Showing papers on "Empire published in 1972"

The origins of the Peloponnesian War

Abstract: In this provocative and wide-ranging examination of the causes of the Peloponnesian war, first published in 1972, Geoffrey de Ste Croix argued against most previous historiography (which tended to blame Athens), that the Spartans and their allies must bear the immediate and ultimate responsibility for the war. The book includes a strong argument for the fundamental credibility of Thucydides' narrative, background on Corcyraean and Potidaean affairs, a lengthy re-examination of the Athenian decree excluding Megarians from the civic centre of Athens and the ports of the empire, and three chapters on Spartan and Corinthian foreign policy and relations with Athens from earliest times till the outbreak of was in 431 BC. Forty-seven appendices treat questions of detail.

The Athenian empire

Abstract: A comprehensive re-examination of all the literary and epigraphic evidence, old and new, relating to the nature of Athenian imperialism in the fifth century BC.

Ottoman Empire and Islamic tradition

Abstract: This skillfully written text presents the full sweep of Ottoman history from its beginnings on the Byzantine frontier in about 1300, through its development as an empire, to its late eighteenth-century confrontation with a rapidly modernizing Europe. Itzkowitz delineates the fundamental institutions of the Ottoman state, the major divisions within the society, and the basic ideas on government and social structure. Throughout, Itzkowitz emphasizes the Ottomans' own conception of their historical experience, and in so doing penetrates the surface view provided by the insights of Western observers of the Ottoman world to the core of Ottoman existence.

The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312-1453: Sources and Documents

Abstract: This anthology of translated histories, chronicles, saint's lives, theological treatises, and accounts presents an in-depth analysis of Byzantine art. Focusing on Constantinople, Mango chronicles the arts, and places them in historical, political, and theological perspective. First published in 1972.

The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453

Abstract: 1. The Byzantine empire after the Fourth Crusade 2. The empire in exile and its restoration Part I. The Problems of the Restored Empire: the Reign of Michael VIII Palaiologos, 1261-82: 3. The price of survival 4. The battle of wits between east and west 5. The Byzantine dilemma in the thirteenth century Part II. Byzantium as a Second-rate Power: the Reign of Andronikos II Palaiologos,1282-1321: 6. The restoration of orthodoxy 7. Symptoms and causes of decline 8. The failure to find a cure 9. The nature of the enemy Part III. The Mortal Illness of Byzantium: the Age of Civil Wars, 1321-54: 10. The question of the succession and the first civil war 11. The reign of Andronikos III, 1328-41 12. The second civil war, 1341-47 13. The reign of John VI Cantacuzene, 1347-54 Part IV. Byzantium as a Vassal of the Turks: the Last Hundred Years, 1354-1453: 14. The reign of John V Palaiologos, 1354-91 15. The reign of Manuel II: the first crisis, 1391-1402 16. The last reprieve, 1402-25 17. The Ottoman revival and the reign of John VIII Palaiologos, 1425-48 18 Constantine XI and Mehmed II: The fall of Constantinople, 1448-53 19. The last outposts of Byzantium Bibliography.

The Imbangala and the Chronology of Early Central African History

Abstract: Articles by Vansina and Birmingham in the J.A.H. have explored the possibility of deriving the chronology of state-formation in central Africa from the date when warrior armies known as Imbangala (also, erroneously, as ‘Jaga’) appeared in Angola. This article, drawing on new traditions collected in Angola during 1969, shows that the figures described by the oral histories are permanent named titles in systems of positional succession and perpetual kinship; they therefore contain no implicit chronology based on assumed human life spans. The new evidence suggests that many years elapsed between the origin of one Imbangala title in the nascent Lunda empire and its successors' appearance on the coast. Although documents establish the Imbangala presence in Angola as early as 1563, this date reveals little about preceding events in Katanga, which may have taken place many decades, or even centuries, earlier. Finally, by extending the methodological techniques developed for the Imbangala traditions to published Lunda histories, it is suggested that the Luba and Lunda kingdoms may have passed through several periods before the stage previously assumed to have initiated the development of states in central Africa. The article concludes by suggesting that formation of (probably very small-scale) states began much earlier than previous analyses have demonstrated.

