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Showing papers on "Empire published in 1995"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cultures of United States Imperialism as discussed by the authors examines the internal process of cultural appropriation and as an external struggle over international power of the United States, and shows how international relations reciprocally shape a dominant imperial culture at home.
Abstract: Cultures of United States Imperialism represents a major paradigm shift that will remap the field of American Studies. Pointing to a glaring blind spot in the basic premises of the study of American culture, leading critics and theorists in cultural studies, history, anthropology, and literature reveal the "denial of empire" at the heart of American Studies. Challenging traditional definitions and periodizations of imperialism, this volume shows how international relations reciprocally shape a dominant imperial culture at home and how imperial relations are enacted and contested within the United States. Drawing on a broad range of interpretive practices, these essays range across American history, from European representations of the New World to the mass media spectacle of the Persian Gulf War. The volume breaks down the boundary between the study of foreign relations and American culture to examine imperialism as an internal process of cultural appropriation and as an external struggle over international power. The contributors explore how the politics of continental and international expansion, conquest, and resistance have shaped the history of American culture just as much as the cultures of those it has dominated. By uncovering the dialectical relationship between American cultures and international relations, this collection demonstrates the necessity of analyzing imperialism as a political or economic process inseparable from the social relations and cultural representations of gender, race, ethnicity, and class at home. Contributors. Lynda Boose, Mary Yoko Brannen, Bill Brown, William Cain, Eric Cheyfitz, Vicente Diaz, Frederick Errington, Kevin Gaines, Deborah Gewertz, Donna Haraway, Susan Jeffords, Myra Jehlen, Amy Kaplan, Eric Lott, Walter Benn Michaels, Donald E. Pease, Vicente Rafael, Michael Rogin, Jose David Saldivar, Richard Slotkin, Doris Sommer, Gauri Viswanathan, Priscilla Wald, Kenneth Warren, Christopher P. Wilson

482 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Empire of Civil Society as discussed by the authors mounts a compelling critique of the orthodox realist theory of international relations and provides a historical-materialist approach to the international system, which is the basis for our work.
Abstract: The Empire of Civil Society mounts a compelling critique of the orthodox realist theory of international relations and provides a historical-materialist approach to the international system.

260 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1995-Phoenix
TL;DR: In this paper, Whittaker examines the Roman frontiers both in terms of what they meant to the Romans and in their military, economic, and social function, and concludes that the very success of the frontiers as permeable border zones sowed the seeds of their eventual destruction.
Abstract: Although the Roman empire was one of the longest lasting in history, it was never ideologically conceived by its rulers or inhabitants as a territory within fixed limits. Yet Roman armies clearly reached certain points - which today we call frontiers - where they simply stopped advancing and annexing new territories. In "Frontiers of the Roman Empire", Whittaker examines the Roman frontiers both in terms of what they meant to the Romans and in their military, economic, and social function. Whittaker begins by discussing the Romans' "ideological vision of geographic space" - demonstrating, for example, how an interest in precise boundaries of organized territories never included a desire to set limits on controls of unorganized space beyond these territories. He then describes the role of frontiers in the expanding empire, including an attempt to answer the question of why the frontiers stopped where they did. He examines the economy and society of the frontiers. Finally, he discusses the pressure hostile outsiders placed on the frontiers, and their eventual collapse. Observing that frontiers are rarely, if ever, static, Whittaker concludes that the very success of the Roman frontiers as permeable border zones sowed the seeds of their eventual destruction. As the frontiers of the late empire ceased to function, the ideological distinctions between Romans and barbarians became blurred. Yet the very permeability of the frontiers, Whittaker contends, also permitted a transformation of Roman society, breathing new life into the empire rather than causing its complete extinction.

