Showing papers on "Empire published in 1986"

Law's Empire

Abstract: In this reprint of Law's Empire,Ronald Dworkin reflects on the nature of the law, its given authority, its application in democracy, the prominent role of interpretation in judgement, and the relations of lawmakers and lawgivers to the community on whose behalf they pronounce. For that community, Law's Empire provides a judicious and coherent introduction to the place of law in our lives. Previously Published by Harper Collins. Reprinted (1998) by Hart Publishing.

Race on Display@@@All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916.

Abstract: Robert W. Rydell contends that America's early world's fairs actually served to legitimate racial exploitation at home and the creation of an empire abroad. He looks in particular to the \"ethnological\" displays of nonwhites-set up by showmen but endorsed by prominent anthropologists-which lent scientific credibility to popular racial attitudes and helped build public support for domestic and foreign policies. Rydell's lively and thought-provoking study draws on archival records, newspaper and magazine articles, guidebooks, popular novels, and oral histories.

Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-1952

Abstract: The article attempts to substantiate two related arguments. First, that the American expansion was really more striking than the Soviet one in the first years after the Second World War. While America's influence could be strongly felt in most corners of the world, the Soviet Union counted for little outside its border areas, however vast these border areas. The article looks briefly at the increased American role in Asia and Africa, but the emphasis is on the dramatic change in the American-Western European relationship. Second, if this American expansion created what we could call an American empire, this was to a large extent an empire by invitation. Unlike the Soviet Union, which frequently had to rely on force to further its interests, the United States possessed an arsenal of diverse instruments. In fact, the United States was often invited to play a more active role. The article goes into some detail on the nature of Western Europe's economic and military invitations to Washington. The author's tentative finding is that this invitational attitude of most Western European governments was often shared by public opinion in the countries concerned. The article also argues that this state of American empire only lasted approximately 30 years. In the 1970s, the US lead over other powers had declined both militarily and, particularly important, economically. The American-European relationship had to be redefined. Many European governments still invited the United States to play an active role, but these invitations were much more ambiguous now than in the first two decades after the world war. Finally, the author hypothesizes that the American decline was in part caused by the expenses involved in maintaining the American empire.

A history of power from the beginning to A.D. 1760

Abstract: Preface 1. Societies as organized power networks 2. The end of general social evolution: how prehistoric peoples evaded power 3. The emergence of stratification, states, and multi-power-actor civilisation in Mesopotamia 4. A comparative analysis of the emergence of stratification, states, and multi-power-actor civilisations 5. The first empires of domination: the dialectics of compulsory cooperation 6. 'Indo-Europeans' and iron: expanding, diversified power networks 7. Phoenicians and Greeks: decentralized multi-power-actor civilisations 8. Revitalized empires of domination: Assyria and Persia 9. The Roman territorial empire 10. Ideology transcendent: the Christian ecumene 11. A comparative excursus into the world religions: Confucianism, Islam, and (especially) Hindu caste 12. The European dynamic: I. The intensive phase, A. D. 800-1155 13. The European dynamics: II. The rise of coordinating states, 1155-1477 14. The European dynamic: III. International capitalism and organic national states, 1477-1760 15. European conclusions: explaining European dynamism - capitalism, Christendom, and states 16. Patterns of world-historical development in agrarian societies Index.

Imperialism and Popular Culture

Abstract: Patriotism and Empire - music hall entertainment, 1870-1914, Penny Summerfield "Up Guards and At Them!" - British imperialism and popular art, 1880-1914, John O. Springhall of England, home and duty - the image of England in Victorian and Edwardian juvenile fiction, J.S. Bratton showbiz imperialism - the case of Peter Lobengula, Ben Shepard "The grit of our forefathers: - invented traditions, propaganda and imperialism, J.A. Mangan "Boy's Own" empire - feature films and imperialism in the 1930s, Jeffrey Richards "In touch with the infinite": the BBC and the Empire, 1923-53, John M. MacKenzie "Bringing the Empire alive": - the Empire Marketing Board and imperial propaganda, 1926-33, Stephen Constantine citizens of Empire - Baden-Powell, scouts and guides, and an imperial ideal, Allen Warren.

