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Showing papers on "Emotional exhaustion published in 1997"


Book
26 Mar 1997
TL;DR: The Nature of Job Satisfaction The Assessment of job Satisfaction How people feel about work Antecedents of job satisfaction Potential Effects of job satisfaction Concluding Remarks as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Nature of Job Satisfaction The Assessment of Job Satisfaction How People Feel about Work Antecedents of Job Satisfaction Potential Effects of Job Satisfaction Concluding Remarks

4,394 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Ashforth et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a more rigorous conceptualization of emotional labor by drawing on previous emotional labor studies, psychological and anthropological research on emotions, and impression management studies.
Abstract: Over the past ten years, increasing attention has been given to how workers express emotions in a variety of work settings (Ashforth and Humphrey, 1995; Rafaeli and Sutton, 1987, 1989; Sutton, 1991; Wharton and Erickson, 1993). An underresearched, yet critical, aspect of the literature on emotions in organizational life concerns employers' attempts to control and direct how employees display emotions to customers. Emotional labor, generally defined as the act of expressing organizationally-desired emotions during service transactions (Ashforth and Humphrey, 1993; Hochschild, 1983), is the central focus of this study. This article seeks to extend previous theoretical and empirical research on emotional labor in four ways. First, a more rigorous conceptualization of emotional labor is presented. By drawing on previous emotional labor studies, psychological and anthropological research on emotions, and impression management studies, a three-component conceptualization of emotional labor will be advanced. The framework presented here suggests that emotional labor can best be described in terms of frequency of emotional labor, duration of emotional labor, and emotional dissonance experienced as a result of having to express emotions one may not actually feel. The second objective is to identify the organizational and job characteristics which might predict emotional labor. Previous researchers (Adelmann, 1989; Ashforth and Humphrey, 1993; Hochschild, 1983; Wharton, 1993) have suggested, but rarely tested, variables which may help to predict which work roles will require regulation of emotional expression and what conditions might influence employees' willingness and ability to express sanctioned emotions. The third objective is to explore the consequences of performing emotional labor on employees' well-being. Previous research has implicitly or explicitly concluded that emotional labor has negative and dysfunctional consequences for workers (Adelmann, 1989; Erickson, 1991; Hochschild, 1983). This study suggests the possibility that under certain conditions, performing emotional labor actually leads to favorable attitudinal and role behavior outcomes. Finally, the article examines the implications of this research for more effective management of emotions during service transactions. The rapid and significant increase in the number of jobs which require regulated displays of emotion, as well as the potential impact of emotional displays on service quality and customer satisfaction, certainly makes this issue one worthy of additional attention. THEORY Conceptualization of Emotional Labor According to Hochschild (1983), jobs involving regulated displays of emotion possess three characteristics: (1) they entail voice or facial contact with the public; (2) they require the worker to produce an emotional state or reaction in the customer; and (3) they provide the employer an opportunity to control the emotional activities of the employee. Displaying organizationally-sanctioned emotions to customers or clients has been argued to be a form of "labor" since it requires effort, planning, anticipation, and adjustment to situational factors in order to publicly display emotions that employees may not necessarily privately feel (James, 1989). Frequency of Interaction. A categorization of jobs requiring emotional labor provided by Hochschild (1983) established the foundation from which virtually every existing empirical study of emotional labor has since proceeded. The premise here is that external stakeholders (customers or clients) are more likely to comply with organizational goals when the affective bonds of liking, trust, and respect have been established through appropriate employee behavior. Thus, the more a work role requires contact with other people, the greater the organization's need to rely upon regulated displays of emotion to ensure compliance with organizational goals. …

645 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a negative relationship was established between one dimension of burnout, emotional exhaustion, and subsequent work performance, while the results failed to establish relationships among work performance and depersonalization and diminished personal accomplishment.
Abstract: While the notion that ‘burnout’ is related to a decline in work performance is widely recognized, empirical support for this relationship is lacking. The present study, composed of human services personnel, is the first to empirically test the relationships among Maslach's three dimensions of burnout and work performance. A negative relationship was established between one dimension of burnout, emotional exhaustion, and subsequent work performance. However, the results failed to establish relationships among work performance, depersonalization and diminished personal accomplishment. These results provide further support for emotional exhaustion as a key component of the burnout experience. Future directions and implications of these findings are introduced. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

