Showing papers on "Empire published in 1970"

The Rise of Modern China

Abstract: The third edition of this outstanding textbook vividly describes China's extraordinary metamorphosis from a traditional self-sufficient empire into a modern nation. Professor Hsu surveys the main currents of modern Chinese history from 1600 to the present, focusing throughout on the forces that shaped China's political, diplomatic, intellectual, social, and economic history. Completely revised and up to date, the text now devotes considerable coverage to the period from 1949 to 1981 and includes an entirely new section on China since the death of Mao."

The conquest of the Incas

Abstract: An account of the conquest of the Incas by the Spanish. From the first small band of Spanish adventurers to enter the mighty Inca empire to the execution of the last Inca 40 years later, this book tells a story of bloodshed, rebellion and extermination.

The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism: Classical Political Economy the Empire of Free Trade and Imperialism 1750–1850

Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction 2. Theory and politics of Free Trade Empire in the eighteenth century 3. The agrarian critique and the emergence of orthodoxy 4. The third school: Wakefield and the radical economists 5. The Wakefield program for middle-class empire 6. Parliament, political economy, and the Workshop of the World 7. Cobdenism and the 'dismal science' 8. Mercantilist revival 9. Classical political economy, the Empire of Free Trade, and imperialism Selected Bibliography Index.

Early Christian and Byzantine Art

Abstract: Early Christian art - Rome and the legacy of the caesars early Christian art - the eastern provinces of the empire and the foundation of Constantinople early Christian art - the synthesis of the secular and the religious image the age of Justinian the forsaken west and the emergence of the supreme pontiff the troubled east the triumph of orthodoxy the scholar of orthodoxy the scholar emperor and the triumph of the imperial ideal metropolitan authority metropolitan diffusion and decline.

The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of the Oceanic Discoveries, 1453-1525

Abstract: would encompass the world. In the same period Ottoman sultans, entering upon a century of major expansion, created an Islamic seaborne empire. Corresponding in time but different in character, these two imperial maritime ventures came together along the northern coastline of the Indian Ocean to create a new frontier that firmly separated two different societies. Until recently the study of joint Ottoman and Iberian naval expansion during the years when Christian Europe rose to the position of a world power on the oceans has not attracted attention. European historians, preoccupied with the identification of their own history, first unraveled the dramatic story of the oceanic voyages, the discoveries, and the European commercial and colonial empires, only stopping to consider how Muslim actions influenced the course of European history: Did the Ottoman Turks cause the oceanic explorations? Did the Portuguese discovery of the new route to India divert Asian trade from Mediterranean to Atlantic ports?1 Once these questions were answered, the study of Islamic history became the work of small, specialized disciplines, such as Oriental studies, which occupied a position on the periphery of the Western historical profession. Finally the successful imperial expansion of Western states in Islamic territories during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries confirmed for most Europeans the idea that the history of Islam, let alone the deeds of Ottoman sultans, had little influence on the expansion of the West. In the long run, however, the forces that stimulated Western imperialism led to a greater interest in Islamic history. The voyages of discovery, as revolutionary leaps in the technology of communication, reduced the distance between the world's societies and, therefore, brought Muslims and Christians together as - An assistant pr-ofessor of history at Temple University, Mr. Hess, who specializes in Ottoman history, received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1966, having studied with Stanford Shaw. An earlier ar

Daily Life of the Aztecs on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest

Abstract: The subject of this book is the life of the Mexicansthe "Mexica," as they said themselvesat the beginning of the sixteenth century. At that time, in the early 1500s, nobody, from the arid steppes of the north to the burning jungles of the isthmus, from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico to the shore of the Pacific, could have believed that this enormous empire, its culture, its art, its gods, were to go down a few years later in a historic cataclysm. The period with which this book is concerned is distinguished from all others by the wealth of its written documentation. The Mexicans were interested in themselves and in their history; they were tireless speech-makers and great loves of verse, thus an immense quantity of books and legal documents came into being. Drawing on this rich recorded history, Soustelle creates a memorable portrait of Aztec society. "

Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories

Abstract: Carolingian Chronicles makes available for the first time in English two works which together form the most comprehensive and official contemporary record of the rise and fall of the Carolingian Empire. The Royal Frankish Annals provides an account of the years 741 to 829, during which time the Carolingian Empire ascended to its peak of dominance and splendour. Nithard's Histories are an eyewitness report of the wars between the sons of Louis the Pious, which began about 830 and ended with the Treaty of Verdun in 843. In addition to being important examples of medieval historiography, these two works form an essential basis for the study of a momentous era in European history. Written by men close to the contemporary sources of power, the Annals and Histories provide fascinating glimpses of how the Carolingians viewed themselves, their actions, and their times. The present translation is accompanied by a scholarly introduction, critical notes, and a bibliography. The differences between the earlier and revised versions of the Annals have been indicated in the text, to insure a complete and accurate edition of significant work.

Byzantium, 1081–1204: An Economic Reappraisal

Abstract: The Byzantine Empire of the period 1081–1204 is generally con sidered to have been culturally brilliant but economically decadent. The standard against which this decadence is measured is the situation supposed to have existed during the ninth and tenth centuries when the Empire consisted basically of the Balkan coastlands, the Aegean islands and Asia Minor, and when it possessed a flourishing agriculture dependent upon a free peasantry which also supplied the manpower of its army and navy, a vital urban life, and control of its extensive internal and external trade. Its revenue was therefore assured and its coinage stable. By the twelfth century it had lost the greater part of Asia Minor which had formed the factor essential to its agricultural, military and urban life. The first two were now largely in the hands of feudal magnates who commanded ruinously expensive but unreliable mercenaries, and the trade of the Empire had fallen under the control of the Italian merchant cities. The reduced revenue was incapable of standing the strain placed upon it by increased expenses, the difference being made up by the debasement of the coinage—which caused further chaos in economic life.

Roman Triumphs and Etruscan Kings: The Changing Face of the Triumph

Abstract: The triumph, to a Roman of the later Republic and Empire, seemed sacred and all of a piece. Its venerable antiquity was more important than its origin or development. So on the one hand Roman antiquarians agreed the triumph was as ancient as Romulus himself; and on the other its antiquity was felt to be confirmed rather than impaired by the connection of many details with the Etruscans—though the ancients never claimed, as modern scholars have done, that the institution itself was borrowed from the Etruscans. It was simply neither important nor desirable to pin down precisely the dates or phases of such a hallowed celebration.Of course it is not true that there were no changes. Yet the Roman attitude may have also affected modern historians, who until rather recently have been satisfied with a kind of ‘unitarian’ view of the triumph as something permanent and immutable, untouched by history; discussions of particular problems, such as the alleged divinization of the triumphator or the location of the porta triumphalis, have taken very little account of changes in the triumph itself. Many Roman rituals did, indeed, continue practically unchanged, and it is a peculiarity of Roman history that our most reliable documents for the early period are religious festivals celebrated year after year, rather than written records or histories. But the triumph was, more than other religious festivals, a part of the political life at Rome.

From Republic to Empire: Reflections on the Early Provincial Architecture of the Roman West

Abstract: Nobody who has worked in the field of late Republican and early Imperial Rome can fail to be aware how remarkably little archaeological evidence we have of any specifically Roman presence in the provinces of which Rome was in political and military control during the last century of the Republic. In the east, where she was faced with a civilization older and richer than her own, this is intelligible enough. But for the student of the spread of Roman institutions and ideas in the west the gap is embarrassing. In Roman Britain we have no difficulty whatever in identifying the Gallic precedents for the settlement that followed the Roman conquest. But what lay behind the Caesarian and Augustan settlement in Gaul itself? In terms of the recent history of the area it would be reasonable to expect that in the south, at any rate, it should have been rooted in local Republican Roman practice; and yet there is remarkably little evidence of any such roots in the surviving remains. Much the same is true of Spain and Africa. Why is this? Is it that the impact of the early Imperial settlement was so strong that it swept away all trace of what had gone before? Or is it simply that the Republican Roman presence in these territories was not of a character to leave any substantial mark on the archaeological record?

