Showing papers on "Empire published in 1992"

Multilateralism: the anatomy of an institution

Abstract: In 1989, peaceful change, which a leading realist theorist had declared a very low-probability event in international politics less than a decade before, accommodated the most fundamental geopolitical shift of the postwar era and perhaps of the entire twentieth century: the collapse of the Soviet East European empire and the attendant end of the cold war. Many factors were responsible for that shift. But there seems little doubt that multilateral norms and institutions have helped stabilize their international consequences. Indeed, such norms and institutions appear to be playing a significant role in the management of a broad array of regional and global changes in the world system today.

Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context

Abstract: The act of translation, Tejaswini Niranjana maintains, is a political action. Niranjana draws on Benjamin, Derrida, and de Man to show that translation has long been a site for perpetuating the unequal power relations among people, races, and languages. The traditional view of translation underwritten by Western philosophy helped colonialism to construct the exotic 'other' as unchanging and outside history, and thus easier both to appropriate and control. Scholars, administrators, and missionaries in colonial India translated the colonized people's literature in order to extend the bounds of empire. Examining translations of Indian texts from the eighteenth century to the present, Niranjana urges post-colonial people to reconceive translation as a site for resistance and transformation.

Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire

Abstract: Peter Brown, a known authority on Mediterranean civilisation in late antiquity, traces the growing power of early Christian bishops as they wrested influence from the philosophers who had traditionally advised the rulers of Graeco-Roman society. In the new "Christian empire", the ancient bonds of citizen to citizen and of each city to its benefactors were replaced by a common loyalty to a distant, Christian autocrat. This transformation of the Roman Empire from an ancient to a medieval society, Brown argues, is among the most far-reaching consequences of the rise of Christianity. In the last centuries of the Roman Empire, the power of the emperors depended on collaboration with the local elites. The shared ideals of Graeco-Roman culture ("paideia"), which were inculcated among the elite by their education, acted as unwritten constitution. The philosophers, as representives of this cultural tradition and as critics and advisors of the powerful, upheld the ideals of just rule and prevented the abuses of power. Between the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity in 312 and the reign of Theodosius (379-395), however, both Christian bishops and uneducated monks emerged as competitors to the traditional educated elites. Claiming as Christians to be the "true philosophers", they asserted their own role in swaying the emperors to mercy and just rule. Brown shows how charity to the urban poor gave bishops such as Saint Ambrose a novel power base - the restless lower classes of the empire. The lines of power that led from local society to the imperial court increasingly fell into the hands of the church, as clerics exercised their power to ensure the peace in cities, secure amnesties, and convey to the emperor the wishes of his subjects. Brown also points out how churchmen expressed their new local power through violence against rivals: Jewish synagogues and Roman Temples were destroyed, and Hypatia, one of the few women with a public role as a philosopher, was lynched in Alexandria. Brown demonstrates how Christian teaching provided a model for a more autocratic, hierarchial empire: the ancient ideals of democracy and citizenship gave way to the image of a glorious ruler showing mercy to his lowly and grateful subjects. Drawing upon a wealth of material - newly discovered letters and sermons of Saint Augustine, archaeological evidence, manuscripts in Coptic and Syriac - he provides a portrait of a turbulent and fascinating era.

The Spanish Frontier in North America

Abstract: Worlds apart first encounters foundations of empire - Florida and New Mexico "Conquistadores of the Spirit" exploitation, contention and rebellion imperial rivalry, stagnation and the fortunes of war Indian raiders and the reorganization of frontier defenses forging a transcontinental empire - New California to the Floridas improvisations and retreats - the empire lost frontiers and frontier peoples transformed the Spanish legacy and the historical imagination.