The Making of an Arab Nationalist: Ottomanism and Arabism in the Life and Thought of Sati' Al-Husri

Abstract: A loyal servant of the Ottoman Empire in his early career, Sati' al-Husri (1880-1968) became one of Arab nationalism's most articulate and influential spokesmen. His shift from Ottomanism, based on religion and the multi-national empire, to Arabism, defined by secular loyalties and the concept of an Arab nation, is the theme of William Cleveland's account of "the making of an Arab nationalist." Originally published in 1972. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Rumeli Ayanlari: The Eighteenth Century

Abstract: Tradition excludes the Ottoman Empire from the dynamic movements of the eighteenth century.' The government was bankrupt, imcompetant, and corrupt; and the governed, confronted with the virtual collapse of civil authority, became increasingly isolated and withdrawn. The relatively open Ottoman social structure of earlier centuries seemed to solidify. Roles became increasingly hereditary on all levels and in all professions; Muslims and Christians began to be differentiated into rigidly defined and separated millets. Yet, internal developments in the Balkan provinces of the Empire during the eighteenth century indicate that this traditional view must be modified. The commercial revolution of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries created severe socioeconomic disequilibrium, and efforts to assimilate and adapt to the external world induced a crisis in values throughout Ottoman Balkan society. By the end of the century, new patterns of social organization had evolved, patterns very similar to those developing elsewhere in eastern Europe. Among the most significant innovations of the late eighteenth century was the emergence of a seigneurial regime in the Balkans, a phenomenon largely associated with the rise to power of a group of

The Colonial Policy of the Popular Front

Abstract: The accession to power of the Popular Front government in 1936 was greeted in the French empire with enthusiasm by many leaders of the non-European population overseas. Political leaders as different as Ho Chi Minh, Habib Bourguiba, and Ferhat Abbas viewed with optimism the possibility of cooperating with the French government and working for a liberalization of the French imperial structure.1 All three French political parties making up the Popular Front-the Radical Socialist, the Socialist, and the Communist parties-were vaguely identified with reformism and the latter two were even thought of as being anticolonial. The very hopes which the Popular Front engendered overseas in the long run proved to be deleterious to the empire-for hopes were raised which were totally unrealistic. Perhaps, if the history of the political parties had been studied more carefully, it would have been discovered that none of the three parties was unconditionally anticolonial and that even their devotion to reform was at best equivocal. In its early years the Radical party had had a reputation for its violent attacks against the imperialism of Jules Ferry and his Opportunist majority. Article 10 of the Radical party program in 1881 was: "Opposition to all policies of conquest."2 In the Chamber of Deputies the flamboyant Clemenceau denounced colonial conquest as a betrayal of democratic principle; in adopting a policy of "domination and exploitation of man by his fellow-man we are betraying our tradition .. ," Clemenceau declared.3 In 1883 the Tiger attacked the subter-

The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power

Abstract: Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Introduction Part I. The Rise of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte: 1. President of the Republic Part II. State and Society: 2. Napoleon III and the Bonapartist state 3. The system of government 4. The management of elections 5. Preserving public order 6. Constructing moral order 7. Creating the conditions for prosperity Conclusion to part II Part III. The Rise of Opposition: 8. The context for opposition 9. The forms of opposition (1) legitimism 10. The forms of opposition (2) liberalism 11. The forms of opposition (3) republicans in the aftermath of the coup d'etat 12. The forms of opposition (4) the republican revival Conclusion to part III Part IV. War and Revolution: 13. War and revolution General conclusion Select bibliography Index.

