteristics were also found to affect one type of employee burnout, namely: emotional exhaustion. Once again, the same task factors that were positively related to satisfaction with supervisor and co-workers namely: experienced meaningfulness of the job and feedbac...

Comparative analysis of the influence of stress-related variables on adaptation to a new work setting '

Abstract: The incremental effects of stress-related variables on adaptation to a new work setting were compared after 4 and 8 mo. Adaptation to the new work setting was assessed by job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Baseline predictor variables were shift, mode of entry (individual or group), job variety, and level of skills used by the organization. Stress-related predictor variables were role conflict, role ambiguity, and perceived symptoms of stress. Subjects were 80 employees at a new manufacturing facility. Comparative analysis indicated that role conflict was a significant factor in the prediction of job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion; symptoms of stress influenced emotional exhaustion. Role ambiguity was a poor predictor of job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion.

The Effects of Social Support on Work Stress and Burnout

Abstract: : This study was a descriptive study which investigated the effects of social support on work stress and burnout in registered nurses. The nurses completed a questionnaire packet containing a brief demographic sheet, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Gray-Toft Nursing Stress Scale, and the House Social Support Scale. Pearson's product-moment correlation and forced entry multiple regression were used to analyze the data. Stress was found to have a significant positive relationship with the Depersonalization and Personal Accomplishment dimensions of burnout. As job stress increased there was an increase in the frequency of feelings of depersonalization and a decrease in the frequency of feelings of personal accomplishment. Social support showed a significant negative relationship with the burnout dimension of Personal Accomplishment. As social support increased, there was an increase in the frequency of feelings of personal accomplishment. In combination, social support and job stress were found to be a significant predictor of the burnout dimension of Personal Accomplishment. The interaction of social support with job stress was not found to significantly account for the variance in any of the three dimensions of burnout: Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, or Personal Accomplishment. There was a negative relationship between the independent variables: social support and job stress. As social support increased, job stress decreased.