The Last Byzantine Renaissance

Abstract: During the last two centuries of its existence the Byzantine Empire was politically in a state of utter decadence, but, in contrast, its intellectual life has never before shone so brilliantly. In these four lectures the author discusses the leading scholars of the period, their erudition, their intense individualism, their controversies and their achievements.

The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs

Abstract: 1. The Slavs in the Byzantine Empire 2. The Slavs in Central Europe 3. The Western Slavs 4. The Balkan Slavs 5. The Eastern Slavs 6. The Beginings of Monasticism among the Orthodox Slavs.

Trade and empire in western India 1784-1806

Abstract: Preface Maps List of abbreviations 1. Traders and Governors 2. Western India 3. The survival of the Presidency, 1784-92 4. The Pepper trade and the administration of Malabar, 1792-1800 5. The shackles of Gujarat, 1784-1800 6. The thrust to the North, 1800-03 7. The conflict of interests, 1803-06 8. Conclusions Bibliography Index.

Roman Senators and Absent Emperors in Late Antiquity

Abstract: It is often assumed that the political fortunes of the city of Rome and of its A©lite, the Senate, decline in late antiquity. Such decline is attributed to emperors residing in other centres closer to the frontiers and to the inflation of senatorial status in the fourth century. This article argues, however, that the senators of Rome continued to see themselves as important participants in imperial high politics throughout the period. Such ambitions were ably demonstrated by Q. Aurelius Symmachus, whose role as senatorial ambassador to the imperial court was predicated on the basis that the Senate in Rome was still an important political institution. Similar ambitions motivated Roman senators to give active support to rival sides in political usurpations in the fourth century; this activity was advertised, moreover, by an impressive series of dedications set up in the Forum Romanum in close proximity to the Senate House itself. The climax of these aspirations came in the unstable circumstances of the fifth century when, for the first time in over a hundred years, Roman senators seated themselves on the imperial throne. Far from being a moribund political anachronism, then, the Senate in Rome continued to act as a major partner in the running of the Empire throughout the last centuries of Roman rule in the West.

J. G. Droysen between Greeks and Jews

Abstract: If asked what we mean by Hellenism, we should probably answer that we mean the historical period which goes from the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) to the death of Cleopatra in 30 B.C. Egypt was the last important survivor of the political system which had developed as a consequence both of the victories of Alexander and of his premature death. With the absorption of Egypt into the Roman empire, that political system came to an end. Even today, however, there is considerable disagreement among historians as to what the word Hellenism is intended to signify. Hellenism suggests to us more the idea of a civilization than the idea of a mere political system. When used to indicate a civilization, the word Hellenism is seldom confined to the chronologies and spatial limits within which we use it to indicate a political system. We often speak of Hellenism in the Roman Empire to indicate the cultural tradition of the Greek-speaking part of the Roman Empire: we even incline to extend the Hellenistic tradition into the Byzantine Empire. On the other hand, the word Hellenism is often associated with the cultures of Carthage and Rome not to speak of Southern Italy and Sicily -which were never part of the empire of Alexander. As a rule terminological ambiguities should never detain a scholar for long. We all know what a waste of time the word Renaissance has represented. But at the root of this particular terminological ambiguity there are the ambiguities of the Geschichte des Hellenismus by Johann Gustav Droysen, one of the greatest historians of any time.' It was J. G. Droysen who intro-

Americanization as an Early Twentieth-Century Adult Education Movement.