The Uighur Empire According To The T'ang Dynastic Histories: A Study In Sino Uighur Relations, 744 840

Abstract: ions made of YHCC. The sources for the date 789 seem to me more reliable. The Hsu hui-yao is quoted by Ssu-ma Kuang as saying: 'In the seventh month of the fifth year of Chen-yiian (2717-24/8/789) the Princess [of Hsien-an] had arrived at their royal camp and the Uighurs sent Li I-chin to ask that the character ho in their name be changed to hu.' The Hsu hui-yao was a work in forty chuan written by Yang Shao-fu and others and completed in 852; it was later incorporated into the THY. See CCSLCT 5.155; YH 51.32b-33a; WHTK 201.1681b-c; cf. also des Rotours, Trait4 des examem, pp.92-3. The T H Y 98.1746, of course, includes the Hsu hui-yao version and it is made perfectly clear that the change of name occurred after the Princess had arrived at Karabalghasun. TFYK 967.13b also reports it under 789. These works are based on court documents and carry more weight than Li Fan's. The T'ung-chi by Ch'en Yiieh of the T'ang is simply a chronological account of the T'ang in 100 chuan from the Wu-te period (618-27) to the Ch'angch'ing (821-5). I t is more fully called TaT'ang t'ung-chi (CCSLCT 4.106, C WTM 2.49, WHTK 193.1632a, YH47.30a). I t is probably based ultimately on the same source as the Hsu hui-yao or even that work itself. The origin of CTS's date (809) is unclear, but in view of the many works preferring an earlier date, C T S can probably be discarded here. Some later standard histories followed CTS's account (for instance Chiu Wu-tai shih 138.3b' translated in Hamilton, Les Ouehours, p.61; Sung-shih 490.12b) but appear to be in error. On the other hand, WHTK 347.2720a and P I T 126.48aa follow HTS, the latter interpreting the somewhat confused dating of H T S as referring here to 785. 174 The Prince of Tun-huang was Li Ch'eng-shen. See above, n.14. '75 There was a Yin-t'ai Gate at the northern extremity of each of the Interior

From Mongol Empire to Yüan Dynasty: Changing Forms of Imperial Rule in Mongolia and Central Asia

Abstract: (1972). From Mongol Empire to Yuan Dynasty: Changing Forms of Imperial Rule in Mongolia and Central Asia. Monumenta Serica: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 117-165.

The war of steel and gold : a study of the armed peace.

Abstract: Volume 1 Empire or Democracy [1939] Leonard Barnes 303pp Volume 2 The War of Steel and Gold [1914] Henry N. Brailsford 320pp Volume 3 Patriotism and the Empire [1899] J.M. Robertson 208pp Volume 4 Democracy after the War [1917] J.A. Hobson 215pp Volume 5 Liberalism and the Empire [1907] F.W. Hirst 240pp Volume 6 Africa and the Peace of Europe E.D. Morel 150pp Volume 7 Empire and Commerce in Africa [1920] Leonard Woolf 382pp Volume 8 Labour and the Empire [1907] J. Ramsey Macdonald 127pp

Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire

Abstract: On Tuesday, May 29, 1453, the young Sultan Mehemmed, known to history as -the Conqueror, - launched the final assault against the walls of Constantinople and added that imperial capital, as coping stone; to the Empire that his fathers had conquered. As the Sultan's Imam intoned the Muslim creed within the walls of Hagia Sophia, the Greek cathedral become a Turkish mosque, and the curtain went up on a new era. In this, the ninth volume of The Centers of Civilization Series, Bernard Lewis describes the city and its civilization in the great age of the Ottoman Sultanate, between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries.Under the Ottomans, the city once again became the center of a vest empire and of a flourishing civilization. The conquerors did not destroy the captured Christian city, but took care to preserve and embellish; they added four Muslim minarets to Hagia Sophia, built many fine mosques and palaces of their own, and transformed the shrunken remnant of the Byzantine city into a new and splendid imperial capital.The great new Muslim city of Istanbul which they created became a center of cultural as well we political life. It was the gateway between East and West, the place where Asia and Europe clashed and blended. It was the seat of the Sultans and the Grand Viziers, of the government of the Ottoman Empire. No less interesting than the concepts of government and the Muslim religion practiced by the Ottoman Turks were the imperial place and household and the people of the city.Mr. Lewis relies upon the first-hand accounts of Turkish historians and poets and European travelers, thus enabling the reader to see the city, its people, and their life through the eyes of contemporary participants and observers.