450 citations



Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: For instance, the authors argued that cultural adaptive emotions are more prevalent and intense than universal emotions, and the emotional constituents are assembled in culture-specific ways that are meaningful and predictable, resulting in systematic cultural differences in emotional practices.
Abstract: Research on culture and emotion has moved beyond the once central nature–nurture. Evidence suggests that there are universal constituents of emotions – the ‘emotional potential’ – rather than universal emotions. Furthermore, the emotional constituents are assembled in culture-specific ways that are meaningful and predictable, resulting in systematic cultural differences in ‘emotional practices’ (i.e., people's actual emotional lives). Whereas emotions are not universal, the underlying rule of emotional life is: Culturally adaptive emotions are more prevalent and intense. After reviewing empirical evidence for each of these claims, we outline some of the future directions for research on culture and emotion.

295 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined internal and external risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptoms in 262 traumatized police officers and found that 7% of the entire sample had PTSD, as established by means of a structured interview.
Abstract: This study examines internal and external risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptoms in 262 traumatized police officers. Results show that 7% of the entire sample had PTSD, as established by means of a structured interview; 34% had posttraumatic stress symptoms or subthreshold PTSD. Trauma severity was the only predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms identified at both 3 and 12 months posttrauma. At 3 months posttrauma, symptomatology was further predicted by introversion, difficulty in expressing feelings, emotional exhaustion at time of trauma, insufficient time allowed by employer for coming to terms with the trauma, dissatisfaction with organizational support, and insecure job future. At 12 months posttrauma, posttraumatic stress symptoms were further predicted by lack of hobbies, acute hyperarousal, subsequent traumatic events, job dissatisfaction, brooding over work, and lack of social interaction support in the private sphere. Implications of the findings regarding organizational risk factors are discussed in the light of possible occupational health interventions.

294 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the intertemporal sequences of the burnout components proposed by Maslach (1982) and Golembiewski (1989) using responses from 354 human resource professionals.
Abstract: Using structural equation modeling, this paper compares the intertemporal sequences of the burnout components proposed by Maslach (1982) and Golembiewski (1989) using responses from 354 human resource professionals. The relationship between the burnout components and several critical variables that are theoretically linked to the phenomenon are also investigated. Studying human resource professionals allows us to examine the generalizability of burnout. This group of employees provides a range of services to a largely internal client group, and thus experience strain from interpersonal interactions. Results support Maslach's three-factor sequential model of burnout, although its superiority over the Golembiewski sequential model is not definitive. A post hoc analysis reveals a significant path between emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment, and an insignificant path between depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Investigation of the relationship between the burnout components and several critical, theoretically linked variables indicates significant paths between (a) role overload and emotional exhaustion, (b) noncontingent punishment and depersonalization, and (c) contingent rewards and personal accomplishment. The work documents the generalizability of burnout to managers and professionals in corporate settings. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

274 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the emotional exhaustion, low personal accomplishment, depersonalisation, job satisfaction and sick leave among 445 team members in 57 community mental health teams (CMHTs) in relation to the perceived clarity of the role of the team, personal role clarity, identification with one's profession and the team and caseload size, composition and the frequency with which users were seen.
Abstract: Emotional exhaustion, low personal accomplishment, depersonalisation, job satisfaction and sick leave among 445 team members in 57 community mental health teams (CMHTs) was examined in relation to the perceived clarity of the role of the team, personal role clarity, identification with one's profession and the team, and caseload size, composition and the frequency with which users were seen. High emotional exhaustion was reported, particularly among consultant psychiatrists, social workers, nurses and psychologists. High job satisfaction, high personal accomplishment and low depersonalisation were also found. Job satisfaction was associated with team role clarity and identification with the team. Caseload size, composition and the frequency with which service users were seen were not associated with job satisfaction or burnout. Significant differences were found between disciplines on all variables except sick leave. Implications for the design and operation of teams are explored.

