scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Energy source published in 1968"


Journal ArticleDOI
Peter E. Glaser1
22 Nov 1968-Science

786 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examination of the digesta from all regions of the avian digestive tract showed that volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were present in greatest concentration in the caeca and that they comprised mainly acetic, propionic and butyric acids.
Abstract: 1. Examination of the digesta from all regions of the avian digestive tract showed that volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were present in greatest concentration in the caeca and that they comprised mainly acetic, propionic and butyric acids.2. All droppings contained VFAs but they were present in highest concentration in those of caecal origin. Caecectomy was followed by a marked reduction in the total output of VFAs.3. Birds 14–20 weeks of age had similar concentrations of VFAs along the tract and similar numbers and distribution of micro-organisms.4. Portal blood contained all the VFAs found in the digestive tract whilst peripheral blood contained only acetic and formic acids.5. The almost complete absence of VFAs from the tract contents of germ-free birds showed that the VFAs normally present in the tract were of microbial origin.6. The presence of similar levels of acetate in the peripheral blood of conventional and germfree birds indicated that circulating acetate was mainly of endogenous and not microbial origin.7. The significance of VFAs as an energy source is discussed.

159 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extended the dynamical theory of tectonic sources in order to provide a more complete description of earthquakes in terms of these basic parameters of rupture, including prestress.
Abstract: The most important and interesting source of elastic radiation in geophysics is an earthquake, or tectonic source, because the radiation field from such an energy source provides information on the largely unknown stress field within the earth. The actual mechanisms or processes of material failure undoubtedly can be described parametrically by the radiation field in terms of rupture velocity, rupture geometry, and the initial and residual stress within the region of failure. Accurate estimates of stress and the parameters of failure are therefore of particular significance in any description of the physical state of the material and would not be unrelated to the larger-scale dynamical processes taking place within the earth. A number of methods and theories are presently used in estimating some of these parameters. The present study is intended to extend the dynamical theory of tectonic sources in order to provide a more complete description of earthquakes in terms of these basic parameters of rupture, including prestress. No assumptions are made concerning the nature of equivalent forces at the source or of their time dependence. The theory predicts the spatial and temporal form of the radiation field in terms of the initial prestress field and the basic rupture parameters. These predictions follow from the recognition that an earthquake is a relaxation source and that such a phenomenon is described analytically as an initial-value problem. Consequently, such a source satisfies the conservation of energy and linear and angular momentum conditions required for a spontaneous source. The radiation field is produced by the continuous reduction of stored potential strain energy in the elastic medium surrounding a growing rupture zone, where it is assumed that the rupture, or at least a part of the total rupture zone, has a well-defined boundary at a given time to which boundary conditions are applicable. The compatibility of this geometrically sharp, time-varying boundary condition with probable failure processes in the earth is examined and judged to be good. Analytical expressions for the radiation field from an arbitrary source of elastic radiation are given, and within the framework of this formulation the properties of a spontaneous tectonic source are contrasted with ‘applied force’ sources and their special properties, as well as with some of the field observations of earthquake radiation fields. These considerations demonstrate the need for a more general and complete description of tectonic sources in order to explain all the observations and, more fundamentally, to deduce more precisely the nature of the physical processes of failure in the earth. It is concluded that a relaxation theory will provide the flexibility required to describe the characteristics of the observed radiation field and will also provide estimates of rupture parameters bearing on the processes of failure and the state of the material. A complete development of the dynamical relaxation theory for tectonic sources, including considerations of the total energy release and the final equilibrium field, constitutes the main result of this study, providing explicit expressions for the dynamic and static displacement and energy fields. It is shown that the radiation field will generally have a frequency-dependent shape, dependent to first order on the ratio of rupture length to radiation wavelength. A relatively simple example is considered, and the radiation pattern and displacement and energy spectra computed. The radiation pattern is contrasted with the pattern from a more complicated rupture geometry and serves to demonstrate the pattern-shape dependence on frequency, rupture geometry, and prestress. The energy and displacement spectra are also found to have maxima and minima, the number being dependent on the rupture geometry and their location and spacing being dependent on rupture length and velocity.

118 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an ideal hydromagnetic model was used to examine the nature of the energy sources that can drive the instability of the exchange in a single-dimensional graph. But the model was not applied to the real world.
Abstract: Interchange instabilities are examined using an ideal hydromagnetic model. The nature of the energy sources that can drive the instability is clarified.

