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Showing papers on "Energy source published in 1981"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of fish community attributes related to species composition and ecological structure were used to evaluate the quality of an aquatic biota. In preliminary trials this system accurately reflected the status of fish communities and the environment supporting them.
Abstract: Man's activities have had profound, and usually negative, influences on freshwater fishes from the smallest streams to the largest rivers. Some negative effects are due to contaminants, while others are associated with changes in watershed hydrology, habitat modifications, and alteration of energy sources upon which the aquatic biota depends. Regrettably, past efforts to evaluate effects of man's activities on fishes have attempted to use water quality as a surrogate for more comprehensive biotic assessment. A more refined biotic assessment program is required for effective protection of freshwater fish resources. An assessment system proposed here uses a series of fish community attributes related to species composition and ecological structure to evaluate the quality of an aquatic biota. In preliminary trials this system accurately reflected the status of fish communities and the environment supporting them.

2,550 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The global neutral gas temperature distribution and circulation of the thermosphere are calculated for equinox and solstice conditions by using NCAR's thermospheric general circulation model (TGCM) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The global neutral gas temperature distribution and circulation of the thermosphere are calculated for equinox and solstice conditions by using NCAR's thermospheric general circulation model (TGCM) The variables are determined on a 5° grid in latitude and longitude at 24 constant pressure surface layers in the vertical from about 90 to 500 km Global empirical models of electron density and neutral composition are used to specify ion drag and the neutral gas background properties The energy sources that drive the thermosphere include heating caused by the absorption of solar EUV and UV radiation and a high-latitude heat source associated with auroral processes Starting from a global average state, the TGCM reached a diurnal reproducible pattern in approximately 5 days and showed no apparent instabilities in the basic flow The calculated motion patterns indicate that the observed day-to-day variability in the thermosphere is likely because of variations in the heat and momentum sources such as the result of neutral plasma interactions and waves coming from the lower atmosphere The calculated horizontal structure of wind and temperature is qualitatively different between the upper and lower thermosphere This difference occurs because the diurnal and semidiurnal forcing are in phase in the optically thick lower thermosphere but out of phase in the optically thin upper thermosphere Using the latest calculated heating efficiencies and measured fluxes of EUV, the calculated diurnal temperature amplitude is 250 K, compared to 320 K predicted by the MSIS empirical model, indicating that solar heating is primarily responsible for maintaining the structure of the thermosphere The zonally averaged properties of the TGCM essentially agree with previous results obtained from a two-dimensional model of the zonally symmetric thermosphere However, for reasons discussed, the latitudinal variations of temperatures is somewhat larger than previously calculated Our previously estimated auroral heating terms need to be reduced by 30%–40% to get best agreement with observations

398 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple box model was proposed to estimate the rate of increase in the tropospheric nitrous oxide concentration, which was shown to be approximately 0.2% per year.
Abstract: The concentration of nitrous oxide has been measured in air samples collected between 1976 and 1980 at several monitoring stations and aboard Oceanographic vessels in the major world oceans. These measurements demonstrate that the tropospheric nitrous oxide concentration is increasing at ∼0.2% per year, thus confirming earlier observations of the increase based on stored samples. The measurements also show that the concentration of nitrous oxide in the northern hemisphere is higher than in the southern hemisphere, the average difference during the sampling interval having been about 0.8 parts per billion (ppb), compared to a January 1, 1978 northern hemisphere dry air mole fraction of 300.2 ppb. The data are well represented by a simple box model which relates the tropospheric rate of increase to an exponentially increasing source function. The observed increase may be explained by combustion of fossil fuels and agricultural activity, with a total source strength of ∼11 × 1010 mol/yr as of January 1, 1978. A substantial fraction of this production is explained by combustion, and agricultural production is therefore considerably less than has been previously estimated. The concentration of nitrous oxide in the preindustrial unperturbed troposphere is estimated to have been between 281 and 291 ppb, depending upon the rate of increase of the mean anthropogenic source function, and the preindustrial latitudinal distribution is estimated to have been nearly uniform. According to the model projections, the concentration of tropospheric nitrous oxide in the year 2000 will be 5 to 7% above present values. The observed rate of tropospheric increase directly affects the production of stratospheric nitric oxide, and plays a significant role in the earth's radiation balance, conservatively estimated as 10–15% of the effect due to increasing carbon dioxide.

