Showing papers on "Encoding (memory) published in 1978"

Levels of processing: A critique

Abstract: The theoretical approach to problems of memory proposed by Craik & Lockhart (1972) is evaluated critically Their conceptual framework has the advantage of directing attention to mental events and processes, but there are several difficulties They suggested that retentivity is a function of the depth and spread of processing, but there are no suitable criteria available for indexing either the depth or the spread of encoding Furthermore, encoding depth and spread appear to affect the retrieval component of recall, but are largely irrelevant to the determination of retrieval strategies and to the decision component involved in recall and in recognition

The effect of visual and acoustic similarity on short-term memory for chinese words

Abstract: Four lists of Chinese words in a 2 × 2 factorial design of visual and acoustic similarity were used in a short-term memory experiment. In addition to a strong acoustic similarity effect, a highly significant visual similarity effect was also obtained. This was particularly pronounced in the absence of acoustic similarity in the words used. The results not only confirm acoustic encoding to be a basic process in short-term recall of verbal stimuli in a language other than English but also lend support to the growing evidence of visual encoding in short-term memory as the situation demands.

Rotating memory processors for the matching of complex textual patterns

Abstract: Many people have suggested adding scanning logic to a rotating memory system, such as disk or shift registers, to allow faster execution of database operations. Most of these have been concerned with producing a form of associative memory which is then used to implement one or more of the models for information storage and retrieval, such as relational or hierarchical. While these are capable of searching for simple character strings, they are incapable of handling the complex patterns sometimes necessary for textual information retrieval. In addition, textual information retrieval does not lend itself to highly formatted databases, encoding of information, or arbitrary ordering of data, concepts common to the other structures.A description of the operations desirable in textual information retrieval is given, and contrasted to those operations allowed in non-textual systems. The general structure for a scanning processor is presented, and a number of different trade-offs in its design and operation are discussed.

Error control system for named data

Abstract: An error control system for named data functions in a hierarchical memory system environment requiring only a single error-control encoding for each data word used therein. Each level of memory in the hierarchy thereof includes a data word storage device preceded by an error checking circuit to validate and correct when possible data to be stored therein. A translator operates upon the data name of the data word to be stored to indicate the area or portion of the storage device in which the data word is to be stored. A directory table associates data names with data word locations in the storage device, and a search mechanism fed by the translator searches the directory table in the area or portion so indicated for a data word location in the storage device to store the data word. If a data word is not located in one level of memory, the next lower level of memory is searched for same. Data words may be stored and translated or shifted through the various levels of memory without further error control encoding thereof. Fetching occurs in essentially the reverse manner of storing with the caveat that the single encloder used for storing is replaced by a decoder or error checking circuit.

Influence of active encoding on tactile recognition memory for common objects.

Abstract: Active tactile recognition memory for common objects is compared with passive touch. The recognition memory test occure after a delay between inspection and test of seven days. Three groups of five each have the following conditions and results: Group I manipulated objects at both inspection and test to obtain a recognition rate of 87.9%; Group II manipulated objects at inspection but not at test, i.e., passive touch, to produce a recognition rate of 80.7%; Group III manipulated objects at test but not at inspection to perform at a 72.5% accuracy rate. Object manipulation had a significant effect and the group means were all significantly different (p less than or equal to .05), with the largest performance decrement due to passive touch at encoding. Generally, the findings implicated the importance of object identity in tactile recognition memory which, in turn, is supportive of the depth-of-processing approach to memory.

Effects of marihuana on pain and verbal memory: a sensory decision theory analysis.

Abstract: In agreement with Klonoff et al. (1973), who used much lower doses, the results suggest that for moderately heavy smokers who averaged 8.9 cigarettes a day, only the retrieval mechanism and not the acquisition or storage components of memory were impaired. The clustering data indicate that this recall memory loss was due to impaired organizational processes. Our conclusions, based on heavy use by habitual smokers, differ from those of Abel (1971) who feels that only acquisition is adversely affected. The present findings also fail, in part, to support Dornbush and Kokkevi (1976) who argue that storage and not acquisition or retrieval processes are affected. However, their view that encoding for later retrieval is harmed by marihuana is strongly supported by our data. The conclusion that memory storage is not harmed holds only for the moderately heavy smokers. The extremely heavy smokers who averaged 13.7 cigarettes a day, showed a definite memory storage deficit, and perhaps an acquisition loss, in addition to the retrieval deficiency.

Visual Memory and Models of Human Information-Processing

Abstract: Interest in the structural organization of memory existed long before an analogy was drawn between the brain and computers, Nevertheless, we have the efforts of proponents of information theory [18, 22, 371 to thank for the foundations of numerous structural models of memory, whose common feature is the notion that there are three linked units of information storage and retention (Figure 1). Thus, the most sophisticated model of this sort, that of R. Atkinson & R. Shiffrin [27, 281 distinguishes: (1) modality-specific sensory registers, (2) short-term (primary) memory, and (3) long-term (secondary) memory.

Access system for memory unit

Abstract: PURPOSE:To simplify the constitution for the encoding test circuit and the competition circuit of the address information by sharing a memory unit by two data processors without lowering the processing capacity for the data processor of a high priority.

Composite prediction encoding*decoding unit

Abstract: PURPOSE:To secure a compression of the occurrence information by a higher order prediction encoding within a frame and thus to minimize the deterioration of the picture quality, by performing a sampling of the sub-Nyquist frequency for the composite prediction encoding against an increase of the occurrence information.

An Information Processing Approach to Performance Assessment: II. An Investigation of Encoding and Retrieval Processes in Memory.

Abstract: : This paper describes the tasks, methodology, and results of the second experiment carried out during this research effort This experiment was designed to investigate other types of information processing activities that might be included as part of the IPPB The focus in this case was on structural features of the information processing system, those that describe the nature of the information at a particular processing stage rather than the operations being performed The six tasks in this experiment were concerned with the nature of memory representation and provided measures of various aspects of encoding and retrieval of previously stored information This second experiment was more limited in scope than the first study, focusing more on the logistics of administering and scoring the tasks than on reliability and validity issues

An Approach toward the Development of a Functional Encoding Model of Short Term Memory during Reading.

Abstract: In a model of the functioning of short term memory, the encoding of information for subsequent storage in long term memory is simulated. In the encoding process, semantically equivalent paragraphs are detected for recombination into a macro information unit. This recombination process can be used to relieve the limited storage capacity constraint of short term memory and subsequently increase processing efficiency. The results of the simulation give a favorable indication of the success for the use of cluster analysis as a tool to simulate the encoding function in the detection of semantically similar paragraphs.

Encoding system for facsimile device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To increase the compressibility through the effective utilization of the picture properties of the facsimile original by dividing the transmission line into blocks in a 2-dimentional way by means of the existing transmission line and thus carrying out the forecasting encoding. CONSTITUTION:In the encoding system to form the facsimile signals to be transmitted through the proper encoding of the picture signals read out, the exclusive OR is secured via exclusive OR circuit 4 between the picture image of the original read out by scanner 1 and the preceding line memorized in shift register 2, and the blocks formed based on the output of memory 5 and the changing point of the information given from memory 3 of the previous line are detected through block detector 6 and 8. The pattern which sets up the result obtained by securing the exclusive OR in correspondence to the characteristics for the picture element emerging previously is generated by controlling the output of pattern detector 11 through controller 9 and classifying the output via pattern code generator 12. Thus, the facsimile signals are formed based on the pattern classification information and the run-length information given from run-length counter 14.