Showing papers on "Encoding (memory) published in 1996"

A comparison between cellular encoding and direct encoding for genetic neural networks

Abstract: This paper compares the efficiency of two encoding schemes for Artificial Neural Networks optimized by evolutionary algorithms. Direct Encoding encodes the weights for an a priori fixed neural network architecture. Cellular Encoding encodes both weights and the architecture of the neural network. In previous studies, Direct Encoding and Cellular Encoding have been used to create neural networks for balancing 1 and 2 poles attached to a cart on a fixed track. The poles are balanced by a controller that pushes the cart to the left or the right. In some cases velocity information about the pole and cart is provided as an input; in other cases the network must learn to balance a single pole without velocity information. A careful study of the behavior of these systems suggests that it is possible to balance a single pole with velocity information as an input and without learning to compute the velocity. A new fitness function is introduced that forces the neural network to compute the velocity. By using this new fitness function and tuning the syntactic constraints used with cellular encoding, we achieve a tenfold speedup over our previous study and solve a more difficult problem: balancing two poles when no information about the velocity is provided as input.

Models Of Short-Term Memory

Abstract: The concept of working memory, A. Baddeley covert processes and their development in short-term memory, N. Cowan, R. Kail a connectionist model of STM for serial order, N. Burgess, G.J. Hitch interactive processes in phonological memory, S.E. Gathercole, A.J. Martin the representation of words and nonwords in short-term memory - serial order and syllable structure, G. Houghton et al nonword repetition, STM, and word age-of-acquisition - a computational model, G.D.A. Brown, C. Hulme associations and disassociations between language impairment and list recall - implications for models of STM, R.C. Martin, M.F. Lesch auditory short-term memory and the perception of speech, C. Frankish the object-oriented episodic record model, D.M. Jones et al item, associative, and serial-order information in TODAM, B. Murdock how many words can working memory hold? - a model and a method, R. Schweickert et al.

Encoding messages using chaotic synchronization.

Abstract: We discuss a general approach for chaotic synchronization of dynamical systems that is based on an active-passive decomposition (APD) of given dynamical systems. It is shown how this approach can be used to construct high-dimensional synchronizing systems in a systematic way using low-dimensional systems as building blocks. Furthermore, two methods for encoding messages are considered that are both based on synchronization. Using these methods the quality of the reconstructed information signal is higher and the encoding is more secure compared to other encryption methods based on synchronization. The main ideas are illustrated using experimental and numerical examples based on continuous and discrete dynamical systems.

Divided attention and indirect memory tests.

Abstract: Attentional state during acquisition is an important determinant of performance on direct memory tests. In two experiments we investigated the effects of dividing attention during acquisition on conceptually driven and data-driven indirect memory tests. Subjects read a list of words with or without distraction. Memory for the words was later tested with an indirect memory test or a direct memory test that differed only in task instructions. In Experiment 1, the indirect test was categoryexemplar production (a conceptually driven task) and the direct test was category-cued recall. In Experiment 2, the indirect test was word-fragment completion (a data-driven task) and the direct test was word-fragment cued recall. Dividing attention at encoding decreased performance on both direct memory tests. Of the indirect tests, category-exemplar production but not word-fragment completion was affected. The results indicate that conceptually driven indirect memory tests, like direct memory tests, are affected by divided attention, whereas data-driven indirect tests are not. These results are interpreted within the transfer-appropriate processing framework.

Image encoding apparatus and image decoding apparatus

Abstract: The present invention describes an image decoding apparatus for inputting a compressed-coded bit stream obtained by performing motion compensation prediction per coded unit-area obtained by dividing each frame of a motion image signal into plural units, and decoding the input compressed-coded bit stream to a motion image signal by referring to reference images stored in a frame memory, whereby the image decoding apparatus comprises a decoder decoding the compressed-coded bit stream to a motion vector, a prediction mode and a decoded images corresponding to the coded unit-area as a unit of the motion compensation prediction, and further comprises a frame memory storing controller for controlling update of the reference images to be used for the motion compensation prediction stored in the frame memory based on a control signal, wherein the frame memory storing controller updates the reference images successively with an image that is based on the decoded image output by the decoder, and the frame memory storing controller writes an image that is based on the decoded image output by the decoder into the frame memory as a continuously storing image that stored independently of storage by the updating procedure based on the control signal, further comprising a motion compensation predictor generating a prediction image based on the motion vector by referring to one of the reference images updated by the control of the frame memory storing controller based on the prediction mode decoded by the decoder.

