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Showing papers on "Empowerment published in 1989"


Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In fact, if se le puede enseñar a niño a detectar el racismo y el sexismo en un libro, el niño pudo proceder a transferir la percepción a áreas más amplias.
Abstract: Tanto en la escuela como fuera, los niños están expuestos a actitudes de racismo y sexismo. Estas actitudes—expresadas vez trás vez en libros y otros medios—gradualmente tergiversan las percepciones hasta que los estereotipos y los mitos acerca de las minorias y las mujeres son aceptados como una realidad. Es difícil para una bibliotecaria o para un maestro tratar de convencer a los niños que cuestionen las actitudes de la sociedad. Pero si se le puede enseñar a un niño a detectar el racismo y el sexismo en un libro, el niño puede proceder a transferir la percepción a áreas más amplias. Los siguientes diez puntos se ofrecen como un lugar de partida para la evaluación de libros de niños desde esta perspectiva.

507 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Jay A. Conger1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify organizational contexts of powerlessness and management practices derived to remedy them and also illustrate several of these practices through a series of vignettes, and explore these practices further by drawing upon a recent study of senior executives who proved themselves highly effective leaders.
Abstract: I n his handbook, The Prince, Machiavelli assures his readers some being aspiring leaders, no doubt that only by carefully amassing power and building a fearsome respect could one become a great leader. While the shadowy court life of 16th-century Italy demanded such treachery to ensure one's power, it seems hard to imagine Machiavelli's advice today as anything but a historical curiosity. Yet, interestingly, much of the management literature has focused on the strategies and tactics that managers can use to increase their own power and influence.' As such, a Machiavellian quality often pervades the literature, encouraging managers to ensure that their power base is strong and growing. At the same time a small but increasing number of management theorists have begun to explore the idea that organizational effectiveness also depends on the sharing of power that the distribution of power is more important than the hoarding of power.2 While the idea of making others feel more powerful contradicts the stereotype of the all-powerful executive, research suggests that the traditional ways of explaining a leader's influence may not be entirely correct. For example, recent leadership studies argue that the practice of empowering or instilling a sense of power is at the root of organizational effectiveness, especially during times of transition and transformation.3 In addition, studies of power and control within organizations indicate that the more productive forms of organizational power increase with superiors' sharing of power and responsibility with subordinates.4 And while there is an increasing awareness of this need for more empowering leadership, we have only recently started to see documentation about the actual practices that leaders employ to effectively build a sense of power among organizational members as well as the contexts most suited for empowerment practices.5 In this article, I will explore these practices further by drawing upon a recent study of senior executives who proved themselves highly effective leaders. They were selected by a panel of professors at the Harvard Business School and management consultants who were well acquainted with them and their companies. The study included eight chief executive officers and executive vice-presidents of Fortune 500 companies and successful entrepreneurial firms, representing industries as diverse as telecommunications, office automation, retail banking, beverages, packaged foods, and managementconsulting. In each case, these individuals were responsible for either the creation of highly successful companies or for performing what were described as remarkable turnarounds. During my study of these executives, I conducted extensive interviews, observed them on the job, read company and other documents, and talked with their colleagues and subordinates. While the study focused on the broader issue of leadership styles, intensive interviews with these executives and their subordinates revealed that many were characterized as empowering leaders. Their actions were perceived as building confidence and restoring a sense of personal power and self-efficacy during difficult organizational transitions. From this study, I identified certain organizational contexts of powerlessness and management practices derived to remedy them. In this article I will also illustrate several of these practices through a series of vignettes. While the reader may recognize some of the basic ideas behind these practices (such as providing greater opportunities for initiative), it is often the creative manner in which the leader deploys the particular practice that distinguishes them. The reader will discover how they have been carefully tailored to fit the context at hand. I might add, however, that these practices represent just a few of the broad repertoire of actions that leaders can take to make an empowering difference in their organizations.

