Encoding (memory)

About: Encoding (memory) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 7547 publications have been published within this topic receiving 120214 citations. The topic is also known as: memory encoding & encoding of memories.

System for speech encoding having an adaptive encoding arrangement

Abstract: In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a selector supports the selection of a first encoding scheme or the second encoding scheme based upon the detection or absence of the triggering characteristic in the interval of the input speech signal. The first encoding scheme has a pitch pre-processing procedure for processing the input speech signal to form a revised speech signal biased toward an ideal voiced and stationary characteristic. The pre-processing procedure allows the encoder to fully capture the benefits of a bandwidth-efficient, long-term predictive procedure for a greater amount of speech components of an input speech signal than would otherwise be possible. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the second encoding scheme entails a long-term prediction mode for encoding the pitch on a sub-frame by sub-frame basis. The long-term prediction mode is tailored to where the generally periodic component of the speech is generally not stationary or less than completely periodic and requires greater frequency of updates from the adaptive codebook to achieve a desired perceptual quality of the reproduced speech under a long-term predictive procedure.

Image encoding apparatus, image decoding apparatus and control method therefor

Abstract: The present invention is able to determine an encoding parameter using a simple method with little processing load or memory cost, and enables encoding of image data with excellent compression performance. To this end, a prediction error generating unit of an encoding apparatus according to the present invention calculates the difference (prediction error) between a pixel of interest and a predicted value. A prediction order conversion unit converts the prediction error to a non-negative integer, and outputs the non-negative integer as a prediction order M(e). A Golomb encoding unit performs encoding in accordance with a k parameter supplied from a k parameter updating unit. The k parameter updating unit updates the k parameter for use in the next updating based on the prediction order M(e) of the pixel of interest and the k parameter supplied to the Golomb encoding unit.

Adjustments to encoding and decoding when switching color spaces

Abstract: Innovations in encoding or decoding when switching color spaces are presented. For example, some of the innovations relate to signaling of control information for adaptive color space transformation (“ACT”). Other innovations relate to ACT operations. These innovations can improve coding efficiency when switching between color spaces during encoding and decoding.

Prospective memory: the relative effects of encoding, retrieval, and the match between encoding and retrieval.

Abstract: Previous prospective memory studies have revealed some important features of encoding, retrieval, and the match between the encoding and the retrieval that contribute to prospective memory performance. However, these studies have not provided evidence concerning the relative importance of these three factors because no study has investigated all three in a single design. We developed a laboratory-based paradigm that allowed us to manipulate different characteristics of encoding, retrieval, and the match between encoding and retrieval simultaneously in a single experiment. The results of eight experiments showed that all three factors have an influence on prospective memory performance, but that the match between encoding and retrieval has a significantly larger influence than either encoding or retrieval factors.

Role of normal sleep and sleep apnea in human memory processing

Abstract: A fundamental problem in the field of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and memory is that it has historically minimized the basic neurobiology of sleep's role in memory Memory formation has been classically divided into phases of encoding, processing/consolidation, and retrieval An abundance of evidence suggests that sleep plays a critical role specifically in the processing/consolidation phase, but may do so differentially for memories that were encoded using particular brain circuits In this review, we discuss some of the more established evidence for sleep's function in the processing of declarative, spatial navigational, emotional, and motor/procedural memories and more emerging evidence highlighting sleep's importance in higher order functions such as probabilistic learning, transitive inference, and category/gist learning Furthermore, we discuss sleep's capacity for memory augmentation through targeted/cued memory reactivation OSA - by virtue of its associated sleep fragmentation, intermittent hypoxia, and potential brain structural effects - is well positioned to specifically impact the processing/consolidation phase, but testing this possibility requires experimental paradigms in which memory encoding and retrieval are separated by a period of sleep with and without the presence of OSA We argue that such paradigms should focus on the specific types of memory tasks for which sleep has been shown to have a significant effect We discuss the small number of studies in which this has been done, in which OSA nearly uniformly negatively impacts offline memory processing When periods of offline processing are minimal or absent and do not contain sleep, as is the case in the broad literature on OSA and memory, the effects of OSA on memory are far less consistent