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Showing papers on "Empirical research published in 2003"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed model integrates trust and perceived risk, which are incorporated given the implicit uncertainty of the e-commerce environment, and is justified by placing all the variables under the nomological TRA structure and proposing their interrelationships.
Abstract: This paper aims to predict consumer acceptance of e-commerce by proposing a set of key drivers for engaging consumers in on-line transactions. The primary constructs for capturing consumer acceptance of e-commerce are intention to transact and on-line transaction behavior. Following the theory of reasoned action (TRA) as applied to a technology-driven environment, technology acceptance model (TAM) variables (perceived usefulness and ease of use) are posited as key drivers of e-commerce acceptance. The practical utility of TAM stems from the fact that e-commerce is technology-driven. The proposed model integrates trust and perceived risk, which are incorporated given the implicit uncertainty of the e-commerce environment. The proposed integration of the hypothesized independent variables is justified by placing all the variables under the nomological TRA structure and proposing their interrelationships. The resulting research model is tested using data from two empirical studies. The first, exploratory study comprises three experiential scenarios with 103 students. The second, confirmatory study uses a sample of 155 on-line consumers. Both studies strongly support the e-commerce acceptance model by validating the proposed hypotheses. The paper discusses the implications for e-commerce theory, research, and practice, and makes several suggestions for future research.

4,639 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes conceptual approaches to mind-fulness and empirical research on the utility of mindfulness-based interventions, and suggests that these interventions may be helpful in the treatment of several disorders.
Abstract: Interventions based on training in mindfulness skills are becoming increasingly popular. Mindfulness involves intentionally bringing one's attention to the internal and external experiences occurring in the present moment, and is often taught through a variety of meditation exercises. This review summarizes conceptual approaches to mind-fulness and empirical research on the utility of mindfulness-based interventions. Meta-analytic techniques were incorporated to facilitate quantification of findings and comparison across studies. Although the current empirical literature includes many methodological flaws, findings suggest that mindfulness-based interventions may be helpful in the treatment of several disorders. Methodologically sound investigations are recommended in order to clarify the utility of these interventions.

4,204 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that TAM is a useful model, but has to be integrated into a broader one which would include variables related to both human and social change processes, and to the adoption of the innovation model.

3,861 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of the opportunity identification process is proposed, which identifies entrepreneur's personality traits, social networks, and prior knowledge as antecedents of entrepreneurial alertness to business opportunities.

2,481 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A research model that interconnects knowledge management factors and focuses on knowledge creation processes such as socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization to establish credibility between knowledge creation and performance is developed.
Abstract: Knowledge is recognized as an important weapon for sustaining competitive advantage and many companies are beginning to manage organizational knowledge Researchers have investigated knowledge management factors such as enablers, processes, and performance However, most current empirical research has explored the relationships between these factors in isolation To fill this gap, this paper develops a research model that interconnects knowledge management factors The model includes seven enablers: collaboration, trust, learning, centralization, formalization, T-shaped skills, and information technology support The emphasis is on knowledge creation processes such as socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization To establish credibility between knowledge creation and performance, organizational creativity is incorporated into the model Surveys collected from 58 firms were analyzed to test the model The results confirmed the impact of trust on knowledge creation The information technology support had a positive impact on knowledge combination only Organizational creativity was found to be critical for improving performance; neglecting ideas can undermine a business The results may be used as a stepping stone for further empirical research and can help formulate robust strategies that involve trade-offs between knowledge management enablers

2,036 citations


01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: These “Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists” reflect knowledge and skills needed for the profession in the midst of dramatic historic sociopolitical changes in U.S. society, as well as needs of new constituencies, markets, and clients.
Abstract: Preface All individuals exist in social, political, historical, and economic contexts, and psychologists are increasingly called upon to understand the influence of these contexts on individuals’ behavior. The “Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists” reflect the continuing evolution of the study of psychology, changes in society at large, and emerging data about the different needs of particular individuals and groups historically marginalized or disenfranchised within and by psychology based on their ethnic/racial heritage and social group identity or membership. These “Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists” reflect knowledge and skills needed for the profession in the midst of dramatic historic sociopolitical changes in U.S. society, as well as needs of new constituencies, markets, and clients. The specific goals of these guidelines are to provide psychologists with (a) the rationale and needs for addressing multiculturalism and diversity in education, training, research, practice, and organizational change; (b) basic information, relevant terminology, current empirical research from psychology and related disciplines, and other data that support the proposed guidelines and underscore their importance; (c) references to enhance ongoing education, training, research, practice, and organizational change methodologies; and (d) paradigms that broaden the purview of psychology as a profession.

