scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Topic

Encoding (memory)

About: Encoding (memory) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 7547 publications have been published within this topic receiving 120214 citations. The topic is also known as: memory encoding & encoding of memories.


Papers
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that the source memory advantage for the emotional context information is not always accompanied by enhanced recollection of the specific details of the learning episode and might rather reflect unspecific memory for categorical emotional information.
Abstract: Two experiments designed to examine the specificity of emotional source memory are reported. In the encoding phase, participants saw faces along with emotional context information, that is, descriptions of cheating, trustworthy, or irrelevant behavior. In the test phase, participants were required to complete a source classification test and a cued recall test. In both experiments, the source memory advantage for faces characterized by negative context information (cheating) was replicated. Extending previous research, a multinomial source-monitoring model was applied to distinguish between specific source memory for individual behavior descriptions and partial source memory in the sense of only a rough classification of the behavior as belonging to a particular emotional category--cheating, trustworthy, or neither of these. The results indicate that the source memory advantage for the emotional context information is not always accompanied by enhanced recollection of the specific details of the learning episode and might rather reflect unspecific memory for categorical emotional information.

31 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experiments reported here address the empirical question of how will your memory be affected by the number of related events experienced in the same context within the theoretical framework of relational and item-specific information.
Abstract: If you are asked to remember an event described by a sentence, how will your memory be affected by the number of related events experienced in the same context? The experiments reported here address this empirical question within the theoretical framework of relational and item-specific information. Assuming that both common and distinctive features of events are important in recall, encoding of both types of information should produce optimal performance. Assuming further that the type of information encoded, either common or distinctive, is influenced by manipulations, such as the number of related sentences and the orienting task, recall should be a product of the interaction between set size and type of orienting task. The results of these experiments were consistent with this prediction. Subsidiary analyses supported the interpretation of this interaction in terms of the differential availability of relational and item-specific information. The results are discussed in the context of the script pointer + tag hypothesis of schema theory.

31 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that: (1) quiet, wakeful rest is not a necessary prerequisite for episodic memory consolidation; and (2) post-encoding cognitive engagement does not interfere with memory consolidation when task-performance has minimal semantic and hippocampal related long-term memory processing demands.
Abstract: So far, studies that investigated interference effects of post-learning processes on episodic memory consolidation in humans have only used tasks involving complex and meaningful information. Such tasks require reallocation of general or encoding-specific resources away from consolidation-relevant activities. The possibility that interference can be elicited using a task that heavily taxes our limited brain resources; but has low semantic and hippocampal related long-term memory processing demands, has never been tested. We address this question by investigating whether consolidation could persist in parallel with an active, encoding-irrelevant, minimally semantic task, regardless of its high resource demands for cognitive processing. We distinguish the impact of such a task on consolidation based on whether it engages resources that are 1) general/executive or 2) specific/overlapping with encoding modality. Our experiments compared subsequent memory performance across two post-encoding consolidation periods: quiet wakeful rest and a cognitively demanding n-Back task. Across six different experiments (total N=176), we carefully manipulated the design of the n-Back task to target general or specific resources engaged in the ongoing consolidation process. In contrast to previous studies that employed interference tasks involving conceptual stimuli and complex processing demands, we did not find any differences between n-Back and rest conditions on memory performance at delayed test, using both recall and recognition tests. Our results indicate that 1) quiet, wakeful rest is not a necessary prerequisite for episodic memory consolidation, and 2) post-encoding cognitive engagement does not interfere with memory consolidation when task-performance has minimal semantic and hippocampally-based episodic memory processing demands. We discuss our findings with reference to resource and reactivation-led interference theories.

31 citations

Patent
10 Jul 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, an ultra wideband communications network and methods for communication are provided, in which a method of encoding data is provided for the sole purpose of complying with the Abstract requirement rules that allow a reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the disclosure contained herein.
Abstract: An ultra-wideband communications network and methods for communication are provided. In one embodiment of the present invention, a method of encoding data is provided. Generally, the method comprises the steps of calculating a data transformation, encoding a first portion of the data transform with a first forward error correction code at a first encoding rate, and encoding a second portion of the data transform with a second forward error correction code at a second encoding rate. This Abstract is provided for the sole purpose of complying with the Abstract requirement rules that allow a reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the disclosure contained herein. This Abstract is submitted with the explicit understanding that it will not be used to interpret or to limit the scope or the meaning of the claims.

31 citations

Patent
24 Feb 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, a trigger condition with respect to one or more nonvolatile memory portions (e.g., portions configured to store data encoded in a first encoding format and having a first storage density) of a plurality of non-volatile memories portions of a storage device is detected.
Abstract: Systems, methods, and/or devices are used to implement variable bit encoding per NAND flash cell to extend life of flash-based storage devices and preserve over-provisioning. In some embodiments, the method includes detecting a trigger condition with respect to one or more non-volatile memory portions (e.g., portions configured to store data encoded in a first encoding format and having a first storage density) of a plurality of non-volatile memory portions of a storage device. In response to detecting the trigger condition and in accordance with a first determination that a projected amount of over-provisioning (e.g., corresponding to over-provisioning for the storage device after reconfiguring the one or more non-volatile memory portions to store data encoded in a second encoding format and having a second storage density) meets predefined over-provisioning criteria, the method includes reconfiguring the one or more non-volatile memory portions to store data encoded in the second encoding format.

31 citations


Network Information
Related Topics (5)
Artificial neural network
207K papers, 4.5M citations
83% related
Deep learning
79.8K papers, 2.1M citations
83% related
Feature extraction
111.8K papers, 2.1M citations
82% related
Convolutional neural network
74.7K papers, 2M citations
81% related
Cluster analysis
146.5K papers, 2.9M citations
81% related
Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20231,083
20222,253
2021450
2020378
2019358
2018363