Showing papers on "Empire published in 1984"

Propaganda and empire

Abstract: It has been said that the British Empire, on which the sun never set, meant little to the man in the street. Apart from the jingoist eruptions at the death of Gordon or the relief of Mafeking he remained stonily indifferent to the imperial destiny that beckoned his rulers so alluringly. Strange, then that for three-quarters of a century it was scarcely possible to buy a bar of soap or a tin of biscuits without being reminded of the idea of Empire. Packaging, postcards, music hall, cinema, boy's stories and school books, exhibitions and parades, all conveyed the message that Empire was an adventure and an ennobling responsibility. Army and navy were a sure shield for the mother country and the subject peoples alike. Boys' brigades and Scouts stiffened the backbone of youth who flocked to join. In this illuminating study John M. Mackenzie explores the manifestations of the imperial idea, from the trappings of royalty through writers like G. A. Henty to the humble cigarette card. He shows that it was so powerful and pervasive that it outlived the passing of Empire itself and, as events such as the Falklands 'adventure' showed, the embers continue to smoulder.

All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916

Abstract: Robert W. Rydell contends that America's early world's fairs actually served to legitimate racial exploitation at home and the creation of an empire abroad. He looks in particular to the "ethnological" displays of nonwhites?set up by showmen but endorsed by prominent anthropologists?which lent scientific credibility to popular racial attitudes and helped build public support for domestic and foreign policies. Rydell's lively and thought-provoking study draws on archival records, newspaper and magazine articles, guidebooks, popular novels, and oral histories.

The Political Character of the Classical Roman Republic, 200–151 B.C.

Abstract: In any attempt to understand Roman history the first half of the second century B.C. must have a special place. Victory in the Hannibalic war had laid the foundations of a general dominance of the Mediterranean world, but had hardly yet produced an Empire. Outside Italy, only Sicily, Sardinia and two commands in Spain were normally allotted as provinciae for annual magistrates; and this list was not increased by the famous victories in the Greek East, Cynoscephalae, Thermopylae, Magnesia and Pydna. Roman imperialism is too crude a term for what we can observe between 200 and 151 B.C. Roman dominance was felt everywhere, from Spain to Carthage, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch and Ankara; Roman militarism was demonstrated consistently in N. Italy and Spain, at various periods in Greece and Macedonia (200–194, 191–187, 171–168), and for one period of three years in Asia Minor (190–188). Roman colonialism was still confined, with one very marginal exception, to the Italian peninsula.

Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815

Abstract: Editor's Introduction Introduction: Rip Van Winkle's America 1. Experiment in Republicanism 2. A Monarchical Republic 3. The Federalist Program 4. The Emergence of the Jeffersonian Republican Party 5. The French Revolution in America 6. John Adams and the Few and the Many 7. The Crisis of 1798-1799 8. The Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800 9. Republican Society 10. The Jeffersonian West 11. Law and an Independent Judiciary 12. Chief Justice John Marshall and the Origins of Judicial Review 13. Republican Reforms 14. Between Slavery and Freedom 15. The Rising Glory of America 16. Republican Religion 17. Republican Diplomacy 18. The War of 1812 19. A World Within Themselves Bibliographic Essay

The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680-825

Abstract: The Republic of St. Peter seeks to reclaim for central Italy an important part of its own history. Noble's thesis is at once original and controversial: that the Republic, an independent political entity, was in existence by the 730s and was not a creation of the Franks in the 750s. Noble examines the political, economic, and religious problems that impelled the central Italians--and a succession of resolute popes--to seek emancipation from the Byzantine Empire. He delineates the social structures and historical traditions that produced a distinctive political society, describes the complete governmental apparatus of the Republic, and provides a comprehensive assessment of the Franco-papal alliance.

Monarchies and monarchic Ideas

Abstract: Within twenty years of Alexander's death his empire had split into separate states, whose rulers had taken the title of king. The new kings were forceful and ambitious men who relied on their armies and mostly ruled in lands where monarchy was traditional. The new monarchies presented Greeks with ideological problems. Wherever they lived, they had to adjust to a dominant royal power and to find an acceptable place for monarchy within their political philosophy. It has been widely argued that the Antigonid monarchy in Macedonia differed in important respects from monarchy in the other kingdoms. Hellenistic monarchy was closely associated with religion and the gods. More varied in both its form and its implications is the religious practice commonly known as ruler-cult. The legacy of Hellenistic kingship lived on in the Roman Empire, its ideology and its institutions, secular and religious alike, now adapted to the requirements of a universal monarchy.

Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism

Abstract: List of illustrations 1. Introduction 2. The Aztec imperial expansion 3. The Inca imperial expansion 4. Precolumbian imperialism: theories and evidence 5. Ideology and cultural evolution Bibliography Index.

The Magistrate's Tael: Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in Eighteenth Century Ch'ing China

Abstract: Madeleine Zelin shatters the image of China as a backward empire wracked by corruption and economic stagnation, thrust into the modern world when the western gunboats arrived in the 1840s, by providing an account of the indigenous evolution of the Chinese state. "The Magistrate's Tael" makes it possible to judge the impact of the West on modern China's development.

The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire

Abstract: In this new edition, with a new preface and an updated bibliography, the author provides a comprehensive and well-documented survey of the evolution and growth of the remarkable military enterprise of the Roman army. Lawrence Keppie overcomes the traditional dichotomy between the historical view of the Republic and the archaeological approach to the Empire by examining archaeological evidence from the earlier years. The arguments of The Making of the Roman Army are clearly illustrated with specially prepared maps and diagrams and photographs of Republican monuments and coins.

The Tax Law of Palmyra: Evidence for Economic History in a City of the Roman East

Abstract: In the year A.D. 137 the council of the city of Palmyra in Syria agreed to revise and publish the tariff and regulations according to which dues were levied on goods brought into and exported from the city and services provided within it. This was done in order to avert in future the disputes that had arisen between the tax collectors and the merchants, tradesmen and others from whom the taxes were due, and to make the situation absolutely clear the council ordered to be inscribed and displayed in a public place both the new regulations and the old ones which they superseded. The result is one of the most important single items of evidence for the economic life of any part of the Roman empire, and, especially in the taxable services mentioned in the regulations, a vivid glimpse also of the social life of a great middle-eastern city. In ordering the publication both of the old and the new regulations, the council also caused to be preserved crucial evidence for the development of the administrative position of Palmyra in the Roman empire, the old regulations being an accumulation of pronouncements and agreements affecting the city over a period of many years. And lastly, being inscribed both in Greek and in the dialect of Aramaic used in Palmyra and its region, the inscription is an important document in the relations between Classical and local cultures in an eastern province of the empire.

The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204: A political history

Abstract: Introduction: A Note on the Sources. 1. Recent Work (1025-1119). 2. Basil II and his legacy. 3. Byzantium's place in the World, 1025-1071. 4. Byzantium 1041-1071: the search for a new political order. 5. Economy and society in eleventh-century Byzantium. 6. Intellectual currents in eleventh-century Byzantium. 7. The rise of the house of Comnenus. 8. Alexius I Comnenus and the restoration of the Empire. 9. Alexius I Comnenus and the west. Part II 1118-1204. 10. Recent Work (1118-1204). 11. John II Comnenus. 12. The foreign policy of Manuel I Comnenus. 13. Manuel Comnenus and the Latins. 14. The government of Manuel I Comnenus (1143-1180): court, church and politics. 15. Capital and provinces. 16. Byzantium 1180-1203: the failure of the Comnenian system. 17. The fall of Constantinople and the fourth crusade. References. Bibliography. Maps. Index.

The ambiguous Iroquois empire: The Covenant Chain confederation of Indian tribes with English colonies from its beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744

Abstract: Francis Jennings, former director of the Newberry Library Center for the History of the American Indian, is the author of "The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest, " a highly acclaimed account of the first relationships between Europeans and Americans, and "Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America." These books are also published in Norton paperback editions.

Syria and the East

Abstract: Of the various Hellenistic kingdoms which arose out of the dissolution of Alexander the Great's dominions, and most resembled the empire conquered and for a time ruled over by the Macedonian king, was the Seleucid kingdom. This chapter discusses the geographical description, and military and naval aspects of the Seleucid Kingdom. The organization of the official cult of the sovereign can be useful for tracing the Seleucid administrative divisions. In considering the relations between the Seleucid kingdom and the Greek cities one must distinguish between the new Seleucid foundations and the 'old cities' which existed before the Seleucid period and even before that of Alexander and the Diadochi. The precise role of the Iranian regions and policies pursued there by the Seleucid sovereigns are less clear in comparison with the Persian empire, and the axis of the Seleucid kingdom was markedly further to the west. The achievement of Seleucid Syria is to be assessed historically as a posthumous contribution.