117 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Theoretical calculations of the consequences of the thermoelastic mechanism for production of stress in solids by pulsed energy input have been performed, and the effect of variations in the acoustic impedance of a transparent backup material and variations in pulse duration as compared to the acoustic transit time across the penetration depth of the incident energy have been investigated.
Abstract: Theoretical calculations of the consequences of the thermoelastic mechanism for production of stress in solids by pulsed energy input have been performed, and the effect of variations in the acoustic impedance of a transparent backup material and variations in the pulse duration as compared to the acoustic transit time across the penetration depth of the incident energy have been investigated. Experimental verification of the theoretical calculations has been done using a Q‐switched ruby laser as an energy source with samples of absorbing glass as targets. It is found that the experimental results give good agreement in the shapes of the stress pulses produced, and fair agreement in the absolute amplitude of the stress, with no adjustable parameters being required. The calculations and experiments demonstrate the validity of the thermoelastic stress‐production mechanism in solids when no phase transformation occurs.

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A chemostat inoculated with a mixed population will select for that organism that exhibits the fastest growth rate under the specific conditions (composition of medium, temperature, etc.), and competitive processes were studied in detail.
Abstract: organisms of nonmarine origin in seawater is basically affected by the mere competition for growth-limiting nutrients, primarily carbon and energy sources (1). During recent studies on the growth kinetics of various marine isolates, data were obtained on the basis of which the role of growth competition, as compared to more specific inhibitory effects, could be evaluated and defined. A chemostat inoculated with a mixed population will select for that organism that exhibits the fastest growth rate under the specific conditions (composition of medium, temperature, etc.). These competitive processes were studied in detail (4) with sterile supplemented seawater as a medium and raw seawater as an inoculum. A number of bacterial strains belonging to different genera were enriched by varying the dilution rate or the concentration of the growth limiting substrate in the reservoir, or both. In these experiments, 0.1 to 10 mg/liter of lactate, glycerol, or glucose were added to filter-sterilized offshore seawater; ammonium and phosphate were added in sufficient concentrations to ascertain growth limitation by the carbon and energy source. Samples taken from the chemostat twice a retention time were streaked on agar that was prepared with the same medium but contained 100 mg/liter of the respective carbon source. Enrichments to at least 90% of

90 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate from various representative strains of the genera Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, and Derxia was isolated and characterized, and PHB content could not be used as a taxonomic criterion.
Abstract: Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) from various representative strains of the genera Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, and Derxia was isolated and characterized. During growth in shake culture, with glucose as a carbon and energy source, and molecular nitrogen as a nitrogen source, increase in dry weight appeared linear, and PHB formed a constant percentage of the dry weight. In a medium containing 1% (w/v) glucose, PHB declined with the onset of the stationary phase of growth; with 2% (w/v) glucose, an increase in PHB content during stationary phase was noted in the case of some strains, before a subsequent decline. The decrease in PHB as a percentage of dry cellular weight (not of total amount present in the culture) during growth of some strains with 2% as opposed to 1% (w/v) glucose may be ascribed to a greater production of capsular polysaccharide. PHB content could not be used as a taxonomic criterion. Strain differences were as great as or greater than species differences. The only strain of Beijerinckia fluminensis obtained contained PHB, but it could not be grown on the nitrogen-free medium used. Two species of the genus Azotomonas, reported to be aerobic, nonsymbiotic nitrogen-fixers, did not grow on the nitrogen-free medium used and did not produce PHB during growth with a combined nitrogen source.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fatty acids derived from Micrococcus cerificans growing at the expense of odd- and even-carbon normal alkanes demonstrated that cultures grown with a variety of nonhydrocarbon substrates serving as sole carbon and energy source yielded only even- carbon fatty acids.
Abstract: Fatty acids derived from Micrococcus cerificans growing at the expense of odd- and even-carbon normal alkanes were studied. Results demonstrated that cultures grown with a variety of nonhydrocarbon substrates serving as sole carbon and energy source yielded only even-carbon fatty acids. Even-chain alkanes, dodecane through octadecane serving as sole carbon source, resulted in even-carbon fatty acids with direct correlation between carbon number of the major fatty acid species and carbon number of the alkane substrate. Odd-carbon alkanes, undecane through heptadecane serving as sole carbon source, yielded both odd- and even-carbon fatty acids. A transitional shift from even-carbon fatty acids to odd-carbon fatty acids was observed as the carbon number of the alkane substrate increased. Unsaturated fatty acids were found to comprise a significant percentage of all profiles. Analysis of unsaturated fatty acids showed all odd- and even-carbon acids analyzed were Δ9 monounsaturated fatty acids.

