Showing papers on "Empowerment published in 1986"
••
TL;DR: Cummins as discussed by the authors presents a theoretical framework for analyzing minority students' school failure and the relative lack of success of previous attempts at educational reform, such as compensatory education and bilingual education.
Abstract: Jim Cummins presents a theoretical framework for analyzing minority students' school failure and the relative lack of success of previous attempts at educational reform, such as compensatory education and bilingual education. The author suggests that these attempts have been unsuccessful because they have not altered significantly the relationships between educators and minority students and between schools and minority communities. He offers ways in which educators can change these relationships, thereby promoting the empowerment of students which can lead them to succeed in school.
1,628 citations
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the themes of empowerment and goodness in schools are discussed, and a new image of organizations and leadership is proposed, which is based on the Goodness in Schools theme.
Abstract: (1986). On Goodness in Schools: Themes of Empowerment. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 63, New images of organizations and leadership, pp. 9-28.
159 citations
•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a policy model for political advocacy based on the professional code of ethics and the Social Work values versus politics, which they call the Professional Code of Ethics (PCE).
Abstract: 1. All Social Work is Political 2. Social Work Values versus Politics The Professional Code of Ethics Primary Principles: Social Justice and Empowerment Specialization versus Systemic Solutions Self-Determination versus Compromise Emotional Neutrality versus Client Self-Interest Impartiality versus Partisan Politics Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 3. The Emergence of a Social Work Polity The Reform Period The New Deal and Beyond The War on Poverty Social Action Models Federalism The New Federalism The 1990s The George "Dubya" Bush Era Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 4. The Debate Some Perspectives When Karen Met Harry: Unfaithful Angels Disputed Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 5. Policy Models for Political Advocacy Models Defined Institutional Model Process Model Group Theory Model Elite Theory Model Rational Model Incremental Model A Proactive Approach to Policy Development Policy Analysis Policy Evaluation Effort Quality Effectiveness Efficiency Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 6. The Practitioner's Influence on Policy Information Disseminiation Documentation Testimony Expert Witness Written Communication Client Empowerment Enabler/Advocate Role Evaluator/Consultant Role Voter Registration Hatch Act The Executive's Role in Influencing Policy Influencing Policy: An Illustration Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 7. Influence Through Lobbying Social Work Skills in the Political Process The Political Process The Politician The Informal Political Process Lobbying Groundwork Goal Setting Strategy Setting Lobbying Methods Letter Writing Telephoning Face-to-Face Lobbying Testifying Lobbying and Nonprofits Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 8. Tools to Influence and Organize Others Ten Phases of a Social Movement Strategy Coalition Building Technology Gimmicks Using the Media Newspapers Radio Television Examples of Organizing Others Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 9. Monitoring the Bureaucracy Promulgating the Rules Rule Implementation and Agency Compliance Budget Allocations Administrative Changes or Executive Orders Social Work Skills Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 10. Political Action Committees Why is a PAC Organized? Process of Selection Candidate Endorsements Targeting Fallout Idealism versus Winning Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 11. The Campaign Components of the Campaign Time Money People Campaign Management The Campaign Manager: Who Really Runs the Campaign? Voter Contact Targeting Issues Social Workers and Campaigns What to Expect When Volunteering How to Volunteer for a Campaign Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 12. Social Workers as Politicians Respondent Characteristics Deciding to Run Building a Constituent Base Campaigning Realities of Office Recommendations Conclusion Assignments Suggested Readings References 13. Jump In Where to Start Just Do It Do It Early People Influence People You Can Make a Difference Advocacy is Not for Wimps Speak Out Just Say No Conclusion Assignments Suggested Reading References Glossary of Legislative Terms Web Sites Index
156 citations
•
01 Dec 1986
57 citations
••
TL;DR: Yonemura as mentioned in this paper explores three ways in which she works to empower students in teacher training: through the invention of curriculum, through ongoing peer relations, and through child study.
Abstract: Margaret Yonemura discusses the development of her concept of empowerment and its current expression in a teacher education program. The author has been influenced by the Malting House School and its Deweyan focus on the whole child actively generating knowledge out of daily experiences, guided by a teacher who helps connect it with the disciplines. She explores three ways in which she works to empower students in teacher training: through the invention of curriculum, through ongoing peer relations, and through child study. The author joins Jean Piaget, Paulo Freire, and others in suggesting that humans beings can and must shift educational perspectives in the direction of emancipation.
29 citations
••
TL;DR: McMillan and Chavis as discussed by the authors used a case study of a neighborhood crimewatch program to illustrate the interactive recreation of community from the fragmentation and alienation of contemporary urban life, and found that community re-creation increases empowerment, social control, and sense of community.
Abstract: A case study of a neighborhood crimewatch illustrates the interactive recreation of community from the fragmentation and alienation of contemporary urban life. Organizing an intensive walking watch program in response to a serious neighborhood crime-wave in Cambridge, Massachusetts emphasized a “working it out” strategy that attempted to reconcile and draw from the different approaches and talents of oldtimer working-class and newcomer middle-class residents. Empowerment ultimately expanded into municipal and ward politics, disarmament, and civilian review board programs. A participant-observation, intersubjective methodology, as part of the organizing, provided a validational context for observation, interview and drawing community and organizing histories. The results suggested that community re-creation increases empowerment, social control, and sense of community (McMillan & Chavis, 1986) and develops a complementary mix of social problems and opportunity reduction approaches. Citizen participation and control and an active role for the community psychologist are recommended to facilitate democracy and empowerment in fragmented communities.