378 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the availability of turbulent kinetic energy from tidal flow in the shelf sea areas of the oceans is considered and the relative importance of wind and tidal stirring is assessed on the basis of observed potential energy distributions.
Abstract: The availability of turbulent kinetic energy from tidal flow in the shelf sea areas of the oceans is considered. This energy source, together with wind mixing and buoyancy input by surface heating, is incorporated in a constant efficiency model of the vertical mixing in the shelf seas. The relative importance of wind and tidal stirring is assessed on the basis of observed potential energy distributions. The results of satellite infrared (i.r.) imagery are used to describe the variability of frontal positions. After the removal of tidal advection, there is a residual r.m.s. displacement of ∼7 km that cannot be explained by springs-neaps adjustment or seasonal changes. The minimal springs-neaps movement observed (∼4 km) leads to a modified energy model in which a feedback component reduces the efficiency of mixing as stratification becomes established. Predictions by the variable efficiency model of the annual cycle of the potential energy V are compared with observations at locations experiencing widely different levels of tidal mixing.

369 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The pH-sensitive NMR probe methylphosphonate was employed, which was taken up by glycerol-grown cells and was nontoxic; its pKa of 7.65 made it an ideal probe for measurement of cytoplasmic pH and alkaline external pH.
Abstract: The intracellular pH of Escherichia coli cells, respiring on endogenous energy sources, was monitored continuously by 31P NMR over an extracellular pH range between 5.5 and 9. pH homeostasis was found to be good over the entire range, with the data conforming to the simple relationship intracellular pH = 7.6 + 0.1(external pH - 7.6) so that the extreme values observed for intracellular pH were 7.4 and 7.8 at external pH 5.5 and 9, respectively. As well as inorganic phosphate, we employed the pH-sensitive NMR probe methylphosphonate, which was taken up by glycerol-grown cells and was nontoxic; its pKa of 7.65 made it an ideal probe for measurement of cytoplasmic pH and alkaline external pH.

315 citations


Patent
10 Aug 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, a dipole radiator in the subsurface formation is supplied with electromagnetic energy through a transmission line from an energy generator on the surface to allow pyrolysis of the kerogen prior to substantial heat transfer to the surrounding mineral portions of the oil shale.
Abstract: The process and apparatus for extracting the products of kerogen in situ from an oil shale body by supplying energy selectively to the kerogen by high frequency electric fields in the frequency range between 100 kilohertz and 1000 megahertz at an intensity which heats the kerogen to a temperature range between 250° C. and 500° C. to allow pyrolysis of the kerogen prior to substantial heat transfer to the surrounding mineral portions of the oil shale. A plurality of groups of spaced radiators produce the electric fields for heating the kerogen. A dipole radiator in the subsurface formation is supplied with electromagnetic energy through a transmission line from an energy generator on the surface.

312 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The type strain of E. limosum, which was isolated from the rumen of a young calf, grew on methanol, H2-CO2, valine, and isoleucine and showed the same requirements for acetate as the freshly isolated strains, and heat tolerance was detected, but spores were not observed.
Abstract: Eubacterium limosum was isolated as the most numerous methanol-utilizing bacterium in the rumen fluid of sheep fed a diet in which molasses was a major component (mean most probable number of 6.3 X 10(8) viable cells per ml). It was also isolated from sewage sludge at 9.5 X 10(4) cells per ml. It was not detected in the rumen fluid of a steer on a normal hay-grain diet, although Methanosarcina, as expected, was found at 9.5 X 10(5) cells per ml. The doubling time of E. limosum in basal medium (5% rumen fluid) with methanol as the energy source (37 degree C) was 7 h. Acetate, cysteine, carbon dioxide, and the vitamins biotin, calcium-D-pantothenate, and lipoic acid were required for growth on a chemically defined methanol medium. Acetate, butyrate, and caproate were produced from methanol. Ammonia or each of several amino acids served as the main nitrogen source. Other energy sources included adonitol, arabitol, erythritol, fructose, glucose, isoleucine, lactate, mannitol, ribose, valine, and H2-CO2. The doubling time for growth on H2-CO2 (5% rumen fluid, 37 degree C) was 14 h as compared with 5.2 h for isoleucine and 3.5 h for glucose. The vitamin requirements for growth on H2-CO2 were the same as those for methanol; however, acetate was not required for growth on H2-CO2, although it was necessary for growth on valine, isoleucine, and lactate and was stimulatory to growth on glucose. Acetate and butyrate were formed during growth on H2-CO2, whereas branched-chain fatty acids and ammonia were fermentation products from the amino acids. Heat tolerance was detected, but spores were not observed. The type strain of E. limosum (ATCC 8486) and strain L34, which was isolated from the rumen of a young calf, grew on methanol, H2-CO2, valine, and isoleucine and showed the same requirements for acetate as the freshly isolated strains.