256 citations


Book
25 Jul 1995
TL;DR: Cherishing Men from Afar as mentioned in this paper explores the early confrontation between two expansive Eurasian empires from a historical perspective informed by the insights of contemporary postcolonial criticism and cultural studies, and reveals the logics of two discrete imperial formations, animated by differing ideas about constructing relations of sovereignty and power.
Abstract: In the late eighteenth century two expansive Eurasian empires met formally for the first time - the Manchu or Qing dynasty of China and the maritime empire of Great Britain. The occasion was the mission of Lord Macartney, sent by the British crown and sponsored by the East India Company, to the court of the Qianlong emperor. Cherishing Men from Afar looks at the initial confrontation between these two empires from a historical perspective informed by the insights of contemporary postcolonial criticism and cultural studies. The history of this encounter, like that of most colonial and imperial encounters, has traditionally been told from the Europeans' point of view. In this book, James L. Hevia consults Chinese sources - many previously untranslated - for a broader sense of what Qing court officials understood; and considers these documents in light of a sophisticated anthropological understanding of Qing ritual processes and expectations. He also reexamines the more familiar British accounts in the context of recent critiques of orientalism and work on the development of the bourgeois subject. Hevia's reading of these sources reveals the logics of two discrete imperial formations, not so much impaired by the cultural misunderstandings that have historically been attributed to their meeting, but animated by differing ideas about constructing relations of sovereignty and power. His examination of Chinese and English-language scholarly treatments of this event, both historical and contemporary, sheds new light on the place of the Macartney mission in the dynamics of colonial and imperial encounters.

244 citations


BookDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Dzelzainis et al. define the Republicanism of John Milton and the characteristics of a free commonwealth and define the metaphorical contract in Milton's Tenure of Kings and Magistrates.
Abstract: Preface Part 1. Defining Milton's Republicanism: 1. Milton's classical republicanism Martin Dzelzainis 2. Milton and the characteristics of a free commonwealth Thomas N. Corns 3. Great senates and godly education: politics and cultural renewal in some pre- and post-revolutionary texts of Milton Cedric C. Brown Part II. Milton and Republican Literary Strategy: 4. Biblical reference in the political pamphlets of the Levellers and Milton, 1638-1654 Elizabeth Tuttle 5. The metaphorical contract in Milton's Tenure of Kings and Magistrates Victoria Kahn 6. Milton, Satan, Salmasius and Abdiel Roger Lejosne 7. Paradise Lost as a republican 'tractatus theologico-politicus' Armand Himy Part III. Milton and the Republican Experience: 8. Popular republicanism in the 1650s: John Streater's 'heroick mechanicks' Nigel Smith 9. Milton and Marchamont Nedham Blair Worden 10. Milton and the protectorate in 1658 Martin Dzelzainis 11. John Milton: poet against Empire David Armitage Part IV. Milton and the Republican Tradition: 12. The Whig Milton, 1667-1700 Nicholas von Maltzahn 13. Borrowed language: Milton, Jefferson, Mirabeau Tony Davies.

206 citations


Book
01 Nov 1995
TL;DR: Torrid Zone as discussed by the authors is a popular metaphor for the consideration of maternity and sexuality in women's reproductive labor, and it has been used in a variety of cultural practices in England and the empire, including polygamy, infanticide, prostitution, homoeroticism, and arranged marriages.
Abstract: How did the creation of the "Other" woman in English narratives contribute to the displacement of sexuality onto the exotic or savage woman? How did this cultural invention reinforce the cult of domesticity at home? What were the social and economic forces driving the process? Among the first books to consider issues of empire in relation to literary texts of the eighteenth century, Torrid Zones offers a compelling revision of the history of feminism in a postcolonial context. Felicity Nussbaum argues that the need to control women's sexuality in eighteenth-century England intensified as the demands of trade and colonization required an ever-larger, able-bodied population. Describing how women's reproductive labor was harnessed to that task, Nussbaum explores issues such as the production of life, of goods, and of desire. She also considers a variety of cultural practices (usually construed as exotic) in England and the empire, including polygamy, infanticide, prostitution, homoeroticism, and arranged marriages. Torrid Zones includes new readings of significant texts by and about female subjects, including novels by Defoe, Richardson, Johnson, Cleland, Lennox, Sarah Scott, Frances Sheridan, and Phebe Gibbes. It also considers the more broadly defined texts of culture such as travel narratives, medical documents, legal records, and engravings. "I take as a central metaphor for the consideration of maternity and sexuality the concept of torrid zones, both the geographical torrid zones of the territory between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the torrid zone mapped onto the human body, especially the female body. A premise of my study is that the contrasts among the torrid, temperate, and frigid zones of the globe are formative in imagining that a sexualized woman of empire is distinct from domestic English womanhood. The general category of 'woman' muddles the binaries between mother and whore, self and Other, center and periphery."-from the Introduction