28 citations
•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, Bruyn described the approach of the p a r t i c i p a n t observer as polar opposi tes in socia l r r e ing a s e a r e r e a t a r c c i n t i o n s in a social environment he is studying.
Abstract: There is another sc ien t i f i c d ispos i t ion t h a t holds t h a t man is a complex emotional subject inf luenced by the qua l i t y of soc ia l r e l a t ionsh ips . Only from a l iv ing r e l a t i o n s h i p with the human subject can the socia l s c i e n t i s t obta in a t r u e understanding of soc ia l r e a l i t y . In sociological theory i t i s t h e p a r t i c i p a n t observer who sees as his r o l e the submergence and measured p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the social environment he is studying. He focuses on the qua l i t y of his observat ions and a t t e m p t s t o descr ibe them in d e t a i l . P a r t i c i p a n t observat ion is a form of study best known from William Whyte s book S t r e e t Corner Society (138). Bruyn sees the t r a d i t i o n a l approach and the approach of the p a r t i c i p a n t observer as polar opposi tes in soc ia l r e s e a r c h . He emphasizes t h e d i f f e rences by c o n t r a s t i n g the two d ivergent methodologies a t six leve ls : a. The angle of e n t r y , which r e f e r s t o t h e o u t e r or inner perspec t ive of t h e study; b. The mode of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , being e i t h e r in o p e r a t i o n a l terms or in concre te terms; с The mode of conception, being e i t h e r f o r m a l i z i n g or s e n s i t i z i n g ; d. The mode of d e s c r i p t i o n , being e i t h e r analyzing or s y n t h e t i z i n g ; e. The mode of explanat ion, being e i t h e r c a u s a l or t e l l e ; f. The t y p e of models used, being e i t h e r d e t e r m i n i s t i c or v o l u n t a r i s t i c (139). As Bruyn p o i n t s o u t , in a c t u a l p r a c t i c e s o c i a l r e s e a r c h combines elements of t h e two extreme a b s t r a c t i o n s in a v a r i e t y of ways. R e a l i t y does not f i t in any one of t h e e x t r e m e s . But f o r a b e t t e r understanding of r e a l i t y i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o know i t s polar p e r s p e c t i v e s (140). In t h e fol lowing s u b s e c t i o n s Bruyn s "polar o r i e n t a t i o n s " in s o c i a l r e s e a r c h wil l be e l a b o r a t e d on.
21 citations
••
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore how self-help and mutual-aid concepts are exemplified by the existence of an expanding self-helping movement, which can create appropriate conditions for the actualization of people empowerment.
Abstract: People empowerment has been linked to the processes of social development in developing societies as well as to more technologically advanced societies. This article explores how self-help and mutual-aid concepts are exemplified by the existence of an expanding self-help movement. The activities of self-help organiza tions can create appropriate conditions for the actualization of people empower ment Thus they have important consequences for the realization of developmental objectives, i.e., on an individual, group, institutional and community level.
01 Feb 1986
••
TL;DR: In this article, power, powerlessness, and empowerment are defined as "power, powerlessness, and powerlessness" and "powerlessness and power" in a religious education curriculum.
Abstract: (1986). POWER, POWERLESSNESS AND EMPOWERMENT. Religious Education: Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 412-423.
•
••
••
TL;DR: The outsider's view is "overwhelmingly instrumental" as mentioned in this paper, while the insiders' view is focused on the possibilities of discovery and of validation, which is the opposite of the outsider's viewpoint.
Abstract: Writing about public understanding of science, John Ziman has identified an important difference in viewpoint between ’insiders’ and ’outsiders.’ For practitioners of science, those engaged in ’making knowledge,’ and working on science from the inside, the emphasis is predominantly ’on the possibilities of discovery and of validation.’ In contrast, the outsider’s view is ’overwhelmingly instrumental.’ Science is of interest to non-scientists primarily becuase of its potential for use.
•
TL;DR: This paper argued that prisoners are one part of a large group of citizens who suffer from uneven development in the cognitive and moral realms due to biographical and structural factors, and education infused with a critical humanist appreciation of values issues is proposed as an antidote to the effects of this uneven development and a source of new personal empowerment.
Abstract: A case exists for there being a moral dimension to prison education and a case against moral education programs in prison. The argument is made that prisoners are one part of a large group of citizens who suffer from uneven development in the cognitive and moral realms due to biographical and structural factors.Education infused with a critical humanist appreciation of values issues is proposed as an antidote to the effects of this uneven development and a source of new personal empowerment.
••
TL;DR: In this article, a small group of learning disabled high school students around the computer once a week over a period of four months was investigated to investigate uses of the computer which promote social skills and esteem, and the most positive results occurred when the students were given a chance to share their computer skills with other students through tutoring program.