301 citations


Patent
08 Sep 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, a first underground deposit of lignite or coal is heated by magnetic induction to recover hydrocarbon liquids and gases, and the carbon remaining is combusted with air and steam to produce a gas which is then combusted to generate electrical energy.
Abstract: A first underground deposit of lignite or coal is heated by magnetic induction to recover hydrocarbon liquids and gases. The carbon remaining is combusted with air and steam to produce a gas which is combusted to generate electrical energy. The electrical energy is transmitted to second underground deposits of oil shale, tar sand or heavy oil, and is used to heat the second deposits in order to recover hydrocarbon liquids and gases.

288 citations


Patent
20 Apr 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a pair of electrodes is floated on the surface of the oil at the base of a oil well, and an AC high frequency current is imposed across the gap in the electrodes to develop microfine carbon which serves as a catalyst for the electrolytic decomposition of petroleum.
Abstract: A pair of electrodes is floated on the surface of the oil at the base of a oil well. An AC high frequency current is imposed across the gap in the electrodes to develop microfine carbon which serves as a catalyst for the electrolytic decomposition of petroleum by a plurality of elongated, nonspark-generating field electrodes which develop a high energy field at the base of the well, such elongated electrodes also being immersed in the oil at the base of the well. The developed gases, consisting primarily of hydrogen, serve to both repressurize the well and diffuse within the oil bearing strata to laterally displace sufficient oil to adjoining wells for recovery at such adjacent sites. The combination of repressurizing and by means of low molecular weight gases, effects by diffusion, this lateral displacement of petroleum in recoverable amounts to adjacent pumping sites.

257 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a solar energy handbook, where the authors discuss solar energy and its application in the field of renewable energy generation and renewable energy technologies, including the following:
Abstract: Solar energy handbook , Solar energy handbook , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی

255 citations


Book ChapterDOI
J A Raven1
TL;DR: It is discussed that microalgae may not seem to be the organisms of choice for investigating the mechanism of the transport of nutrients across the plasmalemma—they are usually photolithotrophs, which poses problems both for the growth of the organisms and for unravelling the energy sources for transport.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Microalgae are of very great ecological importance as the major primary producers in large bodies of water. They are also found in benthic habitats, in soil, and in a number of symbioses, particularly corals and lichens. It discusses that microalgae may not seem to be the organisms of choice for investigating the mechanism of the transport of nutrients across the plasmalemma—they are usually photolithotrophs, which poses problems both for the growth of the organisms and for unravelling the energy sources for transport. In addition to the respiratory and fermentative energy sources of heterotrophic cells, there is also the possibility of direct intervention of photoproduced high-energy compounds in powering transport in the light. It has not so far proved easy to separate the plasmalemma from other cell membranes in subcellular preparations, even in the structurally simple cyanobacteria. This is a prerequisite for detailed analysis of membranes and characterization of the transport systems found in them. Their ecological importance and the possibility of testing current chemiosmotic views on the mechanism of membrane transport in organisms, which live at extremes of pH and of osmotic pressure make them very important experimental objects.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a three-dimensional deterministic dynamic basin model is constructed to calculate all the measurable values with the help of mass and energy-transport equations and equations describing the physical and/or physicochemical changes in organic matter as a function of temperature.
Abstract: Basin data--geologic, geophysical, geochemical, hydrodynamic, and thermodynamic--can be combined for quantified hydrocarbon prediction. A three-dimensional, deterministic dynamic basin model can be constructed to calculate all the measurable values with the help of mass- and energy-transport equations and equations describing the physical and/or physicochemical changes in organic matter as a function of temperature. Input data consist of heat flux, initial physical and thermal properties of sediments, paleobathymetric estimates, sedimentation rate, and amount and type of organic matter. Subsequently, the model computes pressure, temperature, physical and thermal properties of sediments, maturity of organic matter, and the hydrocarbon potential of any source rock as a func ion of space and time. Thus the complex dynamic processes of petroleum formation and occurrence in a given sedimentary basin can be quantified. For example, hydrocarbon potential maps for any given source rock and any geologic time slice of the basin evolution can be provided as computer printouts. The computer model can be applied to any stage of an exploration campaign and updated as more information becomes available.