Race and empire in British politics

Abstract: Preface List of abbreviations Introduction 1. Empire and Anglo-Saxonism 2. Mary Kingsley and the emergence of cultural relativism 3. The Commonwealth ideal and the problem of racial segregation 4. The widening critique of empire 5. Sociology, anthropology and race 6. The 'half-caste' pathology 7. Colonial development, war and black immigration 8. End of empire and the rise of 'race relations' Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index.

Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas I. The Old Colonial System, 1688‐1850

Abstract: In an earlier survey of the history of British imperialism we suggested that closer attention should be given to the connexions between the slow and uncertain development of British industry and the pace and direction of overseas expansion.1 We also argued that insufficient regard had been paid to the influence of non-industrial forms of capitalism on both overseas development and imperial policy. In the course of that survey, the former problem was dealt with in some detail, whereas the latter was treated briefly and tentatively. The purpose of the present article is to correct this deficiency and to advance a new perspective on British imperialism for the period between the Glorious Revolution and the Second World War. We begin by emphasizing that, despite their many differences, Marxist and non-Marxist historians share a conception of imperialism which is derived from certain broad assumptions about the place of the industrial revolution in modern British history. These assumptions are made explicit in Marxist theories, which attempt to relate empire building to stages in the evolution of industrial capitalism. They also underlie the leading non-Marxist explanations, which emphasize the diverse commercial, political, and cultural forces brought to the fore by industrial progress. Thus, Gallagher and Robinson, though concerned to refute Marxist claims and to avoid charges of economic determinism, nevertheless started from the position that "British industrialization caused an ever-extending and intensifying development of overseas regions", and they proceeded to interpret the rise of free trade and the growth of informal empire from this standpoint.2 The implications of this common approach, based on the story of the "triumph of industry", extend well beyond the boundaries of the nineteenth century. Historians as far apart ideologically

Reagan, Thatcher, and the politics of decline

Abstract: Acknowledgements. 1. The Myth of Tiwanaku. 2. The Sources. 3. The Natural and Social Setting. 4. Tiwanaku Emergence. 5. Taypikala: The City at the Center. 6. Metropole and Hinterland. 7. The Empire Expands. 8. The Decline and Fall of Tiwanaku. Bibliography.

The Role of Social Stratification in the Aztec Empire: A View from the Provinces

Abstract: This paper explores the role of social stratification in the regional organization of the Triple Alliance, or Aztec empire. Unlike previous interpretations that see military coercion as the main force integrating the empire, I argue that the primary integrative factor was collusion between rulers of the core states and the nobility of the provinces, who gained economic rewards for their participation in the tribute empire. The common interest of the Mesoamerican nobility transcended political boundaries. The fundamental social and economic cleavage in Postclassic Mesoamerica was not between the Triple Alliance states and the provinces, as many have argued, but rather between the nobles and the commoners. The proposed model is supported through examination of the provincial polity of Cuauhnahuac in western Morelos, Mexico.

The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories

Abstract: This work should be of interest to those who would like to understand Brazil and Latin America, past and present. First published in 1985, and now expanded and revised to include a new chapter on women, the book explores the social, political, economic, and intellectual currents that shaped 19th century Brazil and whose reverberations continue to be felt throughout contemporary Brazilian society. Placing her findings in a comparative context with regard to US history, the author concentrates on crucial moments in Brazilian history to shed light on a number of vexing questions. Why in a nation so rich in material resources is there so much poverty? How was slavery abolished without bloodshed in a country where slaves had represented the main labour force for almost 400 hundred years? Why did self-described liberal elites twice lead the country toward authoritarian regimes? In exploring these and other puzzles, she uncovers the realities behind many of the persistent myths surrounding the Brazilian empire.