Abstract: To investigate uses of the computer which promote social skills and esteem, the first author met with a small group of learning disabled high school students around the computer once a week over a period of four months. Most computer work was in the LOGO computer language, which was chosen because of its ability to interest the students. Initially it was assumed that by modeling socially supportive behavior at the computer, the experimenter could help foster its development in the students. A number of testing measures, both objective and subjective, were used to provide a composite picture of the development of supportive skills and esteem. In the final analysis, the most positive results occurred when the students were given a chance to share their computer skills with other students through a tutoring program.
•
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that true equality before the law has been attained in Canada to only a very limited extent, and they explore two conceptually distinct avenues towards legal aid: a "juridical rights" approach attempts to transfer the rights of paying clients to recipients of legal aid; the legal aid certificate, presented as an example, is seen as essentially irrelevant in meeting real legal needs of the poor.
Abstract: This paper argues that true equality before the law has been attained in Canada to only a very limited extent. It explores two conceptually distinct avenues towards legal aid. A “juridical rights” approach attempts to transfer the rights of paying clients to recipients of legal aid, producing formal equality of access to the law; the legal aid certificate, presented as an example, is seen as essentially irrelevant in meeting real legal needs of the poor. A “welfare rights” approach, by contrast, stresses equality of outcome and benefits, dealing with legal problems of the poor on a more structural basis, at least in principle. Though only a small portion of Canada’s legal aid program, a “welfare rights” approach may offer the greatest promise of effective legal services for the poor, particularly when resources are tight.
•
TL;DR: The level of power vested in nurses within the health care delivery system can be increased through clinical leadership and through demonstration of the full professional role of nursing.
Abstract: Achievement of all aspects of the professional role is necessary in order for nursing faculty to attain and maintain collegial status with other health disciplines as well as credibility within the nursing profession. Practice can contribute to scholarship and, thus, provides a vehicle for achieving the goals of academia and promotion and tenure within the university system. Role fragmentation and work overload result when faculty attempt to address each function, separately, within the different social and bureaucratic structures of the university and the health care delivery system.
Goals of Faculty Practice
Faculty practice may be defined as the participation of nurse-faculty in activities related to client care. The goals of faculty practice are: to improve the quality of patient care and student learning; to promote professional development of nursing faculty and clinical staff; and to facilitate communication and co-operation between nursing service and education. Faculty practice provides a means of facilitating the development of clinical nursing research and the development and utilization of nursing knowledge. Fagin (1986) states that a further, often unstated goal of faculty practice is the empowerment of practising nurses and the nursing profession (p. 143). The level of power vested in nurses within the health care delivery system can be increased through clinical leadership and through demonstration of the full professional role of nursing.
••
TL;DR: Although there is great variation in the detail of how different cancer self help groups are set up, the common thread is the desire to improve the lot of people affected by cancer.
Abstract: Although there is great variation in the detail of how different cancer self help groups are set up, the common thread is the desire to improve the lot of people affected by cancer. We see the broad underlying aims as being to provide opportunities for support, participation, learning, and empowerment. There are two categories of groups, whose different aims are as follows. Firstly, there are groups concerned with the individual's emotional and practical wellbeing?whether he or she is the person with cancer or the relative or friend of someone who has or has had cancer. These groups aim at being undogmatic and at extending acceptance to people regardless of the particular ways in which they are dealing with their problems. They also offer people a chance to air questions, doubts, and fears that they are facing, as well as to talk about their feelings and experiences. They aim at helping them to come to terms with what is happening; to respond to what the people are asking for in terms of information about sources of practical help; to build up people's confidence to ask their doctor the questions they have on their minds; or simply to provide an opportunity to talk about topics that people they know in their everyday Ufe may prefer to avoid. The second category comprises those groups that wish to inform people about a range of approaches that either may enhance their quality of fife or are believed to have a capacity for affecting the cancer itself. These groups teach people to help themselves through things such as relaxation, visualisation, and nutrition. There are also groups providing a range of activities incorporating parts of both of these categories.
•
•
TL;DR: Current campaigns for diarrheal disease control and family planning from the perspective of the social and educational status of women in Turkey are discussed, suggesting that the way women cope with their infants and with fertility control is directly related to their status.
Abstract: This article discusses current campaigns for diarrheal disease control and family planning from the perspective of the social and educational status of women in Turkey. Survey data indicate that infant mortality is highest in regions with highest illiteracy rates; similarly acceptance of family planning in 1 region was 79% among literate women but only 24% among illiterate women. These findings suggest that the way women cope with their infants and with fertility control is directly related to their status. Mothers require education in these areas and support. Particularly effective is a self-help approach that relies on the unofficial or traditional sector of society including the indigenous female lay care network. The traditional birth attendant is often a key person in this network. In a pilot project in Turkey trained midwives taught birth attendants the basic principles of diarrheal disease control and family planning. The selected women then educated the other women of the village through the usual means of communication of the female network. The project found marked improvement in knowledge and practice in diarrheal disease control and family planning and a sense of empowerment among village women. Thus it is recommended that both social marketing and self-help methods be used in Turkeys primary health care campaigns.