206 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the linkage between low-income mothers' conversations about emotions and their children's understanding of emotion and found that mothers' explanations about the causes and consequences of emotions were uniquely related to emotional role-taking ability.
Abstract: This study examined the linkage between low-income mothers' conversations about emotions and their children's understanding of emotion. Forty-five low-income preschoolers and their mothers were videotaped while viewing a wordless picture book designed to elicit talk about emotions. Three maternal and child emotional language behaviors were coded from the videotapes: (a) unelaborated comments about emotions; (b) explanations about the causes and consequences of emotions; and (c) empathy-related statements. The children's questions about emotions were also coded. In a separate interview, the preschoolers were administered tasks that assessed emotional expression knowledge, emotional situation knowledge, and emotional role-taking. The results revealed that emotional situation knowledge was positively predicted by mothers' empathy-related statements. Mothers' explanations about the causes and consequences of emotions were uniquely related to emotional role-taking ability. There were very few correlations between the mothers' and children's talk about emotions. Results are discussed in terms of the functional significance of mothers' emotional language for young children's emotional competence.

183 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the antecedents and consequences of burnout, including the roles of work stressors and social support from supervisors and co-workers, in a sample of 833 teachers at all levels within a Canadian school board.
Abstract: This study examined the antecedents and consequences of burnout, including the roles of work stressors and social support from supervisors and co-workers, in a sample of 833 teachers at all levels within a Canadian school board. Burnout was measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach and Jackson 1986), which yields scores on three sub-scales; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. LISREL analysis was used to test a research model in which relationships among burnout sub-scales were examined as well as their relationship to external variables. It was found that greater co-worker support contributed to the prediction of burnout, particularly to decreased depersonalization and increased feelings of accomplishment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Higher job satisfaction was associated with "management" and "working with people" as sources of satisfaction, whereas emotional exhaustion and poorer mental health were associated with less "career" satisfaction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that seven variables predicted intended turnover: younger age, higher emotional exhaustion, a feeling of lower job fulfillment, the lack of a perception of a career path, having a master's degree, and having held a previous job in PSR.
Abstract: Staff turnover is an important topic for community mental health administrators. This paper reports on turnover intentions of PSR workers, a rapidly growing sector of the community mental health labor force as reported in a nationwide survey. A predictive model of intended turnover, suggested by literature in the field as well as study finding, included worker characteristics, job characteristics and worker attitudes. It was found that seven variables predicted intended turnover: younger age, higher emotional exhaustion, a feeling of lower job fulfillment, the lack of a perception of a career path, having a master's degree, having held a previous job in PSR and working with clients who have both a mental illness and AIDS. To assist agencies in reducing turnover, organizational policies and recommendations for staff development are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data from a survey of more than 800 nurses who care for AIDS patients revealed that the organizational form of the unit and hospital in which care was provided significantly affected the likelihood of nurses reporting that they were emotionally exhausted.
Abstract: Data from a survey of more than 800 nurses who care for AIDS patients revealed that the organizational form of the unit and hospital in which care was provided significantly affected the likelihood of nurses reporting that they were emotionally exhausted. Nurses who worked in dedicated or specialized AIDS units, or in “magnet” hospitals known to possess organizational characteristics attractive to nurses, exhibited lower levels of emotional exhaustion than did nurses who cared for AIDS patients in general, scattered-bed medical units. These differences persisted after nurse characteristics were statistically controlled, but they were accounted for in part by controlling for the amount of organizational support that nurses perceived was present in their workplaces.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of objective and subjective overload, and of physical and emotional burnout, on cholesterol and triglycerides levels were studied in a quasiprospective design and both types of T1 burnout were positive predictors of the T2-T1 change in total cholesterol.
Abstract: The effects of objective and subjective overload, and of physical and emotional burnout, on cholesterol and triglycerides levels were studied in a quasiprospective design. The possible moderating effects of emotional reactivity on these relationships were also investigated. The study's hypotheses were tested separately for male and female employees. Time 1 (T1) data were collected from 665 healthy employees (30% women) while they were undergoing periodic health examinations in a health-screening center. Time 2 (T2) measures of cholesterol and triglycerides were collected 2 to 3 years after T1. The hypotheses were tested by regressing each T2 criterion on its T1 level; the control variables of age, obesity, diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking; and the other predictors. For female employees, the T2-T1 changes in the serum lipids were positively predicted by emotional burnout, as expected, but negatively predicted by physical fatigue. For male employees, both types of T1 burnout were positive predictors of the T2-T1 change in total cholesterol.