Italy and the Roman Empire: Augustus to Constantine

Abstract: ITALY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE ROMAN MONARCHY and Republic has a history; one which offers us enormous challenges and problems, but still a history: the arrival of the Greeks; the flowering of Etruscan civilisation; the "great Rome of the Tarquins;" the Latin League and its dissolution; the Samnite wars; Hannibal's invasion; the Roman conquest and colonisation of N. Italy; the Social War; the Triumviral proscriptions and settlements; and, what is really a part of that story, the veteran colonies of Augustus.1 Italy under the Empire has no history. That is to say, it has no narrative history. That ought to be no handicap. Narrative is out of date; what we want is social history, or the longue duree of Braudel. But in fact, paradoxically, the absence of a narrative-of any narrative at all which is in any way focused on Italy-has robbed us of historical questions; since there is no narrative history we have been unable to put any coherent questions to such archaeological, epigraphic, and literary evidence as we have, because we do not know what historical evolution it is which we are trying to explain. Yet a country, or region, with several million inhabitants cannot, in any important sense, have had no history. Nor does it seem feasible that this history, evolving in the centre of a politically unified Mediterranean world, marked by an extraordinary level of urbanisation,2 of construction in permanent materials, and of public commemoration in written form on stone or bronze,3 should be wholly beyond our grasp. The most ambitious approach

The economic and social history of Former Han

Abstract: This chapter discusses social and economic conditions in China under the Han dynasty when the unified, centralized state that had been achieved by the short-lived Ch'in empire was consolidated into a permanent form which lasted-allowing only for the short break caused by the Hsin dynasty of Wang Mang, for some four centuries. The succeeding Han empire inherited the results of the social, economic, and administrative changes which had taken place over the preceding centuries. The Han founder Liu Pang, Kao-ti, was of peasant origins, having been born and brought up in Chung-yang li of Feng-i in P'ei-hsien. From the point of view of agriculture, the country may be divided into two main regions, north and south China, separated by the eastward-flowing Huai River and in the west by the Ch'in-ling Mountains. During the Han dynasty, agriculture along the Yangtze was greatly inferior in productivity to that of north China.

The safavid period

Abstract: In the summer of 906–7/1501, after his victory over the Āq Quyūnlū, Ismā' īl entered the Turkmen capital Tabrīz, ascended the throne and took the title of Shah. He thereby founded the rule of the Safavid dynasty in Iran which was to last until 1148/1736. Thus after becoming Grand Master of the Ardabīl order on the death of his brother Sultān 'Alī, he finally attained the political power in pursuit of which his father and grandfather had already lost their lives. Whether we think of this event as marking the beginning of modern Persian history or not, it certainly heralds a new era. The historical achievement of the Safavids was to establish a strong, enduring state in Iran after centuries of foreign rule and a lengthy period of political fragmentation. Although the preceding Turkmen dynasties, the Qarā Quyūnlū and the Āq Quyūnlū, created certain preconditions of this achievement and on the surface pursued similar aims for a short time – came near, indeed, to realising them – their success was only temporary. Despite all their military and political attainments in the late 8th/14th and 9th/15th centuries – for example, the way in which they maintained their independence vis-a-vis such powerful neighbours as the Ottomans, the Mamlūks and the Timurids, or founded new states culminating in the kingdoms of Jahān Shāh and Uzun Hasan – not one of their rulers succeeded in establishing a lasting political structure. Though their rule extended deep into Persian territory, it represents from the point of view of the history of Persia merely peripheral formations beyond or on the frontiers of Iran. Not until the Safavid era did Iran witness the rise of a state similar in importance to the Ottoman empire or the empire of the Egyptian Mamlūks. For more than two centuries the Safavid kingdom prolonged the older political and cultural tradition of Persia and endowed the country and its peoples with a unique character of historic significance, which has in part endured even up to the present day. Its typical features include the revival of the monarchist tradition, the acquisition of historically justified territory, the creation of a new military and political structure, the spread of a Shī' ī creed as the state religion, the Iranicisation of Persian Islam, the continued progress of modern Persian towards becoming the language of politics and administration in modern Iranian history, and the development of a specific culture which reached its peak in architecture (still visible today), but which also produced remarkable results in the intellectual life of the Persian nation.

The state and empire of Ch'in

Abstract: Ch'in long existed as a small state or principality and then as a major dynasty and empire. The Chinese world became divided into a multitude of political entities; some 170 are believed to have existed during the Chou subperiod known as the Spring and Autumn period. Both non-Marxist and Marxist historians have been exercised over the appropriate use of the term feudalism. The improvement in agriculture was probably accompanied by a growth of population, despite the simultaneous intensification of warfare. In Ch'in and several contemporary principalities, the political changes just noted were accompanied by an evolution toward more sophisticated institutions and organs of central government. The Ch'in empire is regarded as the supreme embodiment of the ideas and techniques known as Legalism. Shang Yang had been chancellor in Ch'in, and Shen Pu-hai had been chancellor in the much smaller neighboring state of Hann.