Journal ArticleDOI
26 Jun 1981-Science
TL;DR: As a source of chemicals, biomass has several intrnsic advantages over fossil mass: it is renewable, flexible through crop switching, and adaptable through genetic manipulation.
Abstract: As a source of chemicals, biomass has several intrnsic advantages over fossil mass: it is renewable, flexible through crop switching, and adaptable through genetic manipulation. Inflexibility of the fossil mass resource is compensated for by highly effective technology for production of olefins and aromatics, economies of scale, and a highly developed system of conversion products with large markets. Direct and indirect strategies to substitute for petrochemicals are based on ecological succession concepts. A proliferation of lignocellulosic fractionation processes is arising from the need for inexpensive, homogeneous, chemically useful biomass feedstocks.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that all methanogenic bacteria investigated incorporated nickel during growth and also synthesized factor F430, and two yellow nickel-containing degradation products were formed when heated at pH 7.7, which explains why several forms offactor F430 were found in methanogen bacteria when a heat step was employed in the purification procedure.
Abstract: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum has been reported to require nickel for growth and to contain high concentrations of a nickel tetrapyrrole designated factor F430. In this communication it is shown that all methanogenic bacteria investigated incorporated nickel during growth and also synthesized factor F430. This was also true for Methanobrevibacter smithii, which is dependent on acetate as a carbon source, and for Methanosarcina barkeri growing on acetate or methanol as energy sources. Other bacteria, including Acetobacterium woodii and Clostridium thermoaceticum, contained no factor F430. It is further shown that two yellow nickel-containing degradation products were formed from factor F430 when heated at pH 7. This finding explains why several forms of factor F430 were found in methanogenic bacteria when a heat step was employed in the purification procedure.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a mathematical model for a batch oil-shale retorting process, based on an improved understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in retorting.
Abstract: Lawrence Livermore's mathematical model for a batch oil-shale retorting process has proved useful in understanding in situ retorting in a bed of oil-shale rubble. This model is based on an improved understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in retorting. It has since been modified to calculate the retorting of shale moving through a retort, as required for a continuous process in surface equipment. Calculations were made in which the retorting process that releases oil from raw shale is physically separated from the combustion process that recovers energy from spent shale by burning the residual carbon. Calculations were also made with the retorting and combustion processes combined in one unit. Results of the calculations illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of inert-gas and combustion retorts. Temperature control and the efficient use of energy from the nonliquid products of pyrolysis are key problems in surface retorting processes. The amount of gas produced by the combustion of char with air is insufficient to retort shale without steep temperature gradients which, in turn, may make the temperature difficult to control and result in the loss of oil yield. 13 figures, 3 tables.