87 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was estimated that the zooplankton provide only a small fraction of the required N and P to the phytoplankston during periods of phy toplankon abundance, however, duringperiod of phYtoplank ton scarcity, when plant nutrient requirements are low and zoopLankton excretion rates arc high, the zoops provide amounts of N andP in excess of phytochemical demand.
Abstract: Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled at three stations in Narragansett Bay over a nine-month period at weekly or biweekly intervals. The freshly-caught plankton was then utilized in laboratory experiments in which zooplankton oxygen consumption and phosphorus and nitrogen excretion were mcnsured. Nitrogen excretion was minimal when phytoplankton was abundant and vice versa; this phenomenon may be due to the animals’ greater utilization of protein as an energy source when food is scarce. A similar relationship was observed between food abundance and phosphate excretion, and it was hypothesized that when food was abundant low rates of P excretion indicated that lipid was being stored or used in egg production or both. When food was scarce more lipid was used for energy and rates of I? excretion increased. From the experimental results, it was estimated that the zooplankton provide only a small fraction of the required N and P to the phytoplankton during periods of phytoplankton abundance. However, during periods of phytoplankton scarcity, when plant nutrient requirements are low and zooplankton excretion rates arc high, the zooplankton provide amounts of N and P in excess of phytoplankton demand.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of current trends in research in the Soviet Union on the ecology of aquatic bacteria shows an increasing emphasis on in situ measurements of the rate or extent of conversion of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and iron from one form to another and on the bacteria responsible for these conversions.
Abstract: This paper presents a review of current trends in research in the Soviet Union on the ecology of aquatic bacteria. The paper shows an increasing emphasis on in situ measurements of the rate or extent of conversion of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and iron from one form to another and on the bacteria responsible for these conversions. Theoretical considerations and results of several studies are summarized. These include measurement of bacterial biomass production and nitrogen fixation with isotopes, factors affecting decomposition of water humus in bog lakes, annual succession of iron bacteria in relation to the cycling of iron, nitrogen exchange between bottom sediment and benthic waters, the concept and calculation of nitrogen balance in a lake, and the bacteria responsible for the oxidation of sulfur. An attempt is made to incorporate this information into flow diagrams showing the dynamics of the cycling of the four elements discussed.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The levels of the main cerebral energy reserves, ATP, P‐creatine, glycogen and glucose, and of several glycolytic intermediates and lactate, were measured in the brains of fish, turtle and frog and were similar to those found in mammalian brain.
Abstract: — The levels of the main cerebral energy reserves, ATP, P-creatine, glycogen and glucose, and of several glycolytic intermediates and lactate, were measured in the brains of fish (Carassius auratus), turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans) and frog (Rana pipiens). The levels of glycogen in these brains were 2-9 times higher than those reported for mammals. In frog, cerebral glycogen levels were 35 per cent higher during the winter than in spring. The P-creatine: ATP ratios were 3 instead of the more usual (mammalian) value of 1. The levels of other intermediates were similar to those found in mammalian brain. When anoxia was produced by decapitation, changes in the various substances measured were similar to those in mammalian brain, but were much slower. The initial rate at which high-energy phosphate was used could be calculated from these changes. Values of 1.1 m-equiv./kg/min for fish and frog and of 0.46 m-equiv./kg/min for turtle were found, which are 1/20 and 1/50, respectively, of the rate in mouse brain. The rate of disappearance of high-energy phosphate reserves followed first-order kinetics for 4 hr in turtle and for at least an hour in the other species. Changes in metabolites as the experiment progressed were interpreted to indicate a progressively falling intracellular pH, prolonged inhibition of phosphofructokinase, and a long period of hexokinase inhibition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that a metabolite formed in the first steps of glycolysis might be responsible for initiation of malate dehydrogenase inactivation, which is initiated by the addition of glucose or related hexoses to the medium.
Abstract: The glucose-dependent inactivation of malate dehydrogenase (l-malate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) in acetate-grown yeast cells was studied in vivo. Among different yeast species inactivation was observed only in strains of the genus Saccharomyces. The phenomenon is initiated by the addition of glucose or related hexoses to the medium and is reversibly interrupted at 0°. By use of a yeast mutant requiring tryptophan, it was shown that malate dehydrogenase inactivation is not influenced by inhibition of protein synthesis, whereas recovery of enzyme activity in inactivated cells requires the presence of an energy source and tryptophan and is presumably due to de novo protein synthesis. The reported results provide evidence that a metabolite formed in the first steps of glycolysis might be responsible for initiation of malate dehydrogenase inactivation.