181 citations


Book
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The Empire has Collapsed: who lies under the Debris? The Growth of the Russian Diaspore, 1500-1917 Modernization or Grand Design? Russian Movements, 1917-1989 From National Minority to Herrenvolk - and Half Way Back The Baltic States Irredentism and Separatism: Moldova Belarus and Ukraine Former Soviet Central Asia Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan Russia's Diaspora Policy Addressing the diaspora Question as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Empire has Collapsed: who Lies under the Debris? The Growth of the Russian Diaspore, 1500-1917 Modernization or Grand Design? Russian Movements, 1917-1989 From National Minority to Herrenvolk - and Half Way Back The Baltic States Irredentism and Separatism: Moldova Belarus and Ukraine Former Soviet Central Asia Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan Russia's Diaspora Policy Addressing the Diaspora Question.

166 citations


Book
11 Dec 1995
TL;DR: The Spoils of Conquest as mentioned in this paper is a collection of figures and tables from World War II and the post-war period of the United Kingdom of Belgium and Luxembourg, 1914-1918, Germany, 1923-1924, and Japan, 1910-1945.
Abstract: List of Figures and Tables Ch. 2 When Does Conquest Pay? Ch. 3 Nazi-Occupied Western Europe, 1940-1944 Ch. 4 Belgium and Luxembourg, 1914-1918 Ch. 5 The Ruhr-Rhineland, 1923-1924 Ch. 6 The Japanese Empire, 1910-1945 Ch. 7 The Soviet Empire, 1945-1989 Ch. 8 The Spoils of Conquest Notes Works Cited Index

159 citations


Book
08 Jun 1995
TL;DR: The origins of totalitarianism were discussed in this article, with a focus on three countries: Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union in the 1930s, followed by the Cold War in Eastern Europe.
Abstract: Introduction One.: Fascist Origins Two.: A New Kind of State: Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union in the 1930s Three.: Wartime in the English-Speaking World Four.: The Cold War Five.: Brainwashing: Communist China as a Totalitarian State Six.: Searching for the Origins of Totalitarianism Seven.: "Totalitarianism" Among the Sovietologists Eight.: The Cold War in Postwar Europe: France, Italy, and Germany Nine.: The Cold War in Eastern Europe Ten.: The "Evil Empire" Epilogue. The Russians Call Themselves Totalitarian Notes Index

Book
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this article, a dramatic history of the deportation and death of millions of Muslims in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from areas that have remained centres of conflict the Balkans, the Middle East, and what was the Soviet Union is described.
Abstract: This is the dramatic history of the deportation and death of millions of Muslims in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from areas that have remained centres of conflict the Balkans, the Middle East, and what was the Soviet Union -- and shows how these conflicts developed. The history of the expansion of the Russian Empire and the creation of new nations in the Balkans have traditionally been told from the standpoint of the Christian nations that were carved from the Ottoman Empire. 'Death and Exile' tells the story from the standpoint of the Turks and other Muslims who suffered death and exile as a result of imperialism, nationalism, and ethnic conflict. The compelling story that unfolds deepens our perspective on the history of the peoples of the Middle East and the Balkans and presents a framework for understanding modern developments in the region.


