Showing papers on "Encoding (memory) published in 1983"

Retrieval of information from long-term memory

Abstract: Information is represented in long-term memory as a network of associations among concepts. Information is retrieved by spreading activation from concepts in working memory through the network structure. The time required to retrieve information is a function of the level of activation that it achieves. Fanning of multiple paths from a node dissipates the activation the node sends down any path and increases retrieval time. Fan effects are reduced as subjects overlearn the material or when they can change their task from a recognition judgment to a consistency judgment.

Microprocessor intended particularly for executing the calculation algorithms of a public code encoding system

Abstract: One chip microprocessor, which is more particularly designed to execute culation algorithms of a public code encoding system formed by a public function and a secret inverse function of the type comprising at least one programmable read-only memory, a processing unit and an input/output device, wherein it comprises a memory, in which is recorded at least one algorithm corresponding to the performance of said secret function, and wherein the programmable read-only memory contains the secret parameters constituting the secret code and recorded in an area of the read-only memory which is inaccesible from the outside, the processing unit including the multiplying circuits necessary for the execution of the algorithm.

Encoding processes and the recall of text

Abstract: Two experiments investigated the proposition that the amount of cognitive effort expended to encode information will be directly related to recall of that information While previous research has shown that amount of processing may affect recall, these studies have generally drawn on the notion of an elaborated memory representation to explain their results In this study, the amount of processing required to correctly interpret anaphoric relations was varied while the elaboration of the memory trace was held constant These experiments employed a self-paced reading paradigm in which subjects read a series of short paragraphs and later were cued to recall the final sentence of each paragraph It was found that recall was significantly improved when more processing was required to correctly interpret the anaphoric relationship expressed in the final sentence These findings suggest that encoding processes can affect recall performance without elaboration of the memory representation

High speed data modem using multilevel encoding

Abstract: A 14.4 kilobit/second modem uses an encoding scheme in which groups of five bits are encoded as one of thirty-two (2 5 ) possible code groups. This is done by using quadrature amplitude modulation and a 6 by 6 space-state constellation which allows a maximum of thirty-six different points to be encoded. Since only thirty-two points are needed the four outer corner points of the constellation are not used. In order to achieve the desired 14.4 KBPS data rate the baud clock must run at 2880 Hz. However, this bandwidth is very close to the maximum bandwidth available on voice-grade telephone lines. Accordingly, data encoding and data recovery techniques must be used which maximize the probabilities of correctly receiving the encoded data signals. These techniques include (1) data scrambling/descrambling; (2) assigning groups of five bits to constellation points, including performing rotational and Gray encoding; (3) a baud clock recovery scheme at the receiver which is performed prior to partial response encoding; and (4) a start-up technique using a three-level partial response ideal reference sequence during initial training at the receiver. In addition, the invention uses passband equalization, class I partial response encoding accomplished by the passband equalizer, and independent inphase and quadrature Viterbi decoders at the receiver.

Facsimile communication control method

Abstract: A control method for controlling a facsimile communication between a transmitter and a receiver is provided. During protocol procedure, information including decoding speed and capacity of a buffer memory is supplied from the receiver to the transmitter. Then, during data transmission, the transmitter controls the encoding speed to be equal to or smaller than the decoding speed at the receiver by inserting an appropriate number of fillbits, and the encoding operation is interrupted, resumed or a predetermined number of fillbits are inserted depending upon the number of bits stored in the buffer memory of the receiver.

Recall From Memory

Abstract: Much information, learned over the years by each of us and somehow stored in our brains, can be brought forward and made available when required. The way in which items are recalled from long-term memory was the subject of a series of experiments conducted by Bousfield and Sedgewick [3]. These authors asked subjects to name, as quickly as possible, as many cities in the U. S. as they can. For each subject, every name was recorded along with the time it was announced. Not surprisingly, responses occur at first rapidly and with relative ease. After a time, recall becomes slower and more difficult and the subject appears to be making an effort to bring forth new responses.