Patent
25 Sep 1981
TL;DR: In this article, a method for mining deep tar sand deposits which minimizes energy losses and surface subsidance due to cavity collapse is provided, where a well is sunk through the overburden and tar sands deposit into the bedrock below the deposit; the well is sealed and pressurized with steam and inert gas.
Abstract: A method is provided for mining deep tar sand deposits which minimizes energy losses and surface subsidance due to cavity collapse. A well is sunk through the overburden and tar sands deposit into the bedrock below the deposit; the well is sealed and pressurized with steam and inert gas. Hot aqueous fluid is directed against the deposit to melt the tar and form a tar-sand-water slurry which is passed to a surface recovery plant. Pressure is maintained in the well sufficiently high to hold the overburden. Energy losses are minimized by maintaining the pressure both in the well and the surface plant above the boiling point of the water at the temperature used, which may be as high as 450° F. or more, subsidence is prevented by keeping at least a 10 foot thick ceiling of tar sands throughout the operation, and by backfilling the well with an aqueous slurry of sand after mining operations are complete, before releasing pressure on the well.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Enzyme studies indicated that the pathway of dimethyl sulphoxide metabolism involves an initial reduction toDimethyl sulphide, which is subsequently oxidized by an NADH-dependent mono-oxygenase to formaldehyde and methanethiol, and further oxidation is by a hydrogen peroxide-producing oxidase, resulting in the production of formaldehyde.
Abstract: A Hyphomicrobium sp. capable of growth on dimethyl sulphide and dimethyl sulphoxide was isolated from aerobic enrichment cultures containing dimethyl sulphoxide as the carbon and energy source. Suspensions of cells taken from a dimethyl sulphoxide-limited chemostat oxidized dimethyl sulphide, methanethiol, formaldehyde, formate and thiosulphate. Enzyme studies indicated that the pathway of dimethyl sulphoxide metabolism involves an initial reduction to dimethyl sulphide, which is subsequently oxidized by an NADH-dependent mono-oxygenase to formaldehyde and methanethiol. Further oxidation of methanethiol is by a hydrogen peroxide-producing oxidase, again resulting in the production of formaldehyde. Extracts of dimethyl sulphoxide-grown cells also contained high levels of catalase as well as NAD+-dependent formaldehyde and formate dehydrogenases. The organism probably used the serine pathway for growth on dimethyl sulphoxide. This was indicated by the presence of high activities of hydroxypyruvate reductase in dimethyl sulphoxide-grown cells.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface tension of the aqueous solution of dodecylammonium chloride (DAC) has been measured as a function of temperature and concentration by applying the thermodynamic relations, the entropy of surface formation Δs and the surface density of DAC Γ 1 H have been calculated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a prospective study of two comparable groups of 16 gastroenterologic patients who received IVN for 2 wk the changes in body weight, fat, water, and protein that occurred were measured.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Lithotrophic growth on H2 and sulphate is thus not a unique property of a few newly isolated Desulfovibrio strains as previously reported.
Abstract: Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough), D. desulfuricans (Essex 6) and D. gigas (holotype) are shown to grow on H2 and sulphate as sole energy source. Lithotrophic growth on H2 and sulphate is thus not a unique property of a few newly isolated Desulfovibrio strains as previously reported (Badziong et al., 1978).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported the phosphorescence of octa-mu/mu/sub 3/-chloro-hexachlorohexamolybdate(2-) ion, Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 14/sup 2 -/, and simple electron transfer reactions in its ground and excited states.
Abstract: This paper reports the phosphorescence of the octa-..mu../sub 3/-chloro-hexachlorohexamolybdate(2-) ion, Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 14//sup 2 -/, and simple electron-transfer reactions in its ground and excited states. The durability of this all-inorganic ion in solution and its capacity for efficient absorption of visible light make it particularly attractive for experiments in solar energy storage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of wave energy devices and hydrodynamic properties of idealized equipment for extracting power from waves is presented in this paper, where the governing equations involve fluid hydrodynamics applied to machines with zero forward speed which can absorb energy from the neighboring wave field.
Abstract: A review is presented of wave-energy devices and hydrodynamic properties of idealized equipment for extracting power from waves. The governing equations involve the fluid hydrodynamic theory applied to machines with zero forward speed which can absorb energy from the neighboring wave field. A mixture of waves of different amplitudes, periods, wavelengths, and directions with randomly distributed phases coexist at a given time a mathematical model of the sea surface assumes it to be an infinite superposition of wave trains of various amplitudes and frequencies. A theory was developed for the oscillation of two-dimensional energy-absorbing cylindrical sections which can be utilized for estimating hydrodynamic characteristics of fully three-dimensional ship hulls. Finally, three-dimensional wave-energy absorbers are represented by expressions in terms of the force amplitude, direction of motion, and the damping coefficient.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A strain of Beggiatoa cf.
Abstract: A strain of Beggiatoa cf leptomitiformis (OH-75-B, clone 2a) was isolated which is unique among reported strains in its ability to deposit internal sulfur granules from thiosulfate It also deposited these characteristic granules (as all BEggiatoa species do) from sulfide In cultures where growth was limited by exhaustion of organic substrates, these granules generally comprised about 20% of the total cell weight With medium containing acetate and thiosulfate, no measurable utilization of thiosulfate or deposition of elemental sulfur (S0) took place until after the exponential growth phase Neither sulfide nor thiosulfate added an increment to heterotrophic growth yield except for the weight of the deposited S0 The deposition of S0 from thiosulfate was probably a disproportionation in which S0 and sulfate were produced in a 1:1 ratio Some of the S0 was further oxidized to sulfate No autotrophic or mixotrophic growth was demonstrated for this strain When inoculated in small, well-dispersed quantities into yeast extract medium, this strain grew only after long lags Addition of the enzyme catalase eliminated initial lags and increased growth rates slightly In contrast, catalase had no influence on growth rate when added to mineral medium containing acetate In yeast extract medium, the inhibition of growth rate was presumably because of peroxides Addition of thiosulfate was almost as effective as catalase in eliminating this inhibition The S0 granules which, in this case, were deposited during the exponential growth phase, appeared to be partly responsible for this relief This strain of Beggiatoa sp remained active for at least 5 days under strictly anaerobic conditions, and under those conditions, it increased its dry weight by about 25-fold Anaerobic "growth" and maintenance required the presence of an energy source, such as acetate When cells containing much internal S0 were transferred to an organic anaerobic medium, a substantial portion of the internal S0 was eventually converted to sulfide