Book
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: Shimoni as mentioned in this paper traces the development and ramifications of Zionism from its roots in Europe to its full flowering in the establishment of the State of Israel, and concludes by examining both Zionism's connection with a secular Jewish identity and the nature of the Jewish claim to Eretz Israel.
Abstract: Winner of the Arnold Wiznitzer Prize, Hebrew University. This superb and highly nuanced study traces the development and ramifications of the ideology of Zionism from its roots in Europe to its full flowering in the establishment of the State of Israel. Gideon Shimoni begins by outlining the social origins of Zionism, including its debt to European nationalism and its subsequent emergence in the 1880s, precipitated by the pogroms in the Russian Empire. He then describes the various streams of Zionist thought, and concludes by examining both Zionism's connection with a secular Jewish identity and the nature of the Jewish claim to Eretz Israel. Throughout this comprehensive survey, Shimoni illuminates Zionism's common thread: the underlying axiom that the Jews are a single, distinctive, entity possessing national, not just religious, attributes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Diasporic Imagination: Contested identities and constructed realities as discussed by the authors has been used extensively in the history of the Diaspora, especially in the context of the World Day Parade.
Abstract: Acknowledgments Introduction: The Diasporic Imagination 1. A Sikh Diaspora? Contested Identities and Constructed Realities 2. Bhakti and Postcolonial Politics: Hindu Missions to Fiji 3. Projecting Identities: Empire and Indentured Labor Migration from India to Trinidad and British Guiana, 1836-1885 4. Homeland, Motherland: Authenticity, Legitimacy, and Ideologies of Place among Muslims in Trinidad 5. Hindus in Trinidad and Britain: Ethnic Religion, Reification, and the Politics of Public Space 6. New York City's Muslim World Day Parade 7. Indian Immigrants in Queens, New York City: Patterns of Spatial Concentration and Distribution, 1965-1990 8. Gendering Diaspora: Space, Politics, and South Asian Masculinities in Britain. 197 9. New Cultural Forms and Transnational South Asian Women: Culture, Class, and Consumption among British Asian Women in the Diaspora Contributors Index

Book
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: This paper explored the influence of nationalist ideologies in the overt political agendas of such ethnic associations as the Knights of Zion and the Polish Falcons, as well as in newspapers, vernacular theater, popular religion, poetry, fiction and festivals, both religious and secular.
Abstract: Conventional wisdom would have us believe that every immigrant to the United States became American, by choice and with deliberate speed. Yet, as Special Sorrows shows us, this is simply untrue. In this compelling revisionist study, Matthew Frye Jacobson reveals tenacious attachments to the Old World and explores the significance of homeland politics for Irish, Polish, and Jewish immigrants at the turn of the twentieth century. Drawing on Yiddish, Polish, and English-language sources, Jacobson discovers the influence of nationalist ideologies in the overt political agendas of such ethnic associations as the Knights of Zion and the Polish Falcons, as well as in newspapers, vernacular theater, popular religion, poetry, fiction, and festivals, both religious and secular. In immigrant communities, he finds that nationalism was a powerful component of popular sensibility. A captivating example of Jacobson's thesis is immigrant reaction to American intervention in Cuba. Masculinist/militarist strains of nationalist culture met with the keen impulse to aid a subjugated people. The three national groups, rich with memories of their own subjugation, found an unlikely outlet in the Caribbean. But when the U.S. war for Cuban liberation was followed by a crusade for Philippine subjugation, immigrants faced a dilemma: some condemned the American empire rich in Old World parallels; others dismissed the Filipinos as racial others and embraced the glories of conquest. In effect, the crucible of American imperialism was vital to many immigrants' Americanization, in the sense of passionate participation in national politics, pro or con. This work answers the call of scholars to recover the full experience of these immigrants. It adds to the tapestry of America's turn-of-the-century political culture and restores an essential transnational dimension to questions of ethnic identity and behavior.

MonographDOI
TL;DR: The study of eighteenth century history has been transformed by the writings of John Brewer, and most recently, with The Sinews of Power, he challenged the central concepts of British history as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The study of eighteenth century history has been transformed by the writings of John Brewer, and most recently, with The Sinews of Power, he challenged the central concepts of British history. Brewer argues that the power of the British state increased dramatically when it was forced to pay the costs of war in defence of her growing empire. In An Imperial State at War, edited by Lawrence Stone (himself no stranger to controversy), the leading historians of the eighteenth century put the Brewer thesis under the spotlight. Like the Sinews of Power itself, this is a major advance in the study of Britain's first empire.