Automatic mode switching-type action compensation forecast encoding system

Abstract: PURPOSE:To execute encoding more efficient than encoding separately respective modes by switching an action compensation encoding mode and an inter-frame encoding mode in accordance with an amount of information. CONSTITUTION:An information amount detection circuit 1 generates the signal which indicates the amount of information. The detection circuit 1, subtracters 4 and 5, a quantitizer 6, a delay circuit 8, etc., operate as an inter-frame encoding mode. An action vector detector 2, variable delay part 10, adder 11, etc., operate as an action compensation encoding mode. The inter-frame encoding mode and the action compensation encoding mode are switched by a gate 3 in accordance with the amount of information which is detected by the detection circuit 1. Thus, more efficient encoding can be executed compared with encoding of respective modes separately.

Facsimile subscanning system

Abstract: PURPOSE:To avoid rapid stop of subscanning and to prevent uneven transmission and generation of noise, by controlling the subscanning speed according to not only the number of stored bits of a buffer memory, but also the storage state of a line memory. CONSTITUTION:A picture signal for one line's share read at a reading section is stored in the line memory 2 having (n+1) lines once. The picture signal stored in the line memory 2 is encoded at an encoding section 3 and stored in the buffer memory 4, then transmitted to a modulating section 5 sequentially and to a line. The number of stored bits in the buffer memory 4 and the number of storage lines of the line memory 2 are detected at detecting sections 7, 6, every time the reading of one line is finished, both the detected outputs are applied to a subscanning speed controlling section 8 to select the scanning speed, allowing to change the N kinds of the subscanning speeds determined in advance one by one step.

Digital-electronic timing mechanism

Abstract: In this digital-electronic timing mechanism with a data and command input device, with a display device for the time, the date and/or the event data, with a time-controlled clock generator, with a function-specific computing unit or with a programmable microcomputer, with an external read/write memory, with a read/write encoding system which can be operated via the command input device and with a plurality of switching outputs, the data which are to be entered via the data and command input device (3), for example for the time and for the events are, according to the invention, initially written into a buffer (11) in a format which can be represented on a display device in the sequence time, events before being stored in memory cells of the read/write memory (2) for the purpose of error detection from the respective input. In the buffer (11), the data run through an error detection (8) during the input, the limit values of which are prescribed by an error encoding system (9). When positive evaluation by the error encoding system (9) takes place, the data are overwritten directly and automatically from the buffer (11) into the read/write memory (2).

Facsimile communication system

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent the data from overflow without increasing the amount of data buffer, by controlling a data processing speed such as encoding at the transmission side, in response to the speed required for the data processing such as decoding at the reception side. CONSTITUTION:A CPU10 controls the minimum value of encoding time per one line of picture information with a data encoding section, a transfer speed of an encoding data to an output data buffer 14, and a memory capacity of the buffer 14. The minimum value of the encoded time is set to a recording time or more per one line of picture information at the reception side and the transfer speed of the encoded data to the buffer 14 is set to a data transfer speed or lower to the data decoding section from an input data buffe 13. The memory capacity of the buffer 14 is set to the memory capacity or below the buffer 13, allowing to compensate the data transmission speed.

Picture encoding device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To suppress the degradation of the picture quality to make a high- efficiency transmission possible, by outputting an intraframe forecaseted error to decode a picture signal, only when the absolute value of an interframe forecasted error is a certain value or above, in case that the quantity of contents of an output bufer memory exceeds a certain value CONSTITUTION:The picture signal of the input terminal 1 is fed to a subtractor 3 through an A/D converter 2 The difference between the picture signal and a local decoding signal from a frame memory 7 is operated by the subtractor 3, and a output signal (c) is fed to a limiter 4 In case that the quantity of contents of a buffer memory 9 is certain value THL or above, the circuit 4 outputs a signal (d) only when the absolute value of the signal (c) is a fixed value LIM or above; but in case that the quantity of contents of the buffer memory 9 is lower than the value THL, the circuit 4 outputs the signal (c) as it is The output signal is encoded by an intraframe encoder 5, and is inputted to an address encoder 8 and an adder 6 The adder 6 supplies the local decoding signal to the memory 7, and the encoder 8 encodes the signal and supplies the output signal to the memory 9, and the signal is tansmitted to a transmission line from an encoded output terminal 10 Thus, a high-efficiency transmission having the picture quality suppressed the degradation is possible