01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the correlations between burnout with several work attributes that are considered to be either antecedents or consequences of burnout are examined. And two dimensions of organizational commitment - affective and continuance commitment - are examined as possible consequences of Burnout.
Abstract: The study examines the correlates of burnout in systems (IS) professionals. While there has been little previous research in the area of burnout among IS professionals, anecdotal evidence shows that burnout causes a negative impact on the performance of IS employees. These negative impacts can take the form ofcynicism, dissatisfaction, and turnover (McGee, 1996). In this study we empirically examine the correlations between burnout with several work attributes that are considered to be either antecedents or consequences of burnout. Two role stressors are examined in this study - role ambiguity and role conflict. These variables are theorized to be antecedents of burnout. In addition, two dimensions of organizational commitment - affective and continuance commitment - are examined as possible consequences of burnout. The emotional exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory is used to measure burnout in 312 IS professionals. Both role stressors were found to correlate positively with burnout. In addition, affective commitment was found to be negatively correlated and continuance commitment positively correlated with burnout.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the moderating role of organizational commitment on the relationship between role stressors and burnout in information systems (IS) professionals and found that employees with high affective commitment had a lesser effect on burnout.
Abstract: The study examines the moderating role of organizational commitment on the relationship between role stressors and burnout in information systems (IS) professionals. Two role stressors are examined in this study – role ambiguity and role conflict. In addition, two dimensions of organizational commitment – affective and continuance commitment – are examined for their moderating influence. The emotional exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory is used to measure burnout in 312 IS professionals. Both role stressors were found to correlate positively with burnout. In addition, affective commitment was found to moderate the relationship between role stressors and burnout. Therefore, in employees with high affective commitment, role stressors had a lesser effect on burnout. This study, therefore, supports the argument that commitment acts as a buffer against stress and its antecedents.

01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, an empirical approach about professional fatigue of the hospital nurse is presented, which is based on the Burnout Syndrome and some hospital variables associated, and the results of the application of the psychometric analisys of Burnout Inventory as well as statistic correlation between the three scales and demographic data are presented.
Abstract: This is a empirical approach about professional fatigue of the hospital nurse. The fatigue concept was based on the Burnout Syndrome and some hospital variables associated. The sample consisted of 341 nurses of whon demographic data is awaible. Results of the application of the psychometric analisys of Burnout Inventory, as well as statistic correlation between the three scales and demographic data are presented. Considerable presence of emotional exhaustion and cognitive weariness as a consequence of the working atmosphere in the hospital critical sectors and the nursing chief responsability were found.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored gender differences in how correctional officers react to severe occupational stress and addressed differences in coping processes and social support utilization, finding that female officers more frequently than male officers processed stress by seeking social support.
Abstract: This study explored gender differences in how correctional officers react to severe occupational stress and addressed differences in coping processes and social support utilization. The subjects were 244 correctional officers (167 men and 77 women) employed in Kentucky medium security institutions for male offenders. The study employed a survey administered to the volunteering participants. The Ways of Coping Questionnaire was used to assess coping processes used to deal with a stressful work event, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to assess severe occupational stress. Statistical analyses revealed that correctional officers experience high levels of occupational stress but did not indicate gender differences in emotional exhaustion or depersonalization. The results indicated that female officers more frequently than male officers processed stress by seeking social support, while male officers more frequently than female officers processed stress by “planful problem solving.” No differences were found in correctional officers’ relationships with oppositesex peers. The results suggested that male and female correctional officers follow traditional sex roles in coping with occupational stress, but they revealed no differences in how they are affected by occupational stress in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The factorial structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach and Jackson 1986) was investigated in a sample of 220 Greek teachers and was found to be similar to that reported by the authors as discussed by the authors, and a job satisfaction measure was employed for the investigation of the discriminant validity of the burnout measure.
Abstract: The factorial structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach and Jackson 1986) was investigated in a sample of 220 Greek teachers and was found to be similar to that reported by Maslach and Jackson A job satisfaction measure was employed for the investigation of the discriminant validity of the burnout measure Correlations between job satisfaction and the three burnout dimensions were found to be low to moderate It is suggested that the relationship and the degree of overlap between emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction require further examination Greek teachers reported lower levels of burnout on the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization scales than teachers in other countries Finally, younger teachers experienced more emotional exhaustion than older ones and primary education teachers experienced more personal accomplishment and less depersonalization than their counterparts in secondary education