O city of Byzantium : annals of Niketas Choniatēs

Abstract: O City of Byzantium is the first English translation of a history which chronicles the period of Byzantine history from 1118 to 1207. The historian Niketas Choniates provides an eye-witness account of the inexorable events that led to the destruction of the longest lived Christian empire in history, and to the ultimate catastrophe of the fall of Constantinople in 1204 to the Fourth Crusade. For the student of the Middles Ages who cannot read Greek, and for the historians and the general public, this volume contains one of the most important historical accounts of the Middle Ages. Recorded in detail are the political, economic, social, and religious causes of alienation between the Latin West and the Greek East that separated the two halves of the Christian world and broke apart the great bulwark of European civilization.

“Our Execrable Banditti”: Perceptions of Nabobs in Mid-Eighteenth Century Britain

Abstract: In March 1761 the diarist Horace Walpole complained that “West Indians, conquerors, nabobs, and admirals” were attacking every parliamentary borough in the general election. Although it lacked statistical proof, this sour observation became an accepted tenet in political histories of Britain written during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Even the one full-length study of nabobs published in 1926 echoes Walpole's refrain; Holzman depicted them as a group of nouveaux riches “determined to raise their power and position to the level of their credit. This precipitated a fierce class strife, which was signalised [sic.] by changes in the ownership of landed estates and pocket boroughs.” The investigations of the Namierite school have long since demolished the myth of an East Indian onslaught on English politics and society in the mid-eighteenth century. Only a handful of novice MPs were returned to parliament in the general elections of 1761 and 1768, and those elected did not constitute a concentrated and coherent East Indian lobby at Westminster.Yet should Walpole's observation be dismissed so readily? This was an age of ignorance of the nature of the British presence in India, of considerable misgivings over the many effects that an empire of conquest in the east would have on Britain, and of a resultant lack of enthusiasm for an Asian empire. The leading historian of the British connection with India in the eighteenth century has recently pointed out that this reluctance derived in part from fears that it would upset not only the social and political, but also the moral underpinnings of established society.

The military organization of a Renaissance state : Venice, c. 1400 to 1617

Abstract: List of illustrations Acknowledgements References and abbreviations Part I. c. 1400 to 1508: Introduction: the European context 1400-1525 1. The beginnings of Venetian expansion 2. The composition and role of the army in the fifteenth century 3. Military development and fighting potential 4. The organization and administration of the Venetian army 5. Control and policy making 6. Soldiers and the state 7. Venice and war Part II. 1509-1617: 8. The historical role of the land forces 1509-1617 9. The wars 10. Government: policy, control and administration 11. The higher command 12. Manpower 13. Cavalry, infantry, artillery 14. Fortifications in the Terraferma 15. The defense of the maritime empire 16. The costs of defense and war Conclusion: the European context 1525-1617 Appendix: infantry wages in the sixteenth century Select bibliography Index.

Law and politics in Aztec Texcoco

Abstract: List of tables, figures and maps Preface List of abbreviations and symbols 1. The setting and early history of Texcocan imperial development 2. The legal history of Texcocan 3. The structure of the Texcocan empire 4. The political and legal dynamics of Texcocan 5. Local-level organization in the Texcocan empire: the lower legal levels of Texcocan 6. The development and maturation of the Texcocan legal system: principles of Texcocan jurisprudence 7. Conclusion Appendices Notes Bibliography Index.