Patent
16 Apr 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, a laser beam is used to vaporize a mineral or a derivative of the mineral from an earth formation, and then a fractionation column is used for recovering the mineral.
Abstract: 1,224,582. Mineral-mining. WOODS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CORP. 15 April, 1969 [16 April, 1968], No 19262/69. Heading E1F. [Also in Divisions C5, C7 and H1] A mineral or a derivative of the mineral is recovered from an earth formation by directing a laser beam on to the formation to vaporize the mineral, controlling the atmosphere about, the face which the laser beam contacts, and recovering the. mineral or derivative from the controlled; atmosphere. The mineral, which may be pyrolized by the laser . beam, may be oil shale or low, grade coal, or petroleum or a metal ore and the laser beam. may be directed onto an exposed face or produce .a hole in the earth to reach the working face The controlled atmosphere may be an: inert gas, e.g. He, N 2 , A, Ne Kr, CO 2 , or a reactive one, e.g. NH 3 , Br, I, Cl, N 2 O, NO, and may be circulated by a pump throughan, enclosure constructed over the source of the laser beam The circuit includes, a separator, for recovering the mineral c e.g'. a fractionation column.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Steranes and triterpanes identification from Green River shale by capillary gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry was performed by as mentioned in this paper, where the triterpans were identified by using a combination of columnar and columnar mass spectra.
Abstract: Steranes and triterpanes identification from Green River shale by capillary gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results are interpreted as showing that the increased cellular activities following PHA activation are dependent on glycolysis rather than on respiration, and may be useful for studying metabolic controls associated with differentiation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rhizobium japonicum (CC711) was used to infect soybean seeds from which plants were grown and its characteristics were shown to be consistent with the characteristics of nitrogen fixation by anaerobic cell-free extracts of bacteroids which required an energy source (ATP), and a reductant (sodium dithionite).
Abstract: SUMMARY: Rhizobium japonicum (CC711) was used to infect soybean seeds from which plants were grown. From the root nodules, bacteroid suspensions with initial rates of nitrogen fixation as high as those calculated for bacteroids in intact nodules were prepared. Oxygen, which was required for fixation by intact nodules and bacteroid suspensions, caused the eventual loss of bacteroid nitrogen-fixing ability, accompanied by an increase in O2-uptake. In intact nodules and in bacteroid suspensions, increasing O2 pressures resulted in higher values for K m of nitrogen fixation. V max also increased with increasing pO2 and this was shown to be consistent with the characteristics of nitrogen fixation by anaerobic cell-free extracts of bacteroids which required an energy source (ATP), and a reductant (sodium dithionite). Higher concentrations of carbon monoxide were required to inhibit nitrogen fixation by intact nodules than by bacteroid suspensions. Carbon monoxide was a competitive inhibitor of nitrogen fixation in bacteroid suspensions and Ki (CO) and Km (N2) values showed that the nitrogenase had about 30 times the apparent affinity for CO that it had for N2. In cell-free extracts of bacteroids, the nitrogen-fixing activity remained in the supernatant fluid after centrifugation at 100,000 g for 30 min. The extracts were inactivated at 0°. The Km for nitrogen fixation by cell-free extracts was variable, 62-118 (N2 concentration in mm. Hg. pressure), compared with 50-60 for intact nodules and 20 for intact bacteroids when Km for these was measured in the range of pO2 in which it was only slightly affected by O2. The Ki for inhibition of nitrogen fixation by CO in extracts was similar to values obtained with intact bacteroids.