Book
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, Attridge discusses Ireland's Dubliners: the exoticized and Orientalised other, the gratefully oppressed, and the general and the sepoy: imperialism and power in the Museyroom.
Abstract: Foreword Derek Attridge Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Catching the conscience of a race Part I. Dubliners: Colonialist Symptomatics: 3. Dubliners: the exoticized and Orientalised other 4. The gratefully oppressed: Joyce's Dubliners 5. Empire and patriarchy in The Dead Part II. Ulysses: Imagining Selves and Nations: 6. Imagining selves 7. Imagining nations 8. Imagining futures: nations, narratives, selves Part III. Finnegan's Wake: 9. White horse, dark horse: Joyce's allhorse of another color 10. The general and the sepoy: imperialism and power in the Museyroom. 11. Conclusion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a chronology of times of plenty, times of pain, and times of war is presented, with a focus on the emancipation of women and women's emancipation.
Abstract: Illustrations Maps and figures Abbreviations Acknowledgements Chronology Preface Part I. Times of Plenty, Times of Pain: 1. Shapes in a land: economy, ritual, and identity 2. People of another house: slavery, mimesis, and the frontier Part II. Colonial Paradoxes: 3. A departure: the will to power 4. The taste of freedom other men eat so sweet: the emancipations 5. The manor on the hill: British settlers in a New South Africa 6. Ambiguous frontiers: religion, trade and misunderstanding 7. Empire and the savages: capitalism, the state, and the image of the African 8. Beasts of prey 9. Of witchcraft, poles and old times that were past: the story continued Part III. Of the Conquerors and the Vanquished: 10. Empire and t he ancestors Notes Bibliography.

Book
20 Sep 1995
TL;DR: For example, Duus as mentioned in this paper argued that Japan's drive for empire was part of a larger goal to become the economic, diplomatic, and strategic equal of the Western countries who had imposed a humiliating treaty settlement on the country in the 1850s, and that two separate but interlinked processes, one political/military and the other economic, propelled Japan's imperialism.
Abstract: What forces were behind Japan's emergence as the first non-Western colonial power at the turn of the twentieth century? Peter Duus brings a new perspective to Meiji expansionism in this pathbreaking study of Japan's acquisition of Korea, the largest of its colonial possessions. He shows how Japan's drive for empire was part of a larger goal to become the economic, diplomatic, and strategic equal of the Western countries who had imposed a humiliating treaty settlement on the country in the 1850s. Duus maintains that two separate but interlinked processes, one political/military and the other economic, propelled Japan's imperialism. Every attempt at increasing Japanese political influence licensed new opportunities for trade, and each new push for Japanese economic interests buttressed, and sometimes justified, further political advances. The sword was the servant of the abacus, the abacus the agent of the sword. While suggesting that Meiji imperialism shared much with the Western colonial expansion that provided both model and context, Duus also argues that it was 'backward imperialism' shaped by a sense of inferiority vis-a-vis the West. Along with his detailed diplomatic and economic history, Duus offers a unique social history that illuminates the motivations and lifestyles of the overseas Japanese of the time, as well as the views that contemporary Japanese had of themselves and their fellow Asians.

MonographDOI
TL;DR: Geifman examines the explosion of terrorist activity that took place in the Russian empire from the years just prior to the turn of the century through 1917, a period when over 17,000 people were killed or wounded by revolutionary extremists as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Anna Geifman examines the explosion of terrorist activity that took place in the Russian empire from the years just prior to the turn of the century through 1917, a period when over 17,000 people were killed or wounded by revolutionary extremists. On the basis of new research, she argues that a multitude of assassination attempts, bombings, ideologically motivated robberies, and incidents of armed assault, kidnapping, extortion, and blackmail for party purposes played a primary role in the revolution of 1905 and early twentieth-century Russian political history in general.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Left and imperialism socialism and empire before 1939 the war years, 1939-1945 the labour governments, 1945-1951 the left outside Parliament,1945-1954 the movement for colonial freedom, 1954-1964 campaigns and schisms as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Left and imperialism socialism and Empire before 1939 the war years, 1939-1945 the labour governments, 1945-1951 the left outside Parliament, 1945-1954 the movement for colonial freedom, 1954-1964 campaigns and schisms, 1954-1964.