1,711 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, a distinguished group of experts pinpoint and rigorously analyse central topics in international business research, focusing on a new dynamic research agenda, for theory, for empirical research and for public policy.
Abstract: In this seminal book, a distinguished group of experts pinpoint and rigorously analyse central topics in international business research. This volume will become a major reference tool for understanding the economics of multinational enterprise. The emphasis throughout is on a new dynamic research agenda, for theory, for empirical research and for public policy.

1,623 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An extension of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to explain the individual acceptance and usage of websites is empirically investigated and a new construct, "perceived visual attractiveness" of the website is introduced and demonstrates that it influences usefulness, enjoyment, and ease-of-use.

1,275 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present readily implementable econometric methods to correct for endogeneity and, when feasible, provide STATA code to ease implementation, and discuss extensions and nuances of these models that are sometimes difficult to decipher in more standard treatments.
Abstract: The field of strategic management is predicated fundamentally on the idea that managements' decisions are endogenous to their expected performance implications. Yet, based on a review of more than a decade of empirical research in the Strategic Management Journal, we find that few papers econometrically correct for such endogeneity. In response, we now describe the endogeneity problem for cross-sectional and panel data, referring specifically to management's choice among discrete strategies with continuous performance outcomes. We then present readily implementable econometric methods to correct for endogeneity and, when feasible, provide STATA code to ease implementation. We also discuss extensions and nuances of these models that are sometimes difficult to decipher in more standard treatments. These extensions are not typically discussed in the strategy literature, but they are, in fact, highly pertinent to empirical strategic management research.

1,168 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The definitions of trust are analyzed, the relevant dimensions of trust for an on-line context are identified, and a definition of trust between people and informational or transactional websites is presented.
Abstract: Trust is emerging as a key element of success in the on-line environment. Although considerable research on trust in the offline world has been performed, to date empirical study of on-line trust has been limited. This paper examines on-line trust, specifically trust between people and informational or transactional websites. It begins by analysing the definitions of trust in previous offline and on-line research. The relevant dimensions of trust for an on-line context are identified, and a definition of trust between people and informational or transactional websites is presented. We then turn to an examination of the causes of on-line trust. Relevant findings in the human-computer interaction literature are identified. A model of on-line trust between users and websites is presented. The model identifies three perceptual factors that impact on-line trust: perception of credibility, ease of use and risk. The model is discussed in detail and suggestions for future applications of the model are presented.

1,151 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors make a rigorous empirical examination of the relationship between workplace spirituality and five prevalent employee job attitudinal variables and conclude that each of the three dimensions of spirituality used has a significant relationship with two or more of the five job attitude variables examined.
Abstract: One important question in the field of workplace spirituality concerns the relationship of this construct with employee work attitudes. This study attempts to make a rigorous empirical examination of the relationship between workplace spirituality and five prevalent employee job attitudinal variables. It assesses the validity and reliability of the measures used and discusses the results of the analysis, which indicate that each of the three dimensions of spirituality used has a significant relationship with two or more of the five job attitude variables examined. While acknowledging that spirituality at work is an abstract concept, this study attempts to provide some of the first empirical support that there is a positive association between spirituality at work and employee job outcomes. The paper concludes with a number of implications and research directions for both academics and business managers, including the need to investigate the comprehensive impact of spirituality at work on individuals and organizations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Five questions--What should be transferred to decision makers? To whom should it be transferred? By whom? How? With what effect?--provide an organizing framework for a knowledge transfer strategy.
Abstract: Applied r esearch o rganizations i nvest a great deal of time, and research funders invest a great deal of money generating and (one hopes) transferring research knowledge that could inform decisions about health and health care. Basing these knowledge-transfer activities on our evolving understanding of the most effective approaches to knowledge transfer will help us achieve value for money in our individual and collective investments in health services and health policy research. Research organizations and research funders can probably be excused for not basing their activities on research evidence until now, however, because the variety of relevant questions, target audiences, and disciplinary perspectives and methodological approaches used in empirical studies has made the identification of take-home messages from this field of research a very difficult task. We provide an organizing framework for a knowledge-transfer strategy and an overview of our understanding of the current knowledge for each of the five elements of the framework. The framework provides an overall approach to knowledge transfer that can be evaluated as a whole over long periods of time, as well as specific elements that can be evaluated and fine-tuned over shorter periods of time. We also illustrate how opportunities for improving how research organizations transfer research