Patent
26 Sep 1968
TL;DR: In this article, an electrically fired multiple-barreled superimposed projectile weapon system is described, which includes an array of light weight barrels with a common receiver and breech block containing piezoelectric crystals, one for each barrel providing recoil and energized charging energy source for a common battery.
Abstract: An electrically fired multiple barrel superimposed projectile weapon system is disclosed. The system includes an array of light weight barrels with a common receiver and breech block containing piezoelectric crystals, one for each barrel providing recoil and energized charging energy source for a common battery. A removable trigger assembly contains a rechargable battery and fire rate controls. Firing control circuitry extends along the lengths of the barrels to engage firing and safety circuits associated with each round of the superimposed projectiles. Additional charging circuits for the battery are actuated by projectile travel through an air core coil, trigger release action and by an external recharger. Various forms of ammunition and firing circuitry therefore are disclosed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Thymine-requiring mutants which are able to grow on low levels of thymine have been isolated and shown, in some cases, to be lacking one or both DR5P aldolases.
Abstract: Salmonella typhimurium was found to utilize 2-deoxyribose as a sole carbon and energy source. Cells grown in the presence of deoxyribose contained increased levels of deoxyribose kinase, thymidine phosphorylase, and two forms of deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DR5P aldolase). One form of DR5P aldolase was induced by deoxyribose and coordinately regulated with deoxyribose kinase. The second form of DR5P aldolase was induced by deoxyribose-5-phosphate and coordinately regulated with thymidine phosphorylase. Mutants unable to ferment deoxyribose have been isolated and shown to be lacking either deoxyribose kinase or deoxyribose permease, but none has been found from which DR5P aldolase is missing. Thymine-requiring mutants which are able to grow on low levels of thymine have been isolated and shown, in some cases, to be lacking one or both DR5P aldolases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested from these results that native mRNA from peanut cotyledons forms a stable complex with monoribosomes in the presence of Mg2+.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1968
Abstract: Heat is critical for the occurrence of salt intrusion Increased temperature greatly reduces the ultimate strength of salt and eliminates work hardening When salt is heated above 400°F (205°C), it becomes soft and plastic and flows indefinitely with a pressure gradient of about 33-100 kg/cm2 (460-1,400 psi) It is plastic during the entire process of intrusion, and even during extrusion at the surface Thus, at the time of extrusion, salt can flow by simple gravity, like a "glacier," as long as it remains hot When buried at a depth of more than 25,000 ft, sedimentary salt becomes mobile because of the high temperature and behaves hydrodynamically; it moves laterally to places of lower overburden pressure, where doming or piercement occurs Once flow is initiated, it will continue until the supply of salt is depleted or cut off, either by the coming together of the overlying and underlying strata or because additional supplies of salt have not been heated to the temperature necessary to maintain plasticity The energy impelling the lateral or radial flow to the place of piercement can be attributed only to an imbalance in geostatic load of the overburden, but after piercement occurs, the geostatic load differential and the ever-increasing effect of buoyancy cause the salt to rise rapidly th ough the overlying strata Buoyancy becomes an effective force only when the height of the intrusion has increased greatly Buoyancy is not a requirement for intrusion, but it has a modifying effect The emplacement of igneous masses such as volcanic plugs, granite batholiths, diamond pipes, carbonatites, and serpentine bodies (Gussow, 1962), and of such intrusive masses as mud volcanoes, shale diapirs, ice piercements or pingos (Gussow, 1954), and frost boils (Gussow, 1962), is similar to that of salt piercements In all cases the prime motivating force for intrusion is the weight differential of the overburden, or geostatic load (Gussow, 1962) The writer postulates that salt-dome intrusion is a thermally activated process and that the rate of intrusion is rather rapid--probably catastrophic on a geologic time scale The movement which has been interpreted as salt-dome growth is actually a measure of rate of compaction of the adjacent sediments The fundamental mechanics outlined for salt diapirism are applicable to igneous intrusion generally, and to other forms of diapirism

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The coding properties of several tubercidin-containing polyribonucleotides were indistinguishable from those of the corresponding polymers containing adenosine, and the amino acid acceptor and transfer activities of the analogue-containing polynucleotide were studied.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: G glycine uptake by isolated membrane preparations of Escherichia coli W (W+) and the d-serine-resistant mutant (WS) is examined in detail and the concentration of glycine in the intramembranal pool approximates that of the incubation medium.