The Crossing of the Danube and the Gothic Conversion

Abstract: A MMIANUS MARCELLINUS provides a detailed account of the relations between the Emperor Valens and the Goths during the period 367-378. But essentially because Ammianus does not mention it, there has been much controversy over the date of a Gothic conversion to Christianity ascribed in other sources to the reign of Valens. Equally, because the historians Socrates and Sozomen link a civil war among the Goths to the conversion, it has also been unclear when this split might have taken place. It will be argued here that the primary accounts found in Socrates, Sozomen, and Eunapius can be reconciled with the secondary ones of Jordanes, Theodoret, and Orosius to suggest a Gothic conversion in 376. Further, combined with Ammianus, they strongly indicate that Christianity initially affected only elements of one Gothic group, the Tervingi, and was part of the agreement by which Valens allowed them to cross the Danube and enter the Empire in 376. It also becomes clear that the split too affected only the Tervingi, and occurred immediately before the crossing and conversion. This reconstruction in turn highlights the Huns' role in overturning the established order in Gothic society: their attacks first divided the Tervingi, who were unable to agree on an appropriate response, and prompted the larger group to seek asylum in the Empire and accept conversion to Christianity. While these conclusions emerge from a detailed examination of the primary sources, this study is concerned as much with history as with historiography, and it is first necessary to place the discussion in the context of relations between the Empire and the Goths in the fourth century.

The Former Han dynasty

Abstract: The Han dynasty bequeathed to China an ideal and a concept of empire that survived basically intact for two thousand years. Modernist policies derived from the unification of China by Ch'in and the operation of imperial government under the principles of Shang Yang, Shen Pu-hai, and Han Fei. The first century of the Han empire witnessed the implementation, modification, or extension of these policies in a number of ways. The imperial institutions and intellectual framework of the Han empire were evolved and modified as a result of controversy, violence, or rebellion. Ch'en She and Wu Kuang are named as the two men who were the first to challenge the authority of the Ch'in empire. The major difference between the systems of government of Ch'in and Han lay in the organization of the provinces. During the last fifty years of the Former Han period, foreign policy was marked at times by a refusal to engage potential enemies.

Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: The Cultural Revival During the Buyid Age

Abstract: Under the enlightened rule of the Buyid dynasty (945-1055 AD), the Islamic world witnessed an unequalled cultural renaissance. The main expression of this renaissance was a philosophical humanism that embraced the scientific and philosophical heritage of Classical Antiquity as a cultural and educational ideal. Along with this philosophical humanism, a literary humanism was cultivated by litterateurs, poets and government secretaries. This renaissance was marked by a powerful assertion of individualism in the domains of literary creativity and political action. It thrived in a remarkably cosmopolitan atmosphere. Baghdad, the centre of the Abbasid Empire and of Buyid rule, was the rendezvous for scholars from far and wide, of diverse cultural backgrounds. Philosophers belonged to a class of their own, transcending particular loyalties, united by the pursuit of the truth and the love of reason. This work is an investigation into the nature of the environment in which the cultural transformation took place and into the cultural elite who were its bearers. After an extensive introductory section setting the stage, it deals with the main schools and circles and with the outstanding individual representatives of this renaissance.

The Niger River system

Abstract: The Niger, the main river draining W Africa, has been a major nucleus for human habitation for several thousand years. Rock paintings and other artefacts attest to settlement during Palaeolithic and Neolithic times. More recently a succession of kingdoms — the Sarakali Empire of Ghana (8–13th century), the Mandingo Empire of Mali (13–15th century) and the Songhai Kingdom (15th century) — all have used the Upper and Middle Niger as trade and cultural arteries. Today, the Niger River is crucial to the development of the modern nations that have arisen since the 1960s. But, despite its importance, surprisingly little coordinated ecological work has been carried out. Hydrographic data have been collected for flood control, navigation, water supply, irrigation and for planning of major dams (NEDECO 1959), but ecological data are sparse. Descriptions of the ecology of the river depend, therefore, on isolated studies such as those of Daget (e.g. 1954), the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO/UN 1962, 1969, 1970, 1971) and individual Nigerian scientists. This chapter summarises these works and supplements them from the author’s personal experience.