Book
18 Jun 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the roots of African culture and political economy in early East Africa are discussed. But the focus is on the early Islamic age of Africa and not the early 19th century.
Abstract: Part 1 The roots of African culture. Part 2 Northern Africa in a wider world. Part 3 Africa north of the forest in the early Islamic age. Part 4 Economy, society, and language in early East Africa. Part 5 Political culture and political economy in early East Africa. Part 6 Africa north of the forest (1500-1880). Part 7 The West African coast in the era of the slave trade. Part 8 Equatorial Africa before the 19th century. Part 9 Southern Africa to 1795. Part 10 Southern Africa 1795-1870. Part 11 North Africa in the shadow of Europe (c. 1780-1880). Part 12 The commercial and religious revolutions in West Africa. Part 13 A century of ironies in East Africa (c. 1780-1890). Part 14 Upstarts and newcomers in equatorial Africa (c. 1815-1875). Part 15 The European conquest. Part 16 The impact of Europe. Part 17 The colonial economy. Part 18 A clash of cultures: African minds in the colonial era. Part 19 Social change in colonial Africa. Part 20 African resistance and the liquidation of European empire.

Book
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a list of illustrations of the golden age and its consequences, including ideas and images, collaboration and conspirators, reform, war and empire, public interest and private profit, and legacy Bibliographic essay.
Abstract: List of illustrations 1. Ideas and images 2. The golden age and its consequences 3. Action in the national interest 4. Collaborators and conspirators 5. Reform 6. War and empire 7. Public interest and private profit 8. The legacy Bibliographic essay.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The history of modem China, in the round, is recounted as a struggle for national reunification and liberation traced through the rise and fall of successive state formations in the imperial, early Republican (1912-27), Nationalist (1928-49) and Communist periods as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The history of modem China, in the round, is recounted as a struggle for national reunification and liberation traced through the rise and fall of successive state formations in the imperial, early Republican (1912-27), Nationalist (1928-49) and Communist periods. What lends continuity to this history from one regime to the next is the motif of a unitary state reconstituting itself from the rubble of a disintegrating empire. Continuity derives as well from an implicit identification of the unitary state with the nation on whose behalf the state is presumed to act: the ideal of the unitary state is linked with the idea of a national people firstly in the story of their common struggle and secondly in the assumption that the one, the state, 'represents' the other, the nation. The nation is presumed to be as continuous as the hoary ideal of the unitary state itself despite the relatively recent vintage of the concept of the nation in China, despite the equally recent genesis of the idea that the state should represent anything at all, and despite the

Book
13 Apr 1995
TL;DR: The authors examines the organization of religion in the Roman empire from Augustus to Constantine, taking as his focus the situation in Carthage, the greatest city of the western provinces, and argues that the traditional religion, predicated on the structure of a city-state, could not serve to integrate individuals into an empire.
Abstract: This book examines the organization of religion in the Roman empire from Augustus to Constantine. Although there have been illuminating particular studies of the relationship between religious activity and socio-political authority in the empire, there has been no large-scale attempt to assess it as a whole. Taking as his focus the situation in Carthage, the greatest city of the western provinces, J.B. Rives argues that the traditional religion, predicated on the structure of a city-state, could not serve to integrate individuals into an empire. In upholding traditional religion, the government abandoned the sort of political control of religious behaviour characteristic of the Roman Republic, and allowed poeple to determine their own religious identities. The importance of Christianity was thus suited to the needs of the increasingly homogeneous Roman empire.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper provided a historical and comparative analysis of post-imperial migrations of ethnic unmixing, examining the post-Soviet migration of ethnic Russians to Russia in the light of the migrations from multinational empire to incipient nation-states.
Abstract: This article provides a historical and comparative analysis of post‐imperial migrations of ethnic unmixing. It examines the post‐Soviet migration of ethnic Russians to Russia in the light of the migrations of other once‐dominant ‘new minorities’ engendered by transitions from multinational empire to incipient nation‐states: Balkan Muslims during and after the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, Hungarians after the collapse of the Habsburg Empire, and Germans after the collapse of the Habsburg Empire and the German Kaiserreich.

Book
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The first book to appear on British intelligence operations based in both India and London, which defended the Indian Empire against subversion during the first two decades of the twentieth century is as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: This is the first book to appear on British intelligence operations based in both India and London, which defended the Indian Empire against subversion during the first two decades of the twentieth century. It is concerned with the threat to the British Raj posed by the Indian revolutionary movement, the resulting development of the imperial intelligence service and the role it played during the First World War.