Book
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the current state of the art in the area of sustainable energy management and its implications on the future of the world's ecosystems. But, their focus is on renewable energy.
Abstract: (Most chapters end with Review Questions, Thinking Environmentally, Making a Difference and Web References). Preface. 1. Introduction: Sustainability, Stewardship, and Sound Science. The Global Environmental Picture. Three Unifying Themes. Ethics: What Is the Stewardship Ethic? Earth Watch: Agenda 21. I. ECOSYSTEMS AND HOW THEY WORK. 2. Ecosystems: Units of Sustainability. What Are Ecosystems. The Structure of Ecosystems. Global Biomes. Implications for Humans. Ethics: Can Ecosystems Be Restored? 3. Ecosystems: How They Work. Matter, Energy, and Life. Principles of Ecosystem Functions. Implications for Humans. Global Perspective: Lights and Nutrients: The Controlling Factors in Marine Ecosystems. Earth Watch: Biosphere 2. 4. Ecosystems: Population and Succession. Popular Dynamics. Mechanisms of Population Equilibrium. Disturbance and Succession. Implications for Humans. Ethics: The Dilemma of Advocacy. Earth Watch: An Endangered Ecosystem Act? 5. Ecosystems and Evolutionary Change. Selection by the Environment. Selection of Traits and Genes. Changes in Species and Ecosystems. Plate Tectonics. Evolution in Perspective. Ethics: Selection: Natural and Unnatural. Earth Watch: What Is a Species? Earth Watch: Preserving Genes for Agriculture. II. THE HUMAN POPULATION. 6. The Human Population: Demographics. The Population Explosion and Its Cause. Different Worlds. Environmental and Social Impacts of Growing Populations and Affluence. Dynamics of Population Growth. Earth Watch: Are We Living Longer? Ethics: The Dilemma of Immigration. 7. Addressing the Population Problem. Reassessing the Demographic Transition. Development. A New Direction for Development: Social Modernization. The Cairo Conference. Global Perspective: Fertility and Literacy. Ethics: Additional Incentives for Reducing Fertility. Earth Watch: An Integrated Approach to Alleviating the Conditions of Poverty. III. RENEWABLE RESOURCES. 8. Soil and the Soil Ecosystem. Plants and Soils. Soil Degradation. Addressing Soil Degradation. Ethics: Erosion by Equation. Global Perspective: Three-Strata Forage System for Mountainous Drylands. 9. Water: Hydrologic Cycle and Human Use. Water-A Vital Resource. The Hydrologic Cycle. Human Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle. Sources and Uses of Fresh Water. Overdrawing Water Resources. Obtaining More Water. Using Less Water. Desalting Sea Water. Storm Water. Water Stewardship. Earth Watch: Water Purification. Global Perspective: The Death of the Aral Sea. Global Perspective: The World Water Forum. 10. The Production and Distribution of Food. Crops and Animals: Major Patterns of Food Production. Food Distribution and Trade. Hunger, Malnutrition, and Famine. Global Perspective: World Food Summit. Ethics: The Lifeboat Ethic of Garret Hardin. 11. Wild Species: Biodiversity and Protection. Value of Wild Species. Saving Wild Species. Biodiversity. Earth Watch: Return of the Gray Wolf. Global Perspective: Biodiversity: Essential or Not? 12. Ecosystems as Resources. Biological Systems in a Global Perspective. Conservation and Preservation. Biomes and Ecosystems under Pressure. Public and Private Lands in the United States. Earth Watch: Nature's Corporations. Earth Watch: Will Aquaculture Be Able to Fill the Gap? IV. ENERGY. 