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared two groups of counsellors, sexual assault counselors and counselors from a range of other therapy areas (n = 32), were compared on a number of measures including the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Ways of Coping Scale and a Beliefs and Values Questionnaire.
Abstract: A number of case reviews and observations have reported on the effects, on counsellors, of working with victims of violence. In this study two groups of counsellors, sexual assault counsellors (n = 41) and counsellors from a range of other therapy areas (n = 32), were compared on a number of measures including the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Ways of Coping Scale and a Beliefs and Values Questionnaire. The results indicate that sexual assault counsellors experience greater emotional exhaustion and use more escape/avoidance coping strategies. Responses concerning beliefs and values are discussed in terms of McCann and Pearlman's constructivist self-development model and indicate support for the concept of vicarious traumatization. Implications of these findings for Sexual Assault Services are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A screening of personality traits could be useful in preventing the risk of burnout in nurses working in critical areas and as predicted, findings show hardiness scores to be predictive of the riskof burnout.
Abstract: Background: The present study tested the hypothesis that particular personality dispositions act as resistance resources in the encounter with stressful life events. Methods: The sample consisted of 100 student nurses working in critical areas (oncology and AIDS). At the beginning of the 2nd year course subjects were administered the Kobasa Hardiness Scale and at the end of the year the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results: Higher hardiness levels at the beginning of the course were associated with lower emotional exhaustion and higher personal achievement scores at the end. As predicted, findings show hardiness scores to be predictive of the risk of burnout. Conclusions: A screening of personality traits could be useful in preventing the risk of burnout in nurses working in critical areas.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A significant portion of an EMT's job satisfaction and psychological well-being is associated with the degree to which they are experiencing job-related stress, and this distress level appears to be clinically elevated.
Abstract: Introduction:Although several studies link job-related stressors with adverse reactions among emergency medical technicians (EMTs), more standardized research is needed, since much remains unknown about stress responses, coping styles and their consequences for EMTs. This paper presents the results of two studies. Study I investigated the relation between job-related stressors, job satisfaction, and psychological distress, while Study II investigated how coping is related to occupational burnout, job-related stress, and physiological arousal.Hypothesis:Study I: Those EMTs experiencing greater job-related stressors are less satisfied with their jobs and more psychologically distressed.Objective, Study II:To obtain preliminary information about which coping strategies are associated with greater feelings of stress and burnout and more intense autonomic nervous system reactivity.Methods:For both studies, EMTs from a large, urban, public EMS organization in the southern United States were asked to participate. Study I: Subjects completed an informed consent document, a demographics questionnaire, a measure of job stress (the Stress Diagnosis Inventory), a measure of job satisfaction (Job-in-General), and a measure of psychological symptomatology (Symptom Checklist-90, Revised). Pearson product-moment correlations were computed between the measures. Study II: Subjects completed an informed consent document, a demographics/information sheet, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the Ways of Coping Scale (WOCS). They then completed 30 days of monitoring using the Daily Stress Inventory (DSI) and the Daily Autonomic Nervous System Response Inventory (DANSRI). Pearson product-moment correlations were computed between the measures.Results:Study I: Those EMTs who experienced greater job-related stress also were significantly more dissatisfied with their jobs, more depressed, anxious, hostile, and endorsed greater global psychological distress. Study IT. The Depersonalization subscale on the MBI correlated significantly with the following WOCS subscales: Accepting Responsibility, Confrontive Coping, Distancing, and Escape/Avoidance. Emotional Exhaustion on the MBI correlated significantly with Confrontive Coping, Escape/Avoidance, and Social Support, while data obtained on the 40 subjects who completed the daily monitoring revealed that DSI-Impact, DANSRI-Number, and DANSRI-Impact scores each correlated significantly with Accepting Responsibility, Confrontive Coping, and Escape/Avoidance.Conclusion:A significant portion of an EMT's job satisfaction and psychological well-being is associated with the degree to which they are experiencing job-related stress, and, furthermore, this distress level appears to be clinically elevated. This implies that in-service programs and psychological support services designed to help EMTs manage their job-related stress may improve job satisfaction and decrease psychological distress. The coping styles most consistently associated with maladaptive outcomes were: Accepting Responsibility, Confrontive Coping, and Escape/Avoidance. Thus, subjects who were more likely to handle stress with self-blame, aggression, hostility, and risk taking or with wishful thinking, escape tendencies, and avoidance were more likely to endorse more negative outcomes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined a research model developed to understand psychological burnout among police officers and found that sources of stress (chronic stressors, stressful events, work-family conflict) were significantly related to levels of psychological burn out when individual demographic and situational variables were controlled.