Memory and Aging

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter examines four accounts of the nature of memory impairment in old age. These range from the view that poorer memory in old age arises from inefficient encoding and retrieval strategies that are subject to remediation by appropriate interventions to less optimistic views that declining memory is the result of irreversible age-related changes in basic mechanisms underlying cognition, such as reductions in working memory capacity, reduced processing speed, and impaired inhibition. The four classes of hypotheses considered are that age-related decrements in memory are attributable to (1) failures of strategic processing, (2) deficits in semantic processing, (3) problems in the utilization of context, and (4) changes in basic mechanisms underlying all aspects of cognition. Processing-resource approaches are appealing because they seek to identify deficits in basic mechanisms underlying not only memory but also other aspects of cognition. The findings relevant to the hypotheses that memory changes in old age are due to reduced attentional capacity, smaller working-memory capacity, defective inhibitory processing, or general slowing have been reviewed.

Recall and recognition memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Abstract: This study examined recall and recognition memory in 20 nonmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 20 matched control subjects. As hypothesized, OCD subjects showed abnormalities affecting delayed recall of nonverbal information but showed normal recognition. These results are interpreted as providing preliminary evidence of a nonverbal memory retrieval deficit consistent with proposed corticostriatal system dysfunction in OCD.

Collaboration and Memory: Effects of Dyadic Retrieval on Different Memory Tasks

Abstract: Collaborative retrieval was investigated in two experiments. The experiments were explicitly designed to investigate how different types of memory tasks were affected by two individuals working together compared to individuals working on their own. A nominal group score was treated as the predicted potential a dyad could attain. In Experiment 1, semantic and episodic retrieval were employed. The episodic task was to encode and retrieve a story and the semantic task was to answer, without any encoding, 20 questions from the same history domain as the episodic task. In Experiment 2, explicit recognition and implicit retrieval of dot patterns were employed. The explicit recognition task was forced-choice, and in the implicit task, subjects were instructed to complete a pattern they saw from an incomplete pattern. The results suggest that: (1) dyads suffer from collaboration relative to the predicted potential, (2) the reduction of productivity for dyads was limited to explicit and episodic memory tasks, and (3) friends as opposed to non-friends reduced the negative effect of collaboration. The results replicate and extend the results from a previous study.

Accessing the particular from the general: the power of distinctiveness in the context of organization.

Abstract: Recall is inversely related to the number of items sharing a cue. The limiting case of unique cue-target relationships supports extremely high levels of recall, particularly when the cue is self-generated. This fact is incongruous with the importance assigned to the construct of organization in memory theory. Further, self-generated unique cue-target relationships tend to be idiosyncratic, implying that the power of unique cues should be limited to cases of self-cued memory. The experiments presented here suggest a role for organization that reconciles the fact of unique cue effectiveness with the importance of organization to memory. Two new findings are reported: Unique cue production enhances target encoding; and general cues can access particular encodings. The data are further tribute to the importance of simultaneous organizational and distinctive processing and recommend a new perspective on the function of organization in memory.

Encoding image data for decode rate control

Abstract: One or more encoding parameters are controlled during the encoding of image data based on a decode processing rate. By taking decode processing into account during encoding, a decoding system will be able to keep up with the demands for decoding the resulting encoded bitstream. In one embodiment, encoding parameters used for video encoding may be changed iteratively to achieve a specified target decode processing rate, which can change from frame to frame.

Encoding technique for software and hardware

Abstract: An encoding technique of the invention protects software programs and hardware designs from being copied, tampered with, and its functions from being exposed. The software programs and hardware designs (collectivity called programs) thus encoded still remain executable. The encoding technique employs the concept of complexity of programs and produces proximity inversion in terms of functions contained in the programs, while preserving the behaviors. Various embodiments are possible to achieve this encoding which includes, for example, cascading and intertwining of blocks of the programs.

Method and apparatus for encryption

Abstract: A method and apparatus of encrypting optical images and storing these images in memory using random phase encoding is presented. The encryption technique uses random phase encoding in both the input plane and the Fourier plane. Each image is encrypted and can be read out by a unique code or a universal code. The image to be encrypted is first multiplied by a random phase function. The Fourier transform of the product of the image and the random phase function is then multiplied by another random phase function in the Fourier domain. Taking the inverse Fourier transform, an encrypted image in the output plane is obtained. Each encrypted image can be stored in optical memory. The encryption process of the present invention can be done optically or electronically with one or two dimensional functions for encryption. Further, the image can be phase encoded (optically or digitally) prior to the encryption process, with a phase reading technique employed to obtain the original decrypted image. Also, a joint transform correlator may be used for the encryption and/or decryption of the present invention. It will be appreciated that a variety of well known methods can be used to store or display the encrypted images.