13. Energy from Fossil Fuels. Energy Sources and Uses. The Exploitation of Crude Oil. Other Fossil Fuels. Sustainable Energy Options. Ethics: Trading Wilderness for Energy in the Far North. Earth Watch: Cogeneration: Industrial Common Sense. 14. Nuclear Energy: Promise and Problems. Nuclear Power: Dream or Delusion? How Nuclear Power Works. The Hazards and Costs of Nuclear Power. More Advanced Reactors. The Future of Nuclear Power. Ethics: Showdown in the New West. Earth Watch: Radiation Phobia? 15. Renewable Energy. Principles of Solar Energy. Putting Solar Energy to Work Indirect Solar Energy. Additional Renewable Energy Options. Policy for a Sustainable Energy Future. Earth Watch: Economic Payoff of Solar Energy. Ethics: Transfer of Energy Technology to the Developing World. V. POLLUTION AND PREVENTION. 16. Environmental Hazards and Human Health. Links between Human Health and the Environment. Pathways of Risk. Risk Assessment. Ethics: The Rights of Smokers? Global Perspective: An Unwelcome Globalization. 17. Pests and Pest Control. The Need for Pest Control. Promises and Problems of the Chemical Approach. Alternative Pest Control Methods. Socioeconomic Issues in Pest Management. Public Policy. Ethics: DDT for Malaria Control: Hero or Villain? Global Perspective: Wasps 1, Mealybugs 0. 18. Water: Pollution and Its Prevention. Water Pollution. Eutrophication. Sewage Management and Treatment. Public Policy. Earth Watch: Monitoring for Sewage Contamination. Earth Watch: The Algae from Hell. Ethics: Cleaning Up the Flow. 19. Municipal Solid Waste: Disposal and Recovery. The Solid-Waste Problem. Solutions. Public Policy and Waste Management. Earth Watch: Regionalized Recycling. Ethics: Affluenza: Do You Have It? 20. Hazardous Chemicals: Pollution and Prevention. Toxicology and Chemical Hazards. A History of Mismanagement. Cleaning Up the Mess. Management of New Wastes. Looking toward the Future. Earth Watch: The Case of the Obee Road NPL Site. Ethics: Environmental Justice and Hazardous Waste. Career Link: Daniel S. Granz, EPA Environmental Engineer. 21. The Atmosphere: Climate, Climate Change, and Ozone Depletion. Atmosphere and Weather. Climate. Global Climate Change. Depletion of the Ozone Layer. Ethics: Stewardship of the Atmosphere. Global Perspective: Coping with UV Radiation. 22. Atmospheric Pollution. Air Pollution Essentials. Major Air Pollutants and Their Impact. Sources of Pollutants. Acid Deposition. Bringing Air Pollution under Control. Taking Stock. Global Perspective: Mexico City: Life in a Gas Chamber. Earth Watch: Portland Takes a Right Turn. Earth Watch: The Clean Air Act Brings a Windfall. VI. TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. 23. Economics, Public Policy, and the Environment. Economics and Public Policy. Resources and the Wealth of Nations. Pollution and Public Policy. Benefit-Cost Analysis. Politics, the Public, and Public Policy. Earth Watch: Green Fees and Taxes. Global Perspective: The World Trade Organization. 24. Sustainable Communities and Lifestyles. Urban Sprawl. Urban Blight. Moving toward Sustainable Communities. Epilogue. Ethics: The Tangier Island Covenant. Career Link: Brain Hopper, Environmental Law Intern. ABC Video Case Studies, Volume V. Appendix A: Environmental Organizations. Appendix B: Units of Measure. Appendix C: Some Basic Chemical Concepts. Bibliography and Suggested Reading. Glossary. Index.

