Topic
Encoding (memory)
About: Encoding (memory) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 7547 publications have been published within this topic receiving 120214 citations. The topic is also known as: memory encoding & encoding of memories.
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that contextual memories encoded close in time are linked by directing storage into overlapping ensembles by increasing cellular excitability and activating a common ensemble of CA1 neurons during two distinct context exposures rescued the deficit in linking memories.
Abstract: Recent studies suggest that a shared neural ensemble may link distinct memories encoded close in time. According to the memory allocation hypothesis, learning triggers a temporary increase in neuronal excitability that biases the representation of a subsequent memory to the neuronal ensemble encoding the first memory, such that recall of one memory increases the likelihood of recalling the other memory. Here we show in mice that the overlap between the hippocampal CA1 ensembles activated by two distinct contexts acquired within a day is higher than when they are separated by a week. Several findings indicate that this overlap of neuronal ensembles links two contextual memories. First, fear paired with one context is transferred to a neutral context when the two contexts are acquired within a day but not across a week. Second, the first memory strengthens the second memory within a day but not across a week. Older mice, known to have lower CA1 excitability, do not show the overlap between ensembles, the transfer of fear between contexts, or the strengthening of the second memory. Finally, in aged mice, increasing cellular excitability and activating a common ensemble of CA1 neurons during two distinct context exposures rescued the deficit in linking memories. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that contextual memories encoded close in time are linked by directing storage into overlapping ensembles. Alteration of these processes by ageing could affect the temporal structure of memories, thus impairing efficient recall of related information.
729 citations
TL;DR: Tulving as discussed by the authors argues for the distinction between episodic and semantic memory as functionally separate albeit closely interacting systems and discusses empirical and theoretical reasons for a tentative acceptance of the functional distinction between the two systems and its possible extensions.
Abstract: Elements of episodic memory (Tulving 1983b) consists of three parts. Part I argues for the distinction between episodic and semantic memory as functionally separate albeit closely interacting systems. It begins with a review of the 1972 essay on the topic (Tulving 1972) and its shortcomings, presents a somewhat more complete characterization of the two forms of memory than the one that was possible in 1972, and proceeds to discuss empirical and theoretical reasons for a tentative acceptance of the functional distinction between the two systems and its possible extensions. Part II describes a framework for the study of episodic memory, dubbed General Abstract Processing System (GAPS). The basic unit in such study is an act of remembering. It begins with the witnessing of an event and ends with recollective experience of the event, with related memory performance, or both. The framework specifies a number of components (elements) of the act of remembering and their interrelations, classified under two broad categories of encoding and retrieval. Part III discusses experimental research under the label of “synergistic ecphory.” Ecphory is one of the central elements of retrieval; “synergistic” refers to the joint influence that the stored episodic information and the cognitively present retrieval information exert on the construction of the product of ecphory, the so-called ecphoric information. The concept of encoding specificity and the phenomenon of recognition failure of recallable words figure prominently in Part III. The final chapter of the book describes a model, named the synergistic ecphory model of retrieval, that relates qualitative characteristics of recollective experience and quantitative measures of memory performance in recall and recognition to the conjunction of episodic-memory traces and semantic-memory retrieval cues.
708 citations
TL;DR: A computational model of human memory for serial order is described (OSCillator-based Associative Recall [OSCAR]; in the model, successive list items become associated to successive states of a dynamic learning-context signal.
Abstract: A computational model of human memory for serial order is described (OSCillator-based Associative Recall [OSCAR]). In the model, successive list items become associated to successive states of a dynamic learning-context signal. Retrieval involves reinstatement of the learning context, successive states of which cue successive recalls. The model provides an integrated account of both item memory and order memory and allows the hierarchical representation of temporal order information. The model accounts for a wide range of serial order memory data, including differential item and order memory, transposition gradients, item similarity effects, the effects of item lag and separation in judgments of relative and absolute recency, probed serial recall data, distinctiveness effects, grouping effects at various temporal resolutions, longer term memory for serial order, list length effects, and the effects of vocabulary size on serial recall.
677 citations
25 Feb 2014
TL;DR: This book presents a preliminary theory of the Interactions between Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus that Contribute to Planning and Prospective Memory and some new Empirical Findings suggest that using and Improving Prospective memory in Real World Settings is a viable option.
Abstract: Contents: Preface. Part I: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval in Prospective Memory. J. Ellis, Prospective Memory or the Realization of Delayed Intentions: A Conceptual Framework for Research. L. Kvavilashvili, J. Ellis, Varieties of Intention: Some Distinctions and Classifications. T. Goschke, J. Kuhl, Remembering What to Do: Explicit and Implicit Memory for Intentions. T. Mantyla, Activating Actions and Interrupting Intentions: Mechanisms of Retrieval Sensitization in Prospective Memory. G.O. Einstein, M.A. McDaniel, Retrieval Processes in Prospective Memory: Theoretical Approaches and Some New Empirical Findings. R.G. Crowder, Commentary: The Trouble With Prospective Memory: a Provocation. H.L. Roediger, III, Commentary: Prospective Memory and Episodic Memory. R.R. Hunt, R.E. Smith, Commentary: Representations May Be Restrictive: Where Is the Feeling of Prospective Memory? Part II: Aging and Prospective Memory. E.A. Maylor, Does Prospective Memory Decline with Age? A.R. Dobbs, M.B. Reeves, Prospective Memory: More Than Memory. F.I.M. Craik, S.A. Kerr, Commentary: Prospective Memory, Aging, and Lapses of Intention. P. Rabbitt, Commentary: Why Are Studies of "Prospective Memory" Planless? Part III: Neuropsychology of Prospective Memory. E.L. Glisky, Prospective Memory and the Frontal Lobes. J.D. Cohen, R.C. O'Reilly, A Preliminary Theory of the Interactions Between Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus that Contribute to Planning and Prospective Memory. P.S. Bisiacchi, The Neuropsychological Approach in the Study of Prospective Memory. T. Shallice, Commentary: The Neuropsychology of Prospective Memory. Part IV: Applications: Using and Improving Prospective Memory in Real World Settings. J. Cockburn, Assessment and Treatment of Prospective Memory Deficits. C.J. Camp, J.W. Foss, A.B. Stevens, A.M. O'Hanlon, Improving Prospective Memory Task Performance in Persons with Alzheimer's Disease. D.C. Park, D.P. Kidder, Prospective Memory and Medication Adherence. D. Herrmann, Commentary: Improving Prospective Memory.
669 citations
TL;DR: It was found that in samples of age matched subjects alpha frequency of good memory performers is about 1 Hz-higher than those of bad performers, suggesting that alpha frequency may be a permanent and not only a functional parameter that determines the speed with which information can be retrieved from memory.
641 citations