Abstract: The average middle-class American contemplated the turn of the twentieth century from his farmhouse or his home on the city's fringe with a smug complacency The United States had just defeated what Americans viewed as the archetype of “backward” Europe—monarchical and Roman Catholic Spain—in a war that had led to easy victory, empire, and a vastly increased self-esteem and world esteem for the United States

The 'Adriatic empire' of Dionysius I of Syracuse

Abstract: It seems particularly appropriate to offer to Günther Klaffenbach, as a token of warm and sincere greetings on his eightieth birthday, some reflections on the 'Adriatic policy' of Dionysius I. For the Adriatic Sea provides a mutual meetingplace, where his special interests in northwestern Greece, to the history and epigraphy of which he has made such notable contributions, unite across the Straits of Otranto with my own studies, during recent years, of Magna Graecia and Sicily. Furthermore, this issue is one in which epigraphical as well as literary evidence calls for some reconsideration, and in which that critical scepticism incumbent upon the specialist in epigraphy could be more usefully applied to the general problem than, in the past, it appears to have been. The evidence for Dionysius' plans of expansion and adventure in the Mare Adriaticum and the region of Epirus consists principally of a single chapter in the fifteenth book of Diodorus Siculus (XV 13), concerned with the year 385 B .C . This passage provides material which may be divided into three categories of varying evidential value (a) a record of positive actions, (b) a note of certain 'resolves' or 'intentions' (εγνω), and (c) suggestions, whether Diodorus' own or derived from his sources, about the ideas lying behind Dionysius' actions and 'resolves' (διανοούμενος). Under (a) may be listed two items an alliance made with the Illyrians through the agency of Alcetas, the exiled king of the Molossi, and assistance given to the Parians in founding a colony on the island of Pharos, far up the Adriatic to the north. These are the only things which Dionysius can be asserted as historical fact actually to have done in the area. However, as a third 'hard fact' it is noted by Diodorus, in connexion with the Parian colony, that Dionysius had himself founded a colony some time previously at Lissus, and this he used as a base for further action (either the assistance to the Parians or something else a fourth 'hard fact', perhaps), the details of which are lost in a lacuna.

Agoranomos and Muhtasib

Abstract: The object of this paper is to clarify the alleged relationship beween the agoranomos of Roman times and the muhtasib of the Islamic empire. It has been stated that the latter is derived from the former 1), so this paper undertakes to investigate what relation there could be between the two. To do this we have to show that the muhtasib and the agoranomos had the same function and that the office of the agoranomia was in existence at the time of the Arab conquests. We will begin by examining briefly the meaning of the word "agoranomos" and the civic duties attended to by the officer of that name in Greek and Roman times. We will then consider whether this office or its functions was still in

Mussolini's Early Diplomacy

Abstract: In October 1922 Mussolini became the constitutional head of the Italian government; by late 1926 he had imposed a Fascist dictatorship on Italy. Professor Cassels, who argues that Mussolini's policies in the 1930s, the era of the Rome- Berlin axis, were foreshadowed by those of the 1920s, traces the stages by which Mussolini took control of Italy's foreign relations. Within the period 1922-1927, Mussolini, biased against democratic states, moved away from Italy's wartime alliance with Britain and France to a policy in favor of authoritarian force. France became the "moral rival"; and the Anglo-Italian entente, calculated to insure British good will, soon cooled as Mussolini sought to realize an Italian empire in the Mediterranean basin. Italy's career diplomats, who at first had tried to restrain Mussolini's adventurism, by 1927 were totally in the background. Mussolini emerges, therefore, as a more radical and far less conventional Italian statesman than he is usually depicted in other historical studies. Originally published in 1970. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The Creation of Nobles in Prussia, 1871-1918

Abstract: THE attention directed by contemporary historians to the German Empire founded by Otto von Bismarck and William I has tended to focus either on men and movements opposed to the establis.hed authorities and entrenched interests that prevailed in the kingdom of Prussia or on the principal military, diplomatic, and agrarian figures whose frequently conflicting aspirations the monarchy was pressed to resolve. Because of the provisions of the imperial constitution of 1871, those who ruled in Prussia also wielded a commanding influence in imperial