Sexual Affronts and Racial Frontiers: European Identities and the Cultural Politics of Exclusions in Colonial Southeast Asia

Abstract: This essay is concerned with the construction of colonial categories and national identities and with those people who ambiguously straddled, crossed, and threatened these imperial divides.1 It begins with a story about metissage (interracial unions) and the sorts of progeny to which it gave rise (referred to as metis, mixed bloods) in French Indochina at the turn of the century. It is a story with multiple versions about people whose cultural sensibilities, physical being, and political sentiments called into question the distinctions of difference which maintained the neat boundaries of colonial rule. Its plot and resolution defy the treatment of European nationalist impulses and colonial racist policies as discrete projects, since here it was in the conflation of racial category, sexual morality, cultural competence and national identity that the case was contested and politically charged. In a broader sense, it allows me to address one of the tensions of empire which this essay only begins to sketch: the relationship between the discourses of inclusion, humanitarianism, and equality which informed liberal policy at the turn of the century in colonial Southeast Asia and the exclusionary, discriminatory practices which were reactive to, coexistent with, and perhaps inherent in liberalism itself.2

Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in ancient times

Abstract: List of Illustrations and TablesList of AbbreviationsPrefaceIntroductionPt. 1Egypt and the Levart from Prehistoric Times to the HyksosCh. 1Village, Camps, and the Rise of a Colossus3Ch. 2Upper and Lower Egypt and the Walled Towns of Asia29Ch. 3"Lo, the Vile Asiatic!"56Ch. 4"Trampling the Foreign Lands": Egypt and Asia during the Middle Kingdom71Ch. 5The Hyksos in Egypt98Pt. 2The Egyptian Empire in AsiaCh. 6"Extending the Frontiers of Egypt"125Ch. 7The Empire of the New Kingdom192Ch. 8Asia in Egypt: Mosaic, Not Melting Pot214Pt. 3The Great MigrationsCh. 9The Coming of the Sea Peoples241Ch. 10"These are the Bene-Yisrael...,"257Pt. 4Egypt and the Hebrew KingdomsCh. 11Horses and Pharaoh's Daughter: Egypt and the United Monarchy283Ch. 12Egypt and Israel in the World of Assyria312Ch. 13Specter or Reality? The Question of Egyptian Influence on Israel of the Monarchy365Ch. 14Four Great Origin Traditions395Ch. 15Egypt and the Fall of Judah430Epilogue470Index473

The house of Morgan : an American banking dynasty and the rise of modern finance

Abstract: The most ambitious history ever written about an American banking dynasty, The House of Morgan traces the astonishing path of the J.P. Morgan empire with the sweep of an epic novel. "Brilliantly researched and written" (The Wall Street Journal), the hardcover was recently named winner of the 1990 National Book Award for Nonfiction. 32 pages of photographs.

Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests

Abstract: Preface 1. The problem of Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests 2. The Byzantine Empire in an era of accelerating change 3. Difficulties in devising defences for Syria 4. The first Muslim penetrations of Byzantine territory 5. Early tests in southern Palestine 6. Problems of cohesion: the battle of Jabiya-Yarmuk reconsidered 7. The brief struggle to save northern Syria and Byzantine Mesopotamia 8. Byzantium, Armenia, Armenians, and early Islamic conquests 9. Controversy and confidence in the seventh-century crisis 10. Elements of failure and endurance Bibliography Index.

Geography's Empire: Histories of Geographical Knowledge

Abstract: In this paper the possibilities and hazards of a critical perspective on the history of geographical knowledge are considered. The focus is on the relations between modern geography and European co...

The Protestant evangelical awakening

Abstract: List of maps Preface List of abbreviations 1. The Protestant frame of mind in the eighteenth century 2. The beginnings of rival: Silesia and its neighbours 3. Salzburg and Austria 4. Zinzendorf and the Moravians 5. Revival in the south-west of the empire and Switzerland 6. Revival in the north-west of the empire and the Lower Rhine 7. Revival in the American colonies 8. Revival in the United Kingdom Conclusion Index.

The great game : the struggle for empire in central Asia

Abstract: This is an account of the encounter last century between the British in India and Tsarist Russia in Central Asia which became known as the Great Game. When the encounter began the frontiers of Russia and British India lay some 2000 apart. By the end, the gap had shrunk in places to 20 miles. As Russia pushed forward her frontiers young officers found the fulfilment of their dreams in the chance to escape garrison life and find promotion and glory in the Caucasus, China and Tibet.;Peter Hopkirk has also written Foreign Devils on the Silk Road, Trespassers on the Roof of the World and Setting the East Ablaze.

Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance

Abstract: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION IMAGES OF ONE ANOTHER A WomenOs Trek What Difference Does Gender Make? Susan L. Blake Through Each OtherOs Eyes The Impact on the Colonial Encounter of the Images of Egyptian, Levantine-Egyptian, and European Women, 1862-1920 Mervat Hatem IMPERIAL POLITICS The Passionate Nomad Reconsidered A European Woman in LOAlgerie francaise (Isabelle Eberhardt, 1877-1904) Julia Clancy-Smith Crusader for Empire Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard Helen Callaway and Dorothy O Helly Chathams, Pitts, and Gladstones in Petticoats The Politics of Gender and Race in the Illbert Bill Controversy, 1883-1884 Mrinalini Sinha ALLIES, MATERNAL IMPERIALISTS, AND ACTIVISTS Cultural Missionaries, Maternal Imperialists, Feminist Allies British Women Activists in India, 1865-1945 Barbara N. Ramusack The White WomanOs Burden British Feminists and The Indian Woman 1865-1915 Antoinette M. Burton Complicity and Resistance in the Writings of Flora Annie Steel and Annie Besant Nancy L. Paxton The White WomanOs Burden in the White ManOs Grave The Introduction of British Nurses in Colonial West Africa Dea Birkett MISSIONARIES A New Humanity American MissionariesO Ideals for Women in North India, 1870-1930 Leslie A. Flemming Give a Thought to Africa Black Women Missionaries in Southern Africa Sylvia M. Jacobs WIVES AND INCORPORATED WOMEN Shawls, Jewelry, Curry, and Rice in Victorian Britain Nupur Chaudhuri White Women in a Changing World Employment, Voluntary Work, and Sex in Post-World War II Northern Rhodesia Karen Tranberg Hansen CONTRIBUTORS INDEX

On Roman Time: The Codex-Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity

Abstract: Because they list all the public holidays and pagan festivals of the age, calendars provide unique insights into the culture and everyday life of ancient Rome. "The Codex-Calendar of 354" miraculously survived the Fall of Rome. Although it was subsequently lost, the copies made in the Renaissance remain invaluable documents of Roman society and religion in the years between Constantine's conversion and the fall of the Western Empire. In this richly illustrated book, Michele Renee Salzman establishes that the traditions of Roman art and literature were still very much alive in the mid-fourth century. Going beyond this analysis of precedents and genre, Salzman also studies "The Calendar of 354" as a reflection of the world that produced and used it. Her work reveals the continuing importance of pagan festivals and cults in the Christian era and highlights the rise of a respectable aristocratic Christianity that combined pagan and Christian practices. Salzman stresses the key role of the Christian emperors and imperial institutions in supporting pagan rituals. Such policies of accomodation and assimilation resulted in a gradual and relatively peaceful transformation of Rome from a pagan to a Christian capital.

British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire

Abstract: The recent turn to political and historical readings of Romanticism has given us a more complex picture of the institutional, cultural and sexual politics of the period. There has been a tendency, however, to confine such study to the European scene. In this book, Nigel Leask sets out to study the work of Byron, Shelley and De Quincey (together with a number of other major and minor Romantic writers, including Robert Southey and Tom Moore) in relation to Britain's imperial designs on the 'Orient'. Combining historical and theoretical approaches with detailed analyses of specific works, it examines the anxieties and instabilities of Romantic representations of the Ottoman Empire, India, China and the Far East. It argues that these anxieties were not marginal but central to the major concerns of British Romantic writers. The book is illustrated with a number of engravings from the period, giving a visual dimension to the discussion of Romantic representations of the East.