Encoding Questions and Word Retrieval

Abstract: Within the levels-of-processing framework, two experiments were carried out to clarify how encoding questions are used in retrieving words. In Experiment 1, subjects were required to recall the encoding questions either before or after recalling the words. Recall of words from these two conditions were then compared with a condition in which all the encoding questions were made available at retrieval. The specificity of the semantic encoding questions was also manipulated. In Experiment 2, the type of encoding questions (general, specific, and structural) was combined with the type of cues available at retrieval (identical with the encoding questions, new specific questions, new general questions, and no cues at all). Some data from Experiment 1 suggest that subjects recall the encoding question and its associated word at once together, but Experiment 2 shows more conclusively that the information in the available retrieval cue is used to search for the appropriate word in the memory store.

Key encoding circuit

Abstract: PURPOSE:To decrease the number of key operations of a keyboard, by providing a means that delivers a series of encoding signals which are temporarily written into a prescribed memory by the operation of a prescribed memory key. CONSTITUTION:For a multiplex character reciever, a keyboard 1 contains a program of desired information, the page No., an end key plus a storage key and memory start and read keys M1-M3, respectively. When the storage key is operated, an encoder 2 delivers a binary code to feed it to the comparators 4-7 and an encoder 22. The comparator 4 gives an output signal to an FF9 to set the RAM13-15 in a writing mode. Then the memory key M1 is operated to set the RAM13 in a storage mode. The information on the program, the page, etc. is written into the RAM13 by operating the program No., page No., etc. of a desired image. Then the RAM13 is set in the read mode with push of an end key. If the codes are written once into the RAM13 by means of plural keys, the image information is selected by operating just the key M1 and without operating plural keys.

Transmitting device of facsimile

Abstract: PURPOSE:To optimize the quantity of generation of file codes and to guarantee the recording time of the receiving side by transmitting the file codes in accordance with the variation of picture signal generating time. CONSTITUTION:An encoding circuit 2 specifies the setting of a minimum guarrantee bits to a counting counter 3, generates a synchronizing signal, encodes a picture signal, and then writes the encoded signal in a memory 4. After completing the encoding of one line, the encoding circuit 2 discriminates whether the counted value by the counting circuit 3 reaches a set value or not, and when the set value is not reached, writes the file codes in the memory continuously until the set value is reached. Consequently, the number of codes in a line exceeds the minimum guarantee bits and the one-line recording time of the receiving side can be guaranteed. Subsequently, the encoding circuit 2 discriminates a picture signal controlling signal; starts the encoding of one line when the signal is on, supervises the number of codes in the memory 4 in case of off and generates file codes when the number of codes is less than a prescribed number.

Context Effects and the use of Relational Information in Recognition Memory

Abstract: Studies of context effects on recognition memory are examined in relation to retrieval differences in recall versus recognition memory Support is provided for the position that some episodic information is automatically accessed on a recognition test, but that additional, more precise contextual information requires effortful retrieval processes It is suggested that two types of context effects on recognition memory exist in the literature, and which type of effect is obtained depends on subjects' strategies for using relational information from memory

Picture encoding device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To shorten code length, to realize high-efficiency transmission and to shorten transmission time by encoding the difference between a signal of a share of one scan and a signal that of the next scan while eliminating correlation in the scanning direction. CONSTITUTION:An input signal of a share of one scan is stored in a picture memory 11. The difference between the signal stored in the memory 11 and a succeeding input signal of a share of one scan is obtained, encoded, and transmitted. In this case, the difference signal is made positive and then encoded. In this process, the data is compressed to half. On a demodulation side, the original signal is obtained easily. For the encoding, run-length codes are employed to realize the reduction of 4-bit data. Horizontal correlation is emphasized, so effective data compression is realized by the run-length codes.