Ronald Reagan's re‐formulation of the rhetoric of war: Analysis of the “zero option,” “evil empire,” and “star wars” addresses

Abstract: Since Hiroshima, “conventional wisdom” has held that science and technology will continue to create more and more powerful weapons, that an effective defense against them will never be developed, and that the only solution to this situation is deterrence through an assured retaliatory capability. The speeches analyzed in this essay, given by Ronald Reagan during his first administration, challenge each of these assumptions. Employing textual analysis, it is revealed how public discourse can achieve unities of national purpose while subverting the conventions that underlie deliberation even about such momentous matters as war in a nuclear age.

Oxford and empire--the last lost cause?

Abstract: Wherever he went in the Empire, Cecil Rhodes observed, he found Oxford men on top. This scholarly and entertaining book examines how and why Oxford dominated Imperial policy and administration through its network of classical graduates; how Oxford's Imperialists and anti-Imperialists conducted their arguments in light of the history of Greece and Rome; and how proconsuls, missionaries, and teachers carried her traditions abroad. The conflicting hopes of what various groups in the University sought to obtain in the name of Empire are explored as well as the often bewildering impact of Oxford on the colonials who went there to study.

The Mediterranean and the Dilemma of the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity

Abstract: The present article is a preliminary study for a revision of the role that the Mediterranean played in the transition of western Europe from antiquity to the Middle Ages. It re‐examines the significance of the Mediterranean in maintaining the political and economic cohesion of the Roman empire up to the fifth century CE, and reviews the role of the Vandal realm in Northern Africa in disrupting its unity. On the other hand it presents a brief survey of the peculiar character of the relationships that evolved between the eastern Roman empire (Byzantium) and the Sassanian Persian empire. It is suggested that it was mainly in consequence of the growing interdependence between these two great powers of late antiquity that the eastern and western parts of the Roman empire drifted apart. The Vandals stepped into a vacuum in the western Mediterranean. Justinian's attempted reconquest of the west was foredoomed to failure, since it entailed the termination of the symbiotic relations that had developed with Persia ...

Empire and sexual opportunity

Abstract: (1986). Empire and sexual opportunity. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 34-90.

The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517

Abstract: This volume covers the rise and fall of the Crusader states, the expansion of the Mongol empire, the rise of the Mamluk sultanate and of its ultimate conquerors, the Ottomans.

From Unification to Nazism: Reinterpreting the German Past

Abstract: Originally published in 1986, and bringing together essays written over a 10 year period, this volume offers a coherent and challenging interpretation of the German past. The book argues that the German Empire between 1971 and 1914 may have enjoyed greater stability and cohesion than is often assumed. It suggests that Imperial Germany’s political institutions showed considerable flexibility and capacity for growth and puts forward the idea that without WWI, or in the event of a German victory, the Empire might well have demonstrated its viability as a modern state. In that case, the origins of fascism should be sought mainly in the subsequent experiences of war, revolution and economic crisis and not so much in the Empire’s so-called structural backwardness.

The Soviet paradox : external expansion, internal decline

Abstract: Part I RUSSIA IN TRANSITION 1 Stalinism and Anti-Stalinism in Historical Perspective 2 Sources of Stability 3 Brezhnev's Legacy 4 The Harsh Decade 5 Andropov's Interregnum 6 The Chernenko Episode 7 Gorbachev in Power 8 The Politics of Reform II COMMUNIST ENCIRCLEMENT 9 The Dream of Revolution and the Reality of Conquest 10 The Decline of an Empire 11 The Polish Debacle 12 The Sino-Soviet Conflict III SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY AND RELATIONS WITH AMERICA IN THE 1980s 13 The Roots of Foreign Policy 14 Foreign Policy Resources 15 The Politics of Foreign Policy 16 Detente and the Legacy of the 1970s 17 Russia and Reagan 18 Gorbachev and the Dilemmas of Foreign Policy 19 Assumptions and Perceptions 20 From the Past to the Future Bibliographical Essay Index