Abstract: This study examined a research model developed to understand psychological burnout among police officers. Data were collected from 828 men and women in police work using questionnaires completed anonymously. Five groups of predictor variables identified in previous research were considered: individual demographic and situational variables, work stressors, stressful events, work-family conflict and coping responses. Sources of stress (chronic stressors, stressful events, work-family conflict) were significantly related to levels of psychological burnout when individual demographic and situational variables were controlled.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Multivariate analysis and logistic regression models showed that many demographic and subjective variables influenced depression and burnout in different ways.
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a random sample of 1,200 health care professionals in Marseille, France, in order to assess the prevalences of depression and burnout, and to compare these two entities. Depression was assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D), and burnout by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization towards patients, and reduced sense of personal accomplishment. Some psychiatrists consider burnout to be a clinical form of depression. The prevalences of depression and burnout were very close: 17.1% and 15.7% among the women, 19.4% and 22% among the men, but 6.5% of the women and 9.4% of the men were both depressive and burned-out. A correlation was found between the CES-D and the subscales Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization of the MBI. Multivariate analysis and logistic regression models showed that many demographic and subjective variables influenced depression and burnout in different ways.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Thirty-five staff members in psychiatric residential programs participated in interactive staff training, an organizational development strategy that helps the rehabilitation team develop behavioral approaches to changing clients' behavior.
Abstract: Staff who provide services for persons with severe mental illness often have pessimistic attitudes about adopting behavioral innovations for their programs. Thirty-five staff members in psychiatric residential programs participated in eight months of interactive staff training, an organizational development strategy that helps the rehabilitation team develop behavioral approaches to changing clients' behavior. After the training, staff members reported significant improvement in their attitudes about behavioral interventions and increased perceptions of collegial support. Direct care staff reported significantly less emotional exhaustion. Interactive staff training may facilitate implementation of behavioral strategies by improving attitudes toward these interventions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a questionnaire posing investigative questions relating to workload and sources and quality of stress was sent to eight SLD schools in inner city, urban and rural areas in the south-east of England.
Abstract: This paper addresses the possibility that teachers of children with severe learning difficulties (SLD) may be especially vulnerable to heightened stress levels. A postal questionnaire posing investigative questions relating to workload and sources and quality of stress was sent to eight SLD schools in inner city, urban and rural areas in the south-east of England. Fifty-seven SLD teachers responded. Results indicated that SLD teachers were subject to high workload and long hours of work. High scores were obtained for the variable Emotional Exhaustion as measured by the education version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Qualitative data identified workload and challenging behaviour as the most frequently cited sources of intense stress. Results are discussed with reference to the need to develop effective job-related coping strategies for SLD teachers.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The study highlighted the extent of occupational distress in a group of nurses in an NHS hospital trust and found factors in the work environment, such as work pressure, patient contact and task orientation, were more important.
Abstract: The study highlighted the extent of occupational distress in a group of nurses in an NHS hospital trust. The levels of distress were similar across settings and similar to levels identified in current NHS-wide studies. Levels of work pressure and emotional exhaustion were higher than previous UK norms. High levels of distress were associated with younger age, high work pressure and low social support. For general mental well-being individual factors, such as satisfaction with social support, were more predictive than organisational factors. For work-specific distress, factors in the work environment, such as work pressure, patient contact and task orientation, were more important. Strategies for addressing the needs identified were reviewed and are now being implemented.