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Feb 1968-Nature
TL;DR: The metabolism of these bacteria was assumed to be chemolithotrophic because of the absence of any added organic energy source, but the results show that this assumption is incorrect.
Abstract: OXIDATION and utilization of carbon monoxide by bacteria have often been observed1–4. The metabolism of these bacteria was assumed to be chemolithotrophic because of the absence of any added organic energy source.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1968
TL;DR: Tests in which individual failures were simulated indicate that array elements were well isolated from each other, and the impedance of the radiating elements may be well mat to parallel one hundred transistor amplifiers.
Abstract: The advent of many new moderate power solid-state devices has created a renewed interest in the techniques for combining these devices to achieve even higher powers. This paper describes a new technique for combining large numbers of energy sources by using a dense array of radiating elements. The impedance of the radiating elements, as determined theoretically and confirmed using an array simulator, may be well mat to parallel one hundred transistor amplifiers has a net gain of 4.75 dB at 410 MHz with 100-watts output. Tests in which individual failures were simulated indicate that array elements were well isolated from each other.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Spectra of enzyme preparations reduced with d-valine or sodium hydrosulfite exhibited adsorption bands typical of the alpha, beta, and gamma bands of cytochromes as well as bleaching in the flavin region of the spectrum.
Abstract: A particulate d-amino acid dehydrogenase has been partially purified from cell free extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown on dl-valine as the source of carbon and energy A standard assay was developed which utilized 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol as the electron acceptor The pH optimum for enzyme activity ranged from 60 to 80, depending on the amino acid assayed The enzyme was most active with monoamino-monocarboxylic amino acids and histidine The Michaelis constant for d-phenylalanine was found to be 13 × 10-3m d-phenylalanine Constants could not be calculated for the other amino acids oxidized because anomalous plots of V as a function of V/S were obtained Spectra of enzyme preparations reduced with d-valine or sodium hydrosulfite exhibited adsorption bands typical of the α, β, and γ bands of cytochromes as well as bleaching in the flavin region of the spectrum When dl-valine was added to a medium with glycerol as the energy source, d-amino acid dehydrogenase was detected after the addition of valine and was produced at a rate directly proportional to the synthesis of total protein The enzyme was formed when d-valine, l-valine, or dl-alanine was the source of carbon and energy, but not when glucose, glycerol, or succinate was the energy source


Patent
02 Dec 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of fracturing formation with liquefiable gases, liquid acidizing agents, and cleansing and scavenging of formations whereby energy waves and high-frequency vibrations may assist in the above.
Abstract: A method of fracturing formation with liquefiable gases, liquefiable gases and acidizing agents, and cleansing and scavenging of formations whereby energy waves and high-frequency vibrations may assist in the above.


Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1968-Botany
TL;DR: In a survey of the fungi in heartwood of Douglas-fir poles, three conditions were observed: no fungi, unifungal cultures of Poria carbonica Overh.
Abstract: In a survey of the fungi in heartwood of Douglas-fir poles, three conditions were observed: no fungi, unifungal cultures of Poria carbonica Overh. or related basidiomycetes, and a mixed microbial population. From some apparently sound wood cores, a species of Scytalidium was isolated, usually as a unifungal culture. This organism was distinguished by release of a water-soluble yellow pigment into the agar and production of dark spores as the colony aged. Strong antagonism of Scytalidium sp. to P. carbonica on malt extract agar was attributed at least partly to the production of an antibiotic substance by Scytalidium. There was no evidence of change in the mechanical properties of the wood or of injury to the wood cells as a result of Scytalidium growth. The xylan moiety in the hemicellulose was the preferred energy source observed. Wood chips permeated with this organism and then steamed were not damaged by an actively growing colony of P. carbonica.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that the organism phosphorolyzes maltose to glucose plus beta-glucose-1-phosphate, and suggest that it can use the beta- glucose -1- phosphate in place of alpha-glUCose- 1-ph phosphate in the formation of cell materials.
Abstract: Cells of Streptococcus diacetilactis DRCI grown at 32 C in media containing glucose as the energy source were osmotically fragile and began to lyse immediately after growth was stopped (by the action of chloramphenicol or the exhaustion of glucose), unless they were then stabilized by hypertonic medium or spermine or by storage at low pH or low temperature, or both. In media containing excess glucose, with growth limited by exhaustion of some nutrient other than the energy source, the appearance of lysis was masked by the occurrence of a balance between lysis and synthesis. The osmotic fragility apparently resulted from inability of the organism to use glucose as an adequate precursor of galactosamine, and conditions of temperature and pH that promoted rapid growth on glucose were particularly conducive to the formation of cells that lysed readily. Growing the organism in media containing galactose, lactose, maltose, or glucose (at 17 C) as energy source resulted in the formation of cells that were resistant to lysis and richer in galactosamine than unstable cells formed on glucose at 32 C. The results indicate that the organism phosphorolyzes maltose to glucose plus β-glucose-1-phosphate, and suggest that it can use the β-glucose-1-phosphate in place of α-glucose-1-phosphate in the formation of cell materials.