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, international trends and differences in subjective well-being over the final five decades of the twentieth century are discussed. But the main innovation of this paper lies in its use of large international samples of individual respondents, thus permitting the simultaneous identification of individual-level and societal-level determinants of wellbeing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that beliefs about technology use can be influenced by top management commitment to new technology and the individual factors of personal innovativeness and self-efficacy and the context of a contemporary technology targeted at autonomous knowledge workers.
Abstract: Individual beliefs about technology use have been shown to have a profound impact on subsequent behaviors toward information technology (IT). This research note builds upon and extends prior research examining factors that influence key individual beliefs about technology use. It is argued that individuals form beliefs about their use of information technologies within a broad milieu of influences emanating from the individual, institutional, and social contexts in which they interact with IT. We examine the simultaneous effects of these three sets of influences on beliefs about usefulness and ease of use in the context of a contemporary technology targeted at autonomous knowledge workers. Our findings suggest that beliefs about technology use can be influenced by top management commitment to new technology and the individual factors of personal innovativeness and self-efficacy. Surprisingly, social influences from multiple sources exhibited no significant effects. Theoretical and practical implications are offered.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview of empirical models of strategic interaction among governments and discuss how the empirical frameworks fit into two broad categories: spillover models and resource-flow models.
Abstract: This article provides an overview of empirical models of strategic interaction among governments. To clarify the theoretical roots of such studies, the discussion shows how the empirical frameworks fit into two broad categories: spillover models and resource-flow models. Both types of models generate jurisdictional reaction functions, and the empirical task is to estimate such functions. When the estimated reaction-function slope is nonzero, the presence of strategic interaction is confirmed. The second part of the article reviews three econometric issues relevant to this estimation problem.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe four objective measures of ideation effectiveness, and the theoretical basis of each is discussed and procedures for application of each are outlined and illustrated with case studies.

Journal ArticleDOI
22 Sep 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that, properly implemented and interpreted, both growth accounts and growth regressions are valuable tools, which can improve and have improved our understanding of growth experiences across countries.
Abstract: THE PAST DECADE HAS seen an explosion of empirical research on economic growth and its determinants, yet many of the central issues of interest remain unresolved. For instance, no consensus has emerged about the relative contributions of capital accumulation and improvements in total factor productivity in accounting for differences in growth across countries and time. Nor is there agreement about the role of increased education or the importance of economic policy. Indeed, results from the many studies on a given issue frequently reach opposite conclusions. And two of the main empirical approaches--growth accounting and growth regressions--have themselves come under attack, with some researchers going so far as to label them as irrelevant to policymaking. In this paper we argue that, properly implemented and interpreted, both growth accounts and growth regressions are valuable tools, which can improve--and have improved--our understanding of growth experiences across countries. We also show that careful attention to issues of measurement and consistency goes a long way in explaining the apparent contradictions among findings in the literature. Our analysis combines growth accounts and growth regressions with a focus on measurement and procedural consistency to address the issues raised. The growth accounts are constructed for eighty-four countries that together represent 95 percent of gross world product and 84 percent of world population, over a period of forty years from 1960 to 2000. Appendix A lists the countries in the sample by region. (1) This large data set also enables us to compare growth experiences across two twenty-year time periods: 1960-80 and 1980-2000. Understanding the characteristics and determinants of economic growth requires an empirical framework that can be applied to large groups of countries over a relatively long period. Growth accounts and growth regressions provide such frameworks in a way that is particularly informative because the two approaches can be used in concert, enabling researchers to explore the channels (factor accumulation versus increased factor productivity) through which various determinants influence growth. Although the information thus provided is perhaps best considered descriptive, it can generate important insights that complement those gained from in-depth case studies of selected countries, or from estimation of carefully specified econometric models designed to test specific hypotheses. Growth accounts provide a means of allocating observed output growth between the contributions of changes in factor inputs and a residual, total factor productivity (TFP), which measures a combination of changes in efficiency in the use of those inputs and changes in technology. These accounts are used extensively within the industrial countries to evaluate the sources of change in productivity growth, the role of information technology, and differences in the experience of individual countries. (2) In his recent, comprehensive assessment, Charles Hulten aptly describes the approach as "a simple and internally consistent intellectual framework for organizing data.... For all its flaws, real and imagined, many researchers have used it to gain valuable insights into the process of economic growth." (3) Despite its extensive use within the industrial countries, growth accounting has done surprisingly little to resolve some of the most fundamental issues under debate in the development literature. For example, the major objective of growth accounting is to distinguish the contribution of increased capital per worker from that of improvements in factor productivity. Yet one can observe widely divergent views on this issue, with some researchers claiming that capital accumulation is an unimportant part of the growth process and others that it is the fundamental determinant of growth. Criticism of growth accounting has been concentrated in three areas. …