Innovational Eclecticism: The Asante Empire and Europe in the Nineteenth Century

Abstract: It is axiomatic to the expansion of Europe, informal or otherwise, that the perpetrators of that expansion—explorers, officials, missionaries et al.—brought to the societies they infiltrated the ideas, concepts, technology and prejudices of their own cultures. This was a process, which, by definition, encompassed great variations in its penetrative power, dependent as it was on frequently intermittent contact dictated by policy, opportunity, necessity, and numerous other factors. Cultural borrowing on the part of the recipient polity is often seen as mere technological osmosis, the acquisition of more efficient military techniques and weaponry, and the indiscriminate consumption of the externals of European life in the guise of ‘trade goods’. To rest our conclusions here does a considerable disservice to the subtlety of such contacts.

Delusions and Discoveries: India in the British Imagination, 1880-1930

Abstract: No cultural phenomenon of the 1970s and 1980s in Britain was more curious than the Raj revival, with its slew of films and fictions, its rage for memorabilia of imperial rule in India, and its strange nostalgia for a time and a world long since past. Today, with the arrival of so-called postcolonial studies, that revival lives on in a strange afterlife of critical study. Writing some years before Raj nostalgia became all the rage, and out of the rather different political and intellectual climate of 1960s national liberation struggles, Benita Parry produced what remains one of the landmark studies of British attitudes towards India. Available for the first time in Paper, Delusions and Discoveries authoritatively surveys the mix of racist and jingoistic prejudices that dominated the writings of Anglo-Indians from Flora Annie Steele and Maud Diver to Kipling and beyond. The book also includes treatments of more liberal thinkers like Edmund Candler, Edward James Thompson and E. M. Forster, as well as a new preface by the author situating her work in relation to recent studies of the culture of colony and empire.

Ars sacra, 800-1200

Abstract: Part 1 Carolingian art: the 8th century the reign of Charlemagne the reign of Louis the Pious the reign of Lothar I the reign of Charles the Bald the late Carolingian period. Part 2 The art of the 10th and 11th centuries: the reign of Henry I the reign of Otto I the reigns of Otto II and Otto III the reign of Henry II the late Ottonnian period. Part 3 Romanesque art: introduction and Italy Spain and France Germany - Roger of Helmarhausen Lotharingia - Rainer of Huy Eilbertus of Cologne and the "sketchy" style Mosan art - the 12th century the empire - the 12th century France and Spain - the 12th century England and Scandinavia - the 12th century Nicolas of Verdun and the transitional style.

The Mandarins of Imperial Brazil

Abstract: The politicians of the Brazilian Empire (1822–89) have provided the inspiration for a tremendous production of historical writing. Scholars have experienced difficulty, however, in making valid generalizations concerning the career patterns of imperial politicians: recruitment, training, integration, and advancement within the ranks of the political elite. Good biographies furnish useful details about individual politicians and their careers, but do not identify the system adopted by the monarchy for the purpose of developing its own political elite. Generalizations have been based on individual cases, and no adequate treatment of collective career patterns exists.

Franklin Roosevelt and Indochina

Abstract: THE response to political change and nationalism in Southeast Asia ranked among the important challenges encountered by the United States during World War II. The disruptions caused by the war forced America to define its interests in the struggles of Asian peoples to end European imperialism. The Japanese overthrew European predominance in Southeast Asia. Within Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia, French Indochina received the greatest American attention because President Franklin D. Roosevelt was determined to prevent resumption of French rule and to establish instead an international trusteeship which would lead to eventual independence. The trusteeship plan was Roosevelt's most conspicuous postwar goal for an area that had been part of a European empire. The pledge of the Atlantic Charter to recognize the rights of peoples to self-determination, augmented by occasional assurances that this applied to all areas of the world, stood as the basic policy on imperialism, but for most areas of the colonial world that policy remained a vague and platitudinous goal rather than a basis for specific policy and action. For example, in 1942 Roosevelt took an active interest in the impasse between the British government and the Indian National Congress, but he restricted his role to that of a concerned third party and avoided any direct intervention., Yet, in Indochina, which had its own complexities and about which Roosevelt, the state department, and the American public had scant knowledge, Roosevelt embraced a postwar plan. The Indochina policy resulted in large part from Roosevelt's attitude toward the French. The collapse of the French resistance against Germany in 1940