Topic
Energy balance
About: Energy balance is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4920 publications have been published within this topic receiving 130383 citations.
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Oak Ridge National Laboratory1, University of California, Berkeley2, Institut national de la recherche agronomique3, University of Amsterdam4, Carnegie Institution for Science5, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences6, University of Göttingen7, Oregon State University8, University of Edinburgh9, University of Colorado Boulder10, San Diego State University11, University of Nebraska–Lincoln12
TL;DR: A comprehensive evaluation of energy balance closure is performed across 22 sites and 50 site-years in FLUXNET, a network of eddy covariance sites measuring long-term carbon and energy fluxes in contrasting ecosystems and climates as mentioned in this paper.
2,052 citations
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TL;DR: Minimum cut-off limits for energy intake below which a person of a given sex, age and body weight could not live a normal life-style are defined, derived from whole-body calorimeter and doubly-labelled water measurements in a wide range of healthy adults.
Abstract: This paper uses fundamental principles of energy physiology to define minimum cut-off limits for energy intake below which a person of a given sex, age and body weight could not live a normal life-style. These have been derived from whole-body calorimeter and doubly-labelled water measurements in a wide range of healthy adults after due statistical allowance for intra- and interindividual variance. The tabulated cut-off limits, which depend on sample size and duration of measurements, identify minimum plausible levels of energy expenditure expressed as a multiple of basal metabolic rate (BMR). CUT-OFF 1 tests whether reported energy intake measurements can be representative of long-term habitual intake. It is set at 1.35 x BMR for cases where BMR has been measured rather than predicted. CUT-OFF 2 tests whether reported energy intakes are a plausible measure of the food consumed during the actual measurement period, and is always more liberal than CUT-OFF 1 since it has to allow for the known measurement imprecision arising from the high level of day-to-day variability in food intake. The cut-off limits can be used to evaluate energy intake data. Results falling below these limits must be recognized as being incompatible with long-term maintenance of energy balance and therefore with long-term survival.
2,010 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) is proposed for the estimation of atmospheric turbulent fluxes and evaporative fraction using satellite earth observation data, in combination with meteorological information at proper scales.
Abstract: A Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) is proposed for the estimation of atmospheric turbulent fluxes and evaporative fraction using satellite earth observation data, in combination with meteorological information at proper scales SEBS consists of: a set of tools for the determination of the land surface physical parameters, such as albedo, emissivity, temperature, vegetation coverage etc, from spectral reflectance and radiance measurements; a model for the determination of the roughness length for heat transfer; and a new formulation for the determination of the evaporative fraction on the basis of energy balance at limiting cases Four experimental data sets are used to assess the reliabilities of SEBS Based on these case studies, SEBS has proven to be capable to estimate turbulent heat fluxes and evaporative fraction at various scales with acceptable accuracy The uncertainties in the estimated heat fluxes are comparable to in-situ measurement uncertainties Keywords: Surface energy balance, turbulent heat flux, evaporation, remote sensing
1,585 citations
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TL;DR: METRIC uses as its foundation the pioneering SEBAL energy balance process developed in The Netherlands by Bastiaanssen, where the near-surface temperature gradients are an indexed function of radiometric surface temperature, thereby eliminating the need for absolutely accurate surface temperature and theneed for air-temperature measurements.
Abstract: Mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration (METRIC) is a satellite-based image-processing model for calculating evapotranspiration (ET) as a residual of the surface energy balance. METRIC uses as its foundation the pioneering SEBAL energy balance process developed in The Netherlands by Bastiaanssen, where the near-surface temperature gradients are an indexed function of radiometric surface temperature, thereby eliminating the need for absolutely accurate surface temperature and the need for air-temperature measurements. The surface energy balance is internally calibrated using ground-based reference ET to reduce computational biases inherent to remote sensing-based energy balance and to provide congruency with traditional methods for ET. Slope and aspect functions and temperature lapsing are used in applications in mountainous terrain. METRIC algorithms are designed for relatively routine application by trained engineers and other technical professionals who possess a fami...
1,570 citations
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TL;DR: In the Southern Great Plains 1997 Hydrology Experiment, four different types of eddy-covariance systems were set up side-by-side and all of them under-measured sensible and latent heat fluxes by similar amounts.
1,519 citations