Compression encoding apparatus and recording apparatus for compressionencoded data

Abstract: In an encoding apparatus having a memory of diminished size for lowering the production cost, the memory stores input video signals made up of plural pictures including intra-pictures (I-pictures) and a scene change detector 101 detects change points of the input video signals. An encoding unit 106 encodes pictures stored in the memory 102 by fixed length encoding for generating a bitstream. A timing control unit 105 determines successive groups of pictures, each including at least an intra-picture, on the basis of the detection by the scene change detector 101, and controls the processing timing of fixed length encoding of each picture in the group of pictures by the encoding unit 106. A rate control unit 107 sets a range from a picture next to an intra-picture to the next intra-picture as a range of the code generation rate in the encoding unit 106. The rate control unit 107 controls the range of the code generation rate so that, if a scene change has been detected, the amount of the encoding information previously allocated to the intra-picture will be allocated to other pictures.

Apparatus and method for encoding/decoding a speech signal using adaptively changing codebook vectors

Abstract: An encoding apparatus in which an input speech signal is divided into blocks and encoded in units of blocks. The encoding apparatus includes an encoding unit for performing CELP encoding having a noise codebook memory containing having codebook vectors generated by clipping Gaussian noise and codebook vectors obtained by learning using the code vectors generated by clipping the Gaussian noise as initial values. The encoding apparatus enables optimum encoding for a variety of speech configurations.

Applying Case Retrieval Nets to Diagnostic Tasks in Technical Domains

Abstract: This paper presents Objectdirected Case Retrieval Nets, a memory model developed for an application of Case-Based Reasoning to the task of technical diagnosis. The key idea is to store cases, i.e. observed symptoms and diagnoses, in a network and to enhance this network with an object model encoding knowledge about the devices in the application domain.

Two-dimensional bar code symbology using implicit version information encoding

Abstract: A electro-optical memory includes a substrate on which is printed (or otherwise inscribed) a complex symbol or "label" or "bar code" of a high density two-dimensional symbology. The bar code contains component symbols or "codewords" which are placed in row and column formation, with a variable number of codewords per row, and a variable number of rows. The symbology utilizes implicit bar code encoding scheme for implicit encoding the number of rows and the number of columns of codewords, as well as a predetermined amount of error correction. The symbology is capable of supporting a fixed number of bar code variants, with each variant having a predetermined number of rows and columns of codewords, and a predetermined error correction capability. For some codewords the implicit encoding scheme is combined with a gray coding scheme to reduce the inter-row codeword crosstalk. Systems are used for printing and decoding the bar codes of the invented symbology in applications where improved storage density and tight real estate requirements are of utmost importance. A memory may be used in conjunction with a scanner and a suitable control system in a number of applications, e.g., robotics operations or automated object searching.

Structures, Processes, and the Flow of Information

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the structures and processes involved in human information processing through sensor-motor and memory. Human memory can be divided into different systems using a model known as the “Modal Memory Model.” The Modal Model postulates three broad sets of memory systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). The basic properties of sensory memory systems, STM, and LTM are discussed. The chapter reviews some major findings about how the flow of information between memory systems is regulated, including encoding and storage, rehearsal, and retrieval. These four concepts are useful in describing activities involved in the use of memory stores. The chapter focuses on the demands these various processes place on limited capacity mechanisms and on how the flow of information between different memory systems is controlled. A tentative analysis of processes involved in copying information among different memory structures is presented, postulating several distinct forms of “attention” with specifiably different properties.

Information processor with protection function of software

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide high password intensity without depending on the managing method of the memory of a system. SOLUTION: When data being the object of encoding is inputted, a password key generation means 1 generates a password key 1a in accordance with the attribute of data being the object of encoding. A encoding means 3 encodes data being the object of encoding by using the password key 1a and password data 4a is stored in a storage means 4. When the processing request of password data 4a is given, a decoding key generation means 2 generates a decoding key 2a in accordance with the attribute of password data 4a. A decoding means 5 decodes password data 4a by using the decoding key 2a. Decoded data is processed by a processing means 6. A control means 7 outputs data processed by the processing means 6 to the encoding means 3 as data being the object of encoding. Thus, key different for the respective attributes are used and password intensity can be improved without depending on the memory managing method.