Roman Army Pay Scales

Abstract: How much did Rome pay the soldiers serving in the legions and the auxilia, who expanded and defended her empire? The answer is of some significance not only to the history of the Roman army but to the political, social, and economic history of the Roman Empire in general. Many a learned article has therefore been devoted to this matter and steady progress has been made. Yet problems remain, the evidence being scanty and often not readily intelligible. Work on the 600 and more writing-tablets from the legionary fortress of Vindonissa (Switzerland), currently in progress, has turned up a missing link in the chain of evidence. The new text, a pay receipt of an auxiliary soldier, reveals a new sum and thus allows the reconstruction of the Roman army's pay scales through the first three centuries A.D. The overall pay model given below reconciles all the hitherto known evidence.

The Cromwellian Protectorate and the Languages of Empire

Abstract: This article recovers some of the classical, constitutional, and religious languages of empire in early-modern Britain by a consideration of the period between the end of the first Anglo-Dutch war in 1654 and the calling of the second Protecloral Parliament in 1656. It examines in particular the strategic and political motivationsfor CromweWs ‘western design’ against the Spanish possessions in the Caribbean and presents the response to thefailure of the design and the oppositiorud literature published around the second Protectoral Parliament as the immediate context for the publication of James Harrington's Oceana (1656). It is argued that Harrington's Machiavellian meditation on imperialism is intended as a critique of the expansion of the British republic, so placing Harrington more firmly within the oppositiorud bloc of the late Protectorate. A concluding section details the recovery of this moment of historical argument in the heat of the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole during the early stages of Anglo-Spanish hostility in 1738—9, and leads to some wider refUctions both on the ideological uses of history in the aeation of the British empire and on the centrality of the languages of empire to an understanding of Anglo-American intellectual history up to the late eighteenth century.

South Africa's labor empire : a history of black migrancy to the gold mines

Abstract: This book explores the complex interplay of factors fueling the transformation of the gold mining industry in South Africa. Basing their work on archival sources, contemporary evidence and interviews with mining personnel, the authors chart the expansion and break-up of the mine regional labour "empire" from 1920 through the mid-1970s and explore conflicts between the industry and the state over labour "sourcing", the mobilization of South African labour for the mines, the effects of workforce stabilization for black miners and their home communities, and the emergence of a new racial division of labour in the mining industry. The book concludes with an analysis of the National Union of Mineworkers, speculating on whether its gains over the last decade are so firmly entrenched that they are unlikely to be overturned by either the state or private industry.

Bisexuality in the ancient world

Abstract: Part 1 Greece: the beginnings, the Greek Dark Age and the Archaic period the Classical age homosexuality and heterosexuality compared in philosophy and literature women and homosexuality. Part 2 Rome: the Archaic period and the Republic the late Republic and the Principate the Empire the metamorphoses of sexual ethics in the Ancient World.

A Theology of Reconstruction: Nation Building and Human Rights

Abstract: The changing situation in South Africa and eastern Europe prompts Charles Villa-Vicencio to investigate the implications of transforming liberation theology into a theology of reconstruction and nation-building. Such a transformation, he argues, requires theology to become an unambiguously inter-disciplinary study. This book explores the encounter between theology, on the one hand, and constitutional writing, law-making, human rights, economics, and the freedom of conscience on the other. Locating his discussion in the context of the South African struggle, the author compares this situation to that in eastern Europe, and the challenge of what is happening in these situations is identified for contexts where 'the empire has not yet crumbled'.

Imperialism, empire and the integration of the Roman economy

Abstract: While the political economy of the Roman empire is well understood, the nature of the economy as a whole is a matter of fierce debate. A range of competing hypotheses about the nature of the Roman economy are presented, and then distributions of amphorae and certain other artefact categories are used to suggest some broad patterns which successful theories of the Roman economy will have to address. In particular, it is argued that regional distributions of material usually constituted the highest level of integration achieved in the Roman world, and that larger‐scale patterning was only created during the period of imperial expansion during the last two centuries BC.

Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower Mississippi Valley Before 1783

Abstract: In this pioneering book Daniel Usner examines the economic and cultural interactions among the Indians, Europeans, and African slaves of colonial Louisiana, including the province of West Florida. Rather than focusing on a single cultural group or on a particular economic activity, this study traces the complex social linkages among Indian villages, colonial plantations, hunting camps, military outposts, and port towns across a large region of pre-cotton South. Usner begins by providing a chronological overview of events from French settlement of the area in 1699 to Spanish acquisition of West Florida after the Revolution. He then shows how early confrontations and transactions shaped the formation of Louisiana into a distinct colonial region with a social system based on mutual needs of subsistence. Usner's focus on commerce allows him to illuminate the motives in the contest for empire among the French, English, and Spanish, as well as to trace the personal networks of communication and exchange that existed among the territory's inhabitants. By revealing the economic and social world of early Louisianians, he lays the groundwork for a better understanding of later Southern society.

Insinuations of Womanly Influence: An Aspect of the Christianization of the Roman Aristocracy

Abstract: Here is one of the laws of history: every event begins with a woman. It is the woman who confers life or death. It is in conformity with the nature of things that Helena should have converted Constantine. It is contrary to the nature of things that Constantine should have converted Helena.While we may smile at the ruminations of a nineteenth-century bourgeois on the sexual politics of Constantine's conversion to Christianity, if we turn our attention for a moment from the Emperor to the Empire itself we will perceive that our own more scientific studies reflect a similar vision of Helena, refracted in the persons of pious matrons across the Empire. For we generally imagine the religious changes which swept the later Roman Empire as resulting from a fateful collaboration, that of a few unusually persuasive clerics with a multitude of devout Christian women, who enforced the views of their clerical friends at home, and shepherded their prominent husbands towards the once-only cleansing of baptism. The view has much to recommend it, and it has sparked some of the most interesting writing on late antiquity in recent decades, beginning with a celebrated contribution by Peter Brown to this journal.

A history of Singapore, 1819-1988

Abstract: Preface Plates Maps Abbreviations Introduction to the First Edition The foundation of the settlement, 1819-1826 'This spirited and splendid little colony', 1826-1867 High noon of empire, 1867-1914 'The Clapham Junction of the Eastern seas'. 1914-1941 War in the East, 1941-1942 Syonan: Light of the South, 1942-1945 The aftermath of war, 1945-1955 The road to Merdeka, 1955-1965 The Republic of Singapore, 1965-1988 Bibliography Index

A History of Ancient Egypt

Abstract: List of Illustrations. Introduction. Part I: The Formative Period: 1. From Prehistory to History. 2. Religion and History. 3. The Thinite Period. Part II: The Classical Age: 4. The Old Kingdom. 5. Funerary Ideas. 6. The Struggle for Power. 7. The Middle Kingdom. 8. The Invasion. Part III: The Empire: 9. The Tuthmosids. 10. Akhenaten. 11. The Ramessid Period. 12. The Domain of Amun. Part IV: The Final Phase: 13. The Third Intermediate Period. 14. Nubians and Saites. 15. Persians and Greeks. Conclusion. Appendix. Glossary. Bibliography. Guide to Further Reading by Kent R. Weekes. Index.

Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center

Abstract: FOREWORD PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 Sifism PART I : HISTORIOGRAPHICAL ORIENTATION: SUFISM AND ISLAM IN SOUTH ASIA Historiographies of Islam in India Religion and Empire in the Delhi Sultanate 4. The Textual Formation of Oral Teachings in the Early Chishti Order The Interpretation of the Sufi Biographical Tradition in India FROM DELHI TO THE DECCAN Burhan al-Din Gharib's Establishment and Teaching The Indian Envronment and the Question of Conversion POLITICAL RELATIONS OF THE KHULDABAD CHISHTIS Political History of the Khuldabad Shrines Khuladabad as a Sacred Center in the Local Context PART IV: CONCLUSIONS

An economic history of the USSR, 1917-1991

Abstract: The Russian empire in 1913 war, evolution and revolutionaries war communism NEP the great debate the end of NEP the Soviet great leap forward - collectivism, and industry, labour and finance the great leap forward to war the great patriotic war recovery and reaction the Krushchev era Brezhnev - from stability to immobility Gorbachev - from reform to disaster. Appendix: a note on growth rates.