Encoding (memory)

About: Encoding (memory) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 7547 publications have been published within this topic receiving 120214 citations. The topic is also known as: memory encoding & encoding of memories.

Generation and Memory for Contextual Detail.

Abstract: Generation enhances item memory but may not enhance other aspects of memory In 12 experiments, the author investigated the effect of generation on context memory, motivated in part by the hypothesis that generation produces a trade-off in encoding item and contextual information Participants generated some study words (eg, hot-c__) and read others (eg, hot-cold) Generation consistently enhanced item memory but did not enhance context memory More specifically, generation disrupted context memory for the color of the target word but did not affect context memory for location, background color, and cue-word color The specificity of the negative generation effect in context memory argues against a general item-context trade-off A processing account of generation meets greater success In addition, the results provide no evidence that generation enhances recollection of contextual details

A linear algebra approach to minimal convolutional encoders

Abstract: The authors review the work of G.D. Forney, Jr., on the algebraic structure of convolutional encoders upon which some new results regarding minimal convolutional encoders rest. An example is given of a basic convolutional encoding matrix whose number of abstract states is minimal over all equivalent encoding matrices. However, this encoding matrix can be realized with a minimal number of memory elements neither in controller canonical form nor in observer canonical form. Thus, this encoding matrix is not minimal according to Forney's definition of a minimal encoder. To resolve this difficulty, the following three minimality criteria are introduced: minimal-basic encoding matrix, minimal encoding matrix, and minimal encoder. It is shown that all minimal-basic encoding matrices are minimal and that there exist minimal encoding matrices that are not minimal-basic. Several equivalent conditions are given for an encoding matrix to be minimal. It is proven that the constraint lengths of two equivalent minimal-basic encoding matrices are equal one by one up to a rearrangement. All results are proven using only elementary linear algebra. >

An algorithm for minimizing read only memories for machine control

Abstract: This paper describes an algorithm for minimizing the storage required of a Read Only Memory that is going to be used as the control element for a digital machine. The technique is based upon the fact that not all sub-commands are required in all words so that bits of the memory may be time shared between subcommands. The algorithm provides a means for determining what sub-commands should share a common set of bits. The algorithm is essentially one of exhaustive evaluation but it is one that directs you toward the solution rather than one which randomly tries all possible solutions and chooses the best. In addition certain bounds on the "size" of the solution are derived and these in turn eliminate a large segment of the possible solution set from consideration. Finally, the algorithm is quite iterative and as such lends itself readily to implementation of a digital machine.

Memory for actions: Enactment and source memory

Abstract: Enacting simple action phrases enhances item memory but may not enhance other aspects of memory. The present experiment examines the effects of enactment on source memory. During the study phase, participants performed some actions (subject-performed tasks, SPTs) and observed the experimenter perform other actions (experimenter-performed tasks, EPTs). One group performed the SPTs with eyes closed, one group with eyes open (the standard condition), and one group performed SPTs facing a mirror (EPT presentation was constant across groups). As expected, item memory was better for SPTs than for EPTs. More importantly, source memory for SPTs was affected by the amount of visual feedback. As predicted by the source-monitoring framework, source memory for SPTs decreased as the amount of visual feedback increased from none (eyes closed) to moderate (standard condition) to maximal (mirror condition). In addition, SPT encoding failed to increase source memory and in one condition actually decreased source memory, relative to EPT encoding. Thus, enactment dissociated item and source memory, enhancing the former but not the latter.

System and method for storing information in a multi-level cell memory

Abstract: A method comprising: obtaining a value of source data; encoding the value of source data using an encoding process, to thereby obtain an encoded value; calculating a difference value based on the value of source data and the encoded value; mapping the difference value to a multi-digit binary value associated with a voltage level based on a mapping scheme; causing a cell of a multi-level cell memory to store the mapped multi-digit binary value; and causing the encoded value of source data to be stored in the multi-level cell memory.