01 Jun 1981
TL;DR: Igbene, J. Fair, H. Phillips, and M.A. Ozbek as discussed by the authors, Two-WEEK-OAN COpy June 1981 Thisisa librar~ CircufatingCop~ which may beborrowedfor two weeks.
Abstract: LBL-12810 UC-66 a rrnIILawrence Berkeley Laboratory UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Services Division Engineering & Technical A TECHNICAL DATABOOK FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY UTILIZATION S.L. Phillips, and M. Tavana A. Igbene, J.A. Fair, H. Ozbek, TWO-WEEKlOAN COpy June 1981 Thisisa librar~ CircufatingCo.p~ which may beborrowedfor two weeks. For a personalretention copy, call Tech.Info.Diuision, xt.6782 E T]\J r rf r \::-<,J

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: This chapter discusses lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue of ruminant animals, which has a critical role as an energy source during lactation in high milk-yielding cows, but is also implicated in the depression in the yield of milk fat found in animals fed high-concentrate diets.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue of ruminant animals. Adipose tissue has a critical role as an energy source during lactation in high milk-yielding cows, but it is also implicated in the depression in the yield of milk fat found in animals fed high-concentrate diets. The dominant factor that determines the direction of the metabolic flux of adipose tissue in all species is the energy balance of the animal. This is modulated by the composition of the diet that determines the relative contribution of exogenous fatty acids and fatty acid synthesis to lipid deposition during anabolic metabolism. However, there are also mechanisms that ensure that partition of nutrients between adipose tissue and other parts of the body normally favors the latter. Thus, skeletal and musculature development precedes fattening, and fetal growth and milk production usually take precedence over fat accumulation. Adipose tissue metabolism responds to variations in the availability of nutrients in the blood and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in promoting lipolysis during certain conditions is clear, but the role under other conditions of increased lipolysis has not been defined.

Book
31 Dec 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present several promising processes for the conversion of biomass into energy and fuels, and the technical and economic considerations in biomass conversion, including the Andco-Torrax system, thermochemical conversion, and biochemical conversion.
Abstract: The book treats biomass sources, promising processes for the conversion of biomass into energy and fuels, and the technical and economic considerations in biomass conversion. Sources of biomass examined include crop residues and municipal, animal and industrial wastes, agricultural and forestry residues, aquatic biomass, marine biomass and silvicultural energy farms. Processes for biomass energy and fuel conversion by direct combustion (the Andco-Torrax system), thermochemical conversion (flash pyrolysis, carboxylolysis, pyrolysis, Purox process, gasification and syngas recycling) and biochemical conversion (anaerobic digestion, methanogenesis and ethanol fermentation) are discussed, and mass and energy balances are presented for each system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results demonstrate the presence of N(2)-fixing organisms in associative symbiosis with plant roots found in a northern climatic region in acidic soils ranging down to pH 4.0.
Abstract: N(2) fixation by bacteria in associative symbiosis with washed roots of 13 Poaceae and 8 other noncultivated plant species in Finland was demonstrated by the acetylene reduction method. The roots most active in C(2)H(2) reduction were those of Agrostis stolonifera, Calamagrostis lanceolata, Elytrigia repens, and Phalaris arundinacea, which produced 538 to 1,510 nmol of C(2)H(4).g (dry weight). h when incubated at pO(2) 0.04 with sucrose (pH 6.5), and 70 to 269 nmol of C(2)H(4). g (dry weight).h without an added energy source and unbuffered. Azospirillum lipferum, Enterobacter agglomerans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and a Pseudomonas sp. were the acetylene-reducing organisms isolated. The results demonstrate the presence of N(2)-