Book ChapterDOI
Marla J. Arvay1, Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi2, Marilyn P. Safir2, Miriam Bendiksen, Ellen Berah3, Penny Brabin3, Daphne Hewson4, Oguz Berksun, Dorthe Berntsen5, Denis Brouillet6, Catherine Cameron7, Etzel Cardeña8, Thomas A. Grieger8, Jeffrey P. Staab8, Carroll Fullerton8, Robert J. Ursano8, Ashley V. Conway, Hans F. M. Crombag, Peter Dale9, Constance J. Dalenberg10, J. Cathy Duvenage10, Michael T. Coe10, Colleen Masters10, Matthew D. Dammeyer11, Narina Nunez Nightingale11, Monica McKoy11, Graham Davies12, Noelle Robertson12, Joaquín de Paúl13, N. Alday13, Y. Mocoroa13, P. Paz13, A. Pérez de Albeniz13, Sietske Dijkstra14, Robyn Fivush15, April Schwarzmueller15, G. Ron Frisch16, Richard Govoni16, Camilla Gobbo17, Carla Fregoni17, Luigina Pau17, Felicity Goodyear-Smith18, Tannis M. Laidlaw18, Robert G. Large18, Luise Gruel19, Evan Harrington20, Brian Altman20, Bruce Rind20, Philip A. Higham, Robert M. Cochrane, Elaine Hunter21, Ira E. HymanJr.22, Ron Kleinknecht22, E. Kheriaty22, P. Solomon22, L. L. Gilstrap22, K. Decker22, C. Wilkinson22, M. Brennan22, Kerry Lee4, Giuliana Mazzoni23, Judith McDougall24, Amina Memon25, Gill Wedge25, Rachel Beese25, Harald Merckelbach, Ineke Wessel, Marie-Pascale Noël26, Bernard Rimé26, Ronan E. O’Carroll, G. Masterton, R. Gooday, P. C. Hayes, Oget Oktem-Tanör27, Janat Fraser Parker28, Lorraine E. Bahrick28, Brenda Lundy28, Mary J. Levitt28, Carole Peterson29, Debra A. Poole30, D. Stephen Lindsay30, Russell A. Powell31, Tore A. Nielsen31, Jacques Py, Natascha Rainis, Jane Rawls, Martha L. Rogers32, Caleb Ho32, Jody Ward32, Eric Nelson32, José A. Ruiz-Caballero33, Siegfried L. Sporer34, Susan C. Hamilton34, Nancy E. Walker35, S. M. Lunnig35, J. L. Eilts35, Daniel B. Wright36, Maria S. Zaragoza37, Karen J. Mitchell37, Sarah B. Drivdahl37 
TL;DR: A random sample of therapists working in the field of trauma were surveyed to study levels of stress, and a profile of traumatised therapists was identified and implications of these findings of therapists were presented.
Abstract: A random sample of therapists (N=161) working in the field of trauma were surveyed to study levels of stress. Therapists were assessed on measures of general life stress, burnout, and traumatic stress. Twenty-four percent were experiencing high levels of general life stress, 16% reported high levels of emotional exhaustion, 26% felt ineffective in terms of personal accomplishment at work and 14% were experiencing high levels of traumatic stress similar to clients with post traumatic stress disorder. Relationships between measures and demographic variables were reported, a profile of traumatised therapists was identified, and implications of these findings of therapists were presented.