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of definitions and classifications of types of risk in supply networks is provided, and a tool is provided and its testing and development in four case studies in the electronics sector is described.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A set of trust constructs is proposed that reflects, both institutional phenomena (system trust) and personal and interpersonal forms of trust (dispositional trust, trusting beliefs, trusting intentions and trust-related behaviours), thus facilitating a multi-level and multi-dimensional analysis of research problems related to trust in e-commerce.
Abstract: Lack of trust is one of the most frequently cited reasons for consumers not purchasing from Internet vendors. During the last four years a number of empirical studies have investigated the role of trust in the specific context of e-commerce, focusing on different aspects of this multi-dimensional construct. However, empirical research in this area is beset by conflicting conceptualizations of the trust construct, inadequate understanding of the relationships between trust, its antecedents and consequents, and the frequent use of trust scales that are neither theoretically derived nor rigorously validated. The major objective of this paper is to provide an integrative review of the empirical literature on trust in e-commerce in order to allow cumulative analysis of results. The interpretation and comparison of different empirical studies on on-line trust first requires conceptual clarification. A set of trust constructs is proposed that reflects, both institutional phenomena (system trust) and personal and interpersonal forms of trust (dispositional trust, trusting beliefs, trusting intentions and trust-related behaviours), thus facilitating a multi-level and multi-dimensional analysis of research problems related to trust in e-commerce.

Book
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: This paper discusses Quantitative and Qualitative Research from Theory to Empirical Research, Participant Observation, and the Use of Documents.
Abstract: Introduction PART ONE: THE LOGIC OF SOCIAL RESEARCH Paradigms of Social Research Quantitative and Qualitative Research PART TWO: QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES From Theory to Empirical Research Causality and Experimentation The Survey Scaling Official Statistics Sampling PART THREE: QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES Participant Observation The Qualitative Interview The Use of Documents

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors generalize the efficacy of seven HRM practices proposed by Pfeffer in the context of country and industry, focusing primarily on the effects of these practices on operations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the literature on environmental valuation of ecosystem services across the range of global biomes can be found in this article, where the main objective is to assess the policy relevance of the information encompassed by the wide range of valuation studies that have been undertaken so far.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that the sample size, data source, and industry in which the study is conducted influence the likelihood of the study finding greater improvements on firm performance, and the choice of the dependent variable appears to influence the outcome.
Abstract: Payoffs from information technology (IT) continue to generate interest and debate both among academicians and practitioners. The extant literature cites inadequate sample size, lack of process orientation, and analysis methods among the reasons some studies have shown mixed results in establishing a relationship between IT investment and firm performance.In this paper we examine the structural variables that affect IT payoff through a meta analysis of 66 firm-level empirical studies between 1990 and 2000. Employing logistic regression and discriminant analyses, we present statistical evidence of the characteristics that discriminate between IT payoff studies that observed a positive effect and those that did not. In addition, we conduct ordinary least squares (OLS) regression on a continuous measure of IT payoff to examine the influence of structural variables on the result of IT payoff studies.The results indicate that the sample size, data source (firm-level or secondary), and industry in which the study is conducted influence the likelihood of the study finding greater improvements on firm performance. The choice of the dependent variable(s) also appears to influence the outcome (although we did not find support for process-oriented measurement), the type of statistical analysis conducted, and whether the study adopted a cross-sectional or longitudinal design. Finally, we present implications of the findings and recommendations for future research.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the way in which empirical evidence is developed in support of a role for social capital in socioeconomic outcomes and present a general set of conditions under which social capital effects may be identified in linear models.
Abstract: This paper critically examines the way in which empirical evidence is developed in support of a role for social capital in socioeconomic outcomes. Three leading studies of social capital are reviewed and in each case argued to suffer from various identification problems. A general set of conditions under which social capital effects may be identified in linear models is given. Careful attention to these conditions combined with greater openmindedness as to what constitutes appropriate evidence seems the best route to improving empirical studies of social capital.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The contribution that peers have in adolescents' use of tobacco, in some cases promoting use, and in other cases deterring it is revealed and it is suggested that peer influences on smoking are more subtle than commonly thought and need to be examined more carefully.
Abstract: There is a considerable body of empirical research that has identified adolescent peer relationships as a primary factor involved in adolescent cigarette smoking. Despite this large research base, many questions remain unanswered about the mechanisms by which peers affect youths’ smoking behavior. Understanding these processes of influence is key to the development of prevention and intervention programs designed to address adolescent smoking as a significant public health concern. In this paper, theoretical frameworks and empirical findings are reviewed critically which inform the current state of knowledge regarding peer influences on teenage smoking. Specifically, social learning theory, primary socialization theory, social identity theory and social network theory are discussed. Empirical findings regarding peer influence and selection, as well as multiple reference points in adolescent friendships, including best friendships, romantic relationships, peer groups and social crowds, are also reviewed. Review of this work reveals the contribution that peers have in adolescents’ use of tobacco, in some cases promoting use, and in other cases deterring it. This review also suggests that peer influences on smoking are more subtle than commonly thought and need to be examined more carefully, including consideration of larger social contexts, e.g. the family, neighborhood, and media. Recommendations for future investigations are made, as well as suggestions for specific methodological approaches that offer promise for advancing our knowledge of the contribution of peers on adolescent tobacco use.