The Roman Catholic Church and the Nineteenth-Century Irish Diaspora

Abstract: Quite the most remarkable achievement of nineteenth-century Ireland was the creation of an international Catholic Church throughout the Celtic diaspora in the British Empire and North America. A true Irish empire beyond the seas, it was often compared in Hibernian self-congratulation to the monastic missions of the Dark Ages and was served by an Irish clergy and a host of religious orders who fostered a distinctively ‘ethnic’ or Irish Catholic expatriate culture, while often showing the higher values of the Catholic spiritual life. It is remarkable that there is no scholarly modern study of this international community now in process of dissolution, for it has given an incalculable strength to twentieth-century Roman Catholicism. Something of its dimensions and importance can, however, be glimpsed from a growing body of historical writing about Irish Catholicism in England and Scotland, the United States and Australia, as well as in Ireland itself. The American Republic and the white settler areas of the British Empire were to Irish Catholics what the Roman Empire had been to Jews and Christians, the alien organisms by which a faith was carried to the far corners of the earth. As a matter of institutional and ecclesiastical history, the subject is one in which the new nations were divided into dioceses and parishes, and provided with churches, convents, colleges, seminaries and schools. This was, moreover, achieved by no easy process, but in spite of endemic conflict within Irish Catholic communities, who were also opposed by Roman Catholics of other national traditions, by the expanding Protestant Churches and by a hostile Protestant or secular state.

'A Swift Agent of Government': Air Power in British Colonial Africa, 1916-1939

Abstract: In the inter-war years one major role for the Royal Air Force was imperial defence. The Air Staff further argued that air power, used in substitution for the Army, would provide a more economical and effective means of policing and subjugating unrest in the remoter and more inaccessible areas of the colonial empire in Asia and Africa. The first successful major operation by the R.A.F. in Somaliland in 1920 encouraged the extension of air policing to the troublesome Middle East. The R.A.F. saw the Sudan as an integral part of its Middle East operations and throughout the late 1920s and 1930s military aircraft stationed in Khartoum were used to deal with revolt in the Southern Sudan. Continued Army opposition to substitution led the R.A.F. to seek a role in the sub-Saharan colonies. The need for defence economies as a result of the Depression, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, and unrest on the Copperbelt persuaded the authorities in both London and the colonies of the need for an Air Force presence in East and Central Africa.

The British army and the crisis of empire, 1918-22

Abstract: The British Army 1815-1914The British Army, Manpower, and Society Into the Twenty-first CenturyA History Of The British Army – Vol. XI – (1815-1838)Women, Families and the British Army, 1700–1880 Vol 4An Historical Account of the British ArmySupplying the British Army in the Second World WarA History Of The British Army – Vol. VI – (1807-1809)Recollections of a Life in the British ArmyA History of the British ArmyThe British Army in World War IThe British ArmyThe Making Of The British ArmyFamous regiments of the British army: their origin and services. With a sketch of the rise and progress of the military establishment of England, and brief memoirs of eminent British generalsThe British Army and the First World WarThe British Army in the West IndiesThe British ArmyA British army, as it was, is, and ought to beThe Politics of the British ArmyAdvice to the Officers of the British ArmyThe Regiments of the British Army, Chronologically ArrangedA Brief History of the British ArmyThe British ArmyThe Oxford History of the British ArmyMedals of the British army, and how they were wonShort Histories of the Territorial Regiments of the British ArmyThe British Army 1914-1918The British Army in GermanyThe Present State of the British Army in Flanders; with an Authentic Account of Their Retreat from Before DunkirkThe Guinness History of the British ArmyA History Of The British Army – Vol. III (1763-1793)Some Account of the British Army, Under the Command of General HoweThe British ArmySport and the MilitaryThe British Army and the Crisis of Empire, 1918-22British Army of the RhineA Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, Under Generals Ross, Pakenham, and Lambert, in the Years 1814 and 1815Marriage and the British Army in the Long Eighteenth CenturyThe British Army of William III, 1689-1702The British Army in IndiaThe British Army of the Rhine

The Theological Efforts of the Roman Upper Classes in the First Century B.C.

Abstract: T HERE is no doubt about what the Roman upper class had to face in the twenty years or so between 60 and 40 B.C.: a revolution which perhaps nobody wanted and to which everyone was contributing. An unparalleled series of conquests was at the same time the first stage and the ultimate condition of this revolution. Enormous armies had to be put together to regain or perhaps gain for the first time effective control of Spain in the Sertorian war (80-71 B.C.), and to extend Roman rule in Asia to the Euphrates over the ruins of the Seleucid kingdom and of the recent empire of Mithridates. Gaul was the prize for Caesar; and there was a moment in 54 B.C. in which even Britain was felt to be within reach. Egypt was forced for all practical purposes into the zone of Roman control. The great generals who engineered the conquests Pompey and Caesar also confronted each other in political and military battles. The elimination of Crassus in the only unmitigated disaster of the period the failure to conquer Parthia made the rivalry between the two surviving members of the triumvirate even more pressing. There had been other portents of the forthcoming replacement of senatorial government by military dictatorship: for instance, the rebellion of the slaves led by Spartacus, the wars against the pirates, one of the incidental consequences of which was the declaration of Crete as a Roman province, and the mysterious Catilinarian conspiracy, which certainly appealed to discontented peasants. It was in this revolutionary atmosphere that-perhaps not surprisingly some of the Roman intellectuals began to think in earnest about religion.'