Encoding/decoding system using 16-QAM modulation encoded in multi-level blocks

Abstract: The invention provides a block-encoded modulation scheme using multi-level partitioning techniques. This scheme is made transparent to phase ambiguities of ±π/2 and of π, by means of differential encoding and appropriate mapping, it is applicable to 16-QAM modulation, and it has theoretical encoding gain that is optimal for the rate of the code. The decoder associated with this scheme uses the Wagner algorithm which is much less complicated to implement than the Viterbi algorithm or than the Reed-Solomon algorithm.

ROM chip enable encoding method and computer system employing the same

Abstract: A non-volatile memory chip enable encoding method allows the storage of both boot code and user application software within a common memory array. The chip enable encoding method further allows a variable number of memory banks to be provided within the non-volatile memory array and allows the system to power-up and execute the boot code before the array configurations are selected by firmware. In one embodiment, a memory controller includes four chip enable output lines for selectively enabling a plurality of ROM banks. One of the ROM banks includes boot code that is executed by the system microprocessor during system boot. If the user requires a ROM array consisting of four ROM banks, a separate chip enable output line is connected to each ROM bank. If the user instead requires a ROM array consisting of, for example, eight ROM banks, an external decoder may be connected to the four chip enable output lines. In this configuration, each output line of the decoder is coupled to a respective bank enable input line of the ROM banks. In either configuration, the chip enable lines are driven in a mutually exclusive relationship during system boot to access the boot code (stored within one of the ROM banks). Subsequently, the encoding of the chip enable signals at the chip enable output lines of the memory controller is dependent upon configuration information stored in a configuration register.

Digital image decoding apparatus

Abstract: Data decoded by a decoding section (101) are compressed by a compressing section (102) and then stored in a forecast/display frame memory section (103). The data in the forecast/display frame memory section (103) which are required to decode the other frames in the decoding section (101) are expanded and supplied to the decoding section through an expanding A section (104). The decoding section (101) uses the data restored by the expanding operation to decode the image data subjected to the forecast encoding operation. On the other hand, the display frame is subjected to the expanding operation at an expanding B section (105) after it has been read out from the forecast/display frame memory section (103), the expanded display frame then being output and supplied to a display device. Thus, the data stored in the forecast/display frame memory section (103) can be compressed to reduce the size of memory capacity.

Imaging, system, video processing apparatus, encoding apparatus, encoding method, and method of removing random noise

Abstract: Since, in an imaging apparatus, a bit rate encoder for compressing and encoding a video data obtained by image pickup has a filter circuit for removing a random noise included in the video data and an encoder circuit for high-efficiency-encoding a filtered video data and since a filtering characteristic of the filter circuit is increased in response to an increased gain of the video data obtained by image pickup, it is possible to reduce a random noise presented when the gain is increased, and to reduce encoding bits to be allocated to the random noise. Therefore, it is possible to secure sufficient bits to be allocated to video data upon the encoding and to prevent a picture quality from being deteriorated because of lack of allocated bits upon the encoding.

Image information encoding apparatus, image information decoding apparatus, and image information recording and reproducing system

Abstract: A video encoder enables a picture quality of a reproduced image to be improved and a moving object to move smoothly. Also this video encoder enable an edit to be carried out at the frame unit without deteriorating an encoding efficiency. The video encoder comprises a frame memory for storing therein image data of present frame, a frame memory for storing therein image data of preceding frame, an external memory control means for supplying read/write control signals to the frame memories, a motion detecting circuit for executing a motion detection processing by use of block data of present and preceding frames and image data of present and succeeding frames to provide first and second motion vector data, motion compensating circuits for extracting block data from preceding and succeeding frames based on the first and second motion vector data, a first adding circuit for adding and averaging these extracted block data, a second adding circuit for subtracting an output of the first adding circuit from block data of present frame, an intra-field/inter-frame switching control circuit for selecting the block data of present frame and difference data from the second adding circuit, a DCT circuit for compressing and encoding selected output and decoded information, a quantizing circuit and a variable-word length encoding circuit.

Algebraic vector quantization of LSF parameters with low storage and computational complexity

Abstract: This correspondence presents an algebraic vector-quantization scheme for encoding line spectral frequency (LSF) parameters used in linear predictive coding (LPC) of speech. The scheme is based on low-dimensionality regular-point lattices. The algebraic codebook need not be stored, and the optimum codevector is found through simple rounding of the input vector. Thus, the scheme results in significant savings of memory and reduced computational complexity when compared to traditional vector-quantizer solutions. The quantizer achieves an average spectral distortion of about 1 dB at 28 b/frame for the telephone bandwidth.