Book ChapterDOI
02 Oct 2003
TL;DR: A review and critical appraisal of these empirical studies can be found in this paper, where the authors discuss the major theoretical frameworks that have served as conceptual foundations for empirical studies and discuss implications of this body of work for human resource management.
Abstract: The examination of contextual factors that enhance or stifle employees’ creative performance is a new but rapidly growing research area. Theory and research in this area have focused on antecedents of employee creativity. In this paper, we review and discuss the major theoretical frameworks that have served as conceptual foundations for empirical studies. We then provide a review and critical appraisal of these empirical studies. Based on this review, we propose exciting possibilities for future research directions. Finally, we discuss implications of this body of work for human resource management.

Journal ArticleDOI
Byounggu Choi1, Heeseok Lee1
TL;DR: It was found that KM methods can be categorized into four styles: dynamic, system-, human-oriented, and passive; the emphasis of the dynamic style is on both knowledge reusability through information technologies and knowledge sharing through informal discussions among employees, which results in higher performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between total quality management (TQM) and innovation performance and compared the nature of this relationship against quality performance and found significant causal relationships between QM and innovation.
Abstract: This empirical study examines the relationship between total quality management (TQM) and innovation performance and compares the nature of this relationship against quality performance. The empirical data were obtained from a survey of 194 managers in Australian industry encompassing both manufacturing and non‐manufacturing sectors. The structural equation modeling technique was used to examine the relationships between TQM and quality performance as well as innovation performance, simultaneously. The findings suggest that TQM significantly and positively relates to both product quality and product innovation performance although it appears that the magnitude of the relationship is greater against product quality. In addition, significant causal relationships between quality performance and innovation performance were found, suggesting that achievement of one aspect of performance could impact the other.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the nature and prevalence of sexual content both on TV and in magazines, and concluded that frequent and involved exposure to sexually oriented genres such as soap operas and music videos is associated with greater acceptance of stereotypical and casual attitudes about sex, with higher expectations about the prevalence ofsexual activity and of certain sexual outcomes, and, even occasionally, with greater levels of sexual experience.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors provide a summary graphic representation (maps) of the theory-consistent evidence about the causes and effects of management accounting, as presented in 275 articles published in six leading journals.
Abstract: This paper provides a summary graphic representation (maps) of the theory-consistent evidence about the causes and effects of management accounting, as presented in 275 articles published in six leading journals. The maps highlight connections and disconnects in the diverse streams of management accounting literature, in terms of what has been researched, the direction and shape of the explanatory links proposed, and the levels of analysis. Some of these connections and disconnects seem likely to be artifacts of the historical development of management accounting research, while others are more consistent with the natural links around and within management accounting. Based on criteria from social-science research, we offer 17 guidelines to help future research capture natural connections, avoid artifactual connections, and develop a more complete and valid map of the causes and effects of management accounting.