The Colonial Office and Planned Decolonization in Africa

Abstract: THE ENDING of modern European colonialism has been called 'one of the most sudden and momentous transformations in the history of the world',l and it is an issue which is bound to attract increasing atteniion from historians over the next decades. It is generally agreed that the years of the Second Torld War formed an important prelude to the end of empire, and John Flint's contributon2 to our understanding of British colonial policy towards Africa during the war is most welcome and most stimulatingnd empirical historians will rejoice that he has subjected the high-flown asseroons of dependency theory to the clear light of Colonial Qffice primary sources, though the more cynical will not doubt the theoreticians' capacity for transcending mere evidence. Professor Flint's thesis is clear: in the months just before and just after the outbreak of war in September 1939 a revoluiion in attitudes took place in the Cononial Office. 'Detribalization' ceased to be a spectre that haunted the Whitehall bureaucrats and became instead a desirable objective; power would be transferred to Africans, to the educated middle class and not the tribal chiefs; and by 1943 the CO, taking its lead from Lord Hailey, had not only produced a plan for colonial reform/decolonizationit is impossible, according to Flint, to distinguish clearly where the one ends and the other begins but had achieved a consensus with West African nationalists on all points but the need for a timetable. By 1943, then, the British had their strategy, and hence the key question for the following years is not 'How did policy develop?', for it did not do so, but rather 'Why did it fail?' The historian has to make sense of the past, to trace patterns, to follow significant courses; but there is the perennial danger that in so doing he will end up not generalizing but distorang. Jack Gallagher reminded us in his 1974 Ford lectures that there was no steady trend towards decolonization after the First World War,3 and from 1939 to 1945 there were false starts, incompatible expectations, and changes of speed and direciion. There was no immediate, no steady, and no straightforward crystallization of colonial policy towards Africa. We would do well to bear in mind the comment of Arthur Dawe on East Africa: 'Many enthusiasts profess to see clearly the road which should be

Medism: the origin and significance of the term

Abstract: To designate collaborating with Persia, the Greeks employed the verb Μηδίζω ‘side with the Medes’ or the noun Μηδισμός ‘leaning toward the Medes, Medism’, both derived from Μῆδος. Since this seemingly inappropriate terminology has attracted only limited consideration, a thorough discussion of its usage in Greek literature may help to clarify Greek relations with the Achaemenid empire throughout the classical period. After a brief preliminary discussion I consider the more problematic aspects of this terminus technicus.It may be observed initially that such terms characterized the political relationships within the Greek world, and were encouraged by the struggle of each polis to maintain its independence and preserve its distinctive cultural qualities. For example, such terms as ‘Atticizing’ (Thuc. iii 62.2, 64.5) and ‘Laconizing’ (X. Hell. iv 4.2) arise during the contention for leadership in the Greek world in the late fifth and early fourth centuries.

The Social World of Batavia: Europeans and Eurasians in Colonial Indonesia

Abstract: In the seventeenth century, the Dutch established a trading base at the Indonesian site of Jacarta. What began as a minor colonial outpost under the name Batavia would become, over the next three centuries, the flourishing economic and political nucleus of the Dutch Asian Empire. In this pioneering study, Jean Gelman Taylor offers a comprehensive analysis of Batavia's extraordinary social world - its marriage patterns, religious and social organizations, economic interests, and sexual roles. With an emphasis on the urban ruling elite, she argues that Europeans and Asians alike were profoundly altered by their merging, resulting in a distinctive hybrid, Indo-Dutch culture. Original in its focus on gender and use of varied sources - travelers' accounts, newspapers, legal codes, genealogical data, photograph albums, paintings, and ceramics - ""The Social World of Batavia"", first published in 1983, forged new paths in the study of colonial society. In this second edition, Gelman offers a new preface as well as an additional chapter tracing the development of these themes by a new generation of scholars.