292 citations


Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the politics of anti-Utopianism in education and the importance of critical pedagogy and student voice in teacher education and Democratic schooling.
Abstract: 1. Introduction: Schooling, Citizenship, and the Struggle for Democracy 2. Schooling and the Politics of Ethics: Beyond Conservative and Liberal Discourses 3. Authority, Ethics, and the Politics of Schooling 4. Schooling and the Politics of Student Voice 5. Literacy, Critical Pedagogy, and Empowerment 6. Teacher Education and Democratic Schooling 7. Conclusion: Beyond the Politics of Anti-Utopianism in Education.

220 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: An historical perspective is provided within which two recent, alternative directions for health education are examined, with the first focusing primarily on personal be havior change and the latter on a broad empowerment/environmental model of health promotion.
Abstract: This article provides an historical perspective within which two recent, alternative directions for health education are examined. Each direction is seen as reflecting a unique vision of health promotion, with the first focusing primarily on personal behavior change and the latter on a broad empowerment/environmental model of health promotion. Key historical developments in the evolution of these two perspectives are examined, as are some of the assumptions and ideological values underlying these alternative approaches. The World Health Organization's "Healthy Cities Project" then is used to illustrate the broader vision of health promotion in practice. While recognizing that the health educator has contributions to make on both the micro and macro change levels, a case is made for moving the field of health education further in the direction of this broader model of health promotion, and roles for the health educator within such a paradigm are outlined.

189 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss socio-political, institutional, and ethical issues that need to be considered in order to understand the actual limitations and contributions of such knowledge systems, and suggest the need to recognize its unique values yet avoid romanticized views of its potential.
Abstract: Increasing attention has been given to “indigenous” knowledge in Third World rural societies as a potential basis for sustainable agricultural development. It has been found that many people have functional knowledge systems pertaining to their resources and environment, which are based on experience and experimentation, and which are sometimes based on unique epistemologies. Efforts have been made to include such knowledge in participatory research and projects. This paper discusses socio-political, institutional, and ethical issues that need to be considered in order to understand the actual limitations and contributions of such knowledge systems. It reviews the nature of local knowledge and suggests the need to recognize its unique values yet avoid romanticized views of its potential. Local knowledge and alternative bottom-up projects continue to be marginalized because of the dominance of conventional top-down Ra instead, people need to establish legitimacy of their knowledge for themselves, as a form of empowerment.

178 citations


Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: Beyond the Breast-Bottle Controversy takes the reader beyond the Nestle boycott and the activist campaigns against infant-formula manufacturers to the issues underlying the controversy and argues that bottle feeding has definite long-term negative consequences.
Abstract: "A new milestone in the literature on development...Essential (and enjoyable)reading for a broad range of individuals including all those concerned with urban and rural development ...; professionals and academics in ...health, sociology, anthropology, and development economics; many women exploring gender issues and feminism; ...food industrialists and marketeers; ...and lastly, ordinary persons interested in how best to nurture babies." --from the Foreword by Michael C. Latham, Cornell University Penny Van Esterik takes the reader beyond the Nestle boycott and the activist campaigns against infant-formula manufacturers to the issues underlying the controversy. She shows how the controversy is embedded in the problem of urban poverty, the empowerment of women, the medicalization of infant feeding, and the commoditization of infant foods. She argues that the choice between bottle feeding and breast feeding has significant implications for developing countries. Beyond the Breast-Bottle Controversy raises a host of important questions: why has there been no consistent feminist position? How did infant feeding become medicalized in developing and developed countries? What mechanisms encourage the technology and taste transfer necessary for the expansion of bottle feeding? These questions are examined using documentary sources and interdisciplinary research in Thailand, Indonesia, Kenya, and Columbia. For Van Esterik, the infant-formula controversy is a valuable case study for understanding the relations between women, the environment, and sustainable development. From this perspective, breast feeding has no long-term negative consequences. It depends on renewable resources, works on the principle that as demand increases so does supply, reduces the dependency of women on consumer products and multinational corporations, and puts pressure on governments to improve the health of mothers. On the other hand, the author argues that bottle feeding has definite long-term negative consequences. Her goal is not to have every woman breast-feed her child, but to create living and working conditions so that every woman can do so if she chooses. Penny Van Esterik is Associate Professor of Anthropology and Director of the Thai Studies Project at York University.

110 citations





Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: This book discusses components of effective leadership advanced communication skills conflict and negotiation dynamics of working groups and teams leading business meetings diversity in the workplace time management critically reflective thinking and problem solving teaching change.
Abstract: Part 1 Introduction: studying leadership and management conceptual base for leadership and management. Part 2 Leadership in nursing: components of effective leadership advanced communication skills conflict and negotiation dynamics of working groups and teams leading business meetings diversity in the workplace time management critically reflective thinking and problem solving teaching change. Part 3 Nursing management: components of effective management systems for providing care directing and organizing patient care individual evaluation procedures managing a budget informatics and nursing management planning. Part 4 The workplace: workplace health and safety organizational dynamics quality improvement workplace ethics power, empowerment and political influence political and economic issues in health care. Part 5 Career development: obtaining a position family planning.

67 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The information provided by this analysis is used for proposing an enabling model of case management as a framework for ensuring that early intervention practices optimally influence child, parent, and family functioning as part of development and implementation of Individualized Family Service Plans.
Abstract: This article examines both the meaning of case management and several different approaches to case management practices. The information provided by this analysis is used for proposing an enabling model of case management as a framework for ensuring that early intervention practices optimally influence child, parent, and family functioning as part of development and implementation of Individualized Family Service Plans. The implications of the model for P.L. 99-457 (Part H) are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, women of color in academic administration are a recent phenomenon due to their double oppression as women and people of color, and their small numbers are intimately tied to American history, legal restrictions, and traditional customs.
Abstract: Women of color in academic administration are a recent phenomenon due to their double oppression as women and people of color. Their small numbers are intimately tied to American history, legal restrictions, and traditional customs. Legislation, court orders, and executive orders have greatly increased the number of minorities in higher education, although they are still substantially underrepresented in the academy. Women Ph.D.s—and to a lesser extent, administrators—are growing as a proportion of all Ph.D.s, but there will be required the continued removal of burdens of sexism, lower salaries, and career impediments to achieve parity for women in general, and women of color in particular, in academic administration. The recent laxity of enforcement of affirmative action has added to the slow growth of their numbers. However, the historically black colleges can play a major role in empowerment of women of color in administrative positions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Health Promotion Resource Center at Morehouse School of Medicine seeks to combine the ideology of community organization and development with culturally sensitive and linguistically appropriate health promotion curriculum materials and intervention strategies to address the needs of medically underserved and unserved communities.
Abstract: The community organization and development process is not new and has its roots in social action ideology from the 1960s. The difference between the 1960s and the 1990s is in bringing together of target community consumers with representatives of private and public sector resources (with consumers in the majority), to form a community coalition board. This community coalition board must make policy decisions. Combining these community organizers and development techniques with the mission of health promotion is a viable methodology for addressing the needs of medically underserved and unserved communities. The approach is a multifactorial one, as illustrated in Figure 1. The Health Promotion Resource Center at Morehouse School of Medicine seeks to combine the ideology of community organization and development with culturally sensitive and linguistically appropriate health promotion curriculum materials and intervention strategies. Within the HPRC lies the Statewide Coordinating Center for Georgia which has been funded by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Its mandate is to assist minority and poor communities in Georgia in developing community-based health promotion initiatives which address the areas of cancer, cardiovascular disease, adolescent pregnancy, substance abuse, and violence and unintentional injury. Our strategy in carrying out this mandate is the community organization and development model described in this article.

01 Oct 1989
TL;DR: A functional definition of literacy is partidularly suited, to adult education in the United States-for the following reasons: a functional approach is capable of encompassing all of the various roles adult education encompasses; (2) selfimprovement as an end-in-itself pervades adult education; 43) development; and (4) adult education is a creation of the middle-classeS, which-ate most likely to embrace a vision of education as a means to upward as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Defining literacy is a compelling challenge to-. -dOcatert. They generally use three models: instrumental, functional, and empowerment. The latter two Approaches,.-which were increasingly evident in the 1980s, identify literacy by the-social functiOns required in a.-given context or by the-qualitiet needed for illiterate people to take control of their lives. A functional definition of litetacy is partidularly suited, to adult-education in the United States-for the following reasons: v1). a functional. approach is capable of encompassing all of the various roles adult educationencompasses; (2) selfimprovementas an end-in-Itself pervades adult education; 43)development. of _the; .Individual is integral to ademocratic society; and (4) adult education is a creation of the middle-classeS, which-ate most likely to embrace a-vision of education as a means to upwardThe argument for literacy as a means of social and d-poiitical empowerment reflects the tendency of adult-educators to embtace educational objedtives from the humanist, radical,. _and socialist continuum. However, although ad-1"1 educatots -espouse-literacy for empowerment, they have not been -able to, translate this mission into an operational definition. A functional approach leads inevitably to-programt that teach students to fill out eMployment applicationt,'read road signs, plan menu:, and avoid pOltonous substancet provided they are so labeled. This approadh channels resources into the lowest strata of illiterate tubcUltures bedaute that is all it can do. The concept of empowerment is subjeOtive: one person's empowerment is another person's impediment. The most educators can hope for is consensus on principle because a :in:I:fled-operational approach is not possible in a pluralistiC society. Even -if everyone agreed immediately on a-definition of 4:itei.:a6y, it would not begin to-make a significant impact upon the problem of illiteracy in the world today-. (The document includes 13 references.) (CML) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Liberation theology has developed in Latin America by clergy and laity as a means for reaching the poor and oppressed people and for challenging the power of the Roman Catholic hierarchy.
Abstract: Liberation theology has developed in Latin America by clergy and laity as a means for reaching the poor and oppressed people and for challenging the power of the Roman Catholic hierarchy. It offers ideas for social group workers in reaching out to the disenfranchised and challenges those elements in our theoretical models that lean toward paternalism and limited empowerment. The relinquishing of power by the worker is an essential aspect of the challenge.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine empowerment of the elderly within the health care system and reveal four different interpretations: empowerment as political activism, social process, effective deliberation and moral reflection, empowerment as personal process and balance and interdependence.
Abstract: Empowerment of the elderly within the health care system is a concept increasingly discussed in clinical and policy-making contexts. An examination of its current expressions and underlying philosophical principles reveals four different interpretations: empowerment as political activism and social process, empowerment as effective deliberation and moral reflection, empowerment as personal process. and empowerment as balance and interdependence. How empowerment is defined and expressed has distinct implications for the practitioner. who must be sensitive to tile underlying value conflicts that are at the core of decision making in the clinical or the public policy setting.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a beginning definition of empowerment-based practice is offered that draws from the concepts of locus of responsibility and locus-of-control, and several principles for empowermentbased practice with children are proposed.
Abstract: This article provides an overview of historical shifts in thought concerning the status and rights of children and discusses the implications of these competing views of childhood for social work practice. A beginning definition of empowerment-based practice is offered that draws from the concepts of locus of responsibility and locus of control. Based on this definition, several principles for empowerment-based practice with children are proposed. Examples drawn from child welfare practice illustrate the application of these principles.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors juxtapose autobiographical accounts of their personal and professional lives to examine the interplay of their personas and work in the social sciences, and they share domain assumptions, particularly a belief in the "good" society based on justice, social equality, and respect for diversity, are committed to improving the life chances of the oppressed and disadvantaged, and believe that empowering the clients of human service agencies is crucial to improving effectiveness and responsiveness of such organizations.
Abstract: The authors juxtapose autobiographical accounts of their personal and professional lives to examine the interplay of their personas and work in the social sciences. Chesler is an action researcher and change agent who focuses primarily on young people and their parents and on those providing them human services. Hasenfeld is an academic who focuses primarily on relations between clients and human service providers and on the systemic changes needed to improve these relations. They share domain assumptions, particularly a belief in the “good” society based on justice, social equality, and respect for diversity, are committed to improving the life chances of the oppressed and disadvantaged, and believe that empowering the clients of human service agencies is crucial to improving the effectiveness and responsiveness of such organizations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article argued that schools and parents together will be far better at educating than the schools by themselves, and that "PIP, POP, and PLAN" assure joint efforts in education.
Abstract: Schools and parents together will be far better at educating than the schools by themselves. In New York City, "PIP," "POP," and "PLAN" assure joint efforts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the challenge of gender-inclusive curriculum for young women has been discussed, focusing on the empowerment of girls and young women, and the challenges of gender inclusion in the curriculum.
Abstract: (1989). Empowering girls and young women: the challenge of the gender‐inclusive curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Studies: Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 441-456.

Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the concepts of human resource planning, management and development have transformed almost every aspect of traditional personnel management Approaches based on fairness and flexibility, creativity and commitment, the author argues, can help mobilize the talents of every employee and provide the cutting edge all businesses need.
Abstract: Written for both students and practitioners, this book shows how the concepts of human resource planning, management and development have transformed almost every aspect of traditional personnel management Approaches based on fairness and flexibility, creativity and commitment, the author argues, can help mobilize the talents of every employee and provide the cutting edge all businesses need This book is intended for Diplomas in Personnel Management, MBAs and Masters Degrees in HRM It is revised and updated to include discussion of the learning organization, and the latest thinking on benchmarking, quality, empowerment and reward

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By developing support groups that are planned, implemented, and evaluated using the holistic approach of empowerment, nurses can facilitate the process of healing in people with HIV infection.
Abstract: Conventional models of nursing are often forced to focus on medical management and pathology reduction outcomes. A holistic model of care allows for mental, emotional, motivational, and spiritual outcomes as well as physical outcomes. Facilitating empowerment for clients with HIV infection is a specific area of challenge in holistic nursing. Support groups can provide empowerment for these clients. By developing support groups that are planned, implemented, and evaluated using the holistic approach of empowerment, nurses can facilitate the process of healing in people with HIV infection.

Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors survey many of the different facets of the complex problems of poverty in Africa and the policy and program interventions that impact on poverty, and the key to success will remain the extent to which poverty alleviation becomes a central concern of adjustment program design along with growth promotion.
Abstract: The book surveys many of the different facets of the complex problems of poverty in Africa, and many of the policy and program interventions that impact on poverty. Poverty alleviation in Africa requires a broad range of mutually reinforcing actions on such disparate issues as debt, the environment, the role of women, institutional development, food security, and basic social services. Assisting the governments and peoples of Africa in this broad range of activities is a daunting task. This is the ambitious agenda that the World Bank is trying to pursue. The key to success will remain the extent to which poverty alleviation becomes a central concern of adjustment program design along with growth promotion, and the systematic way in which this comprehensive vision of the problem and its solution is pursued. Ultimately, progress lies in the empowerment of the weak and the marginalized, so that they may become the producers of their welfare and bounty, and not the consumers of charity, or recipients of aid.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the empowerment of women in Uganda: real or symbolic, and discuss the role of women and women empowerment in African political economy, including women empowerment.
Abstract: (1989). Empowerment of women in Uganda: real or symbolic. Review of African Political Economy: Vol. 16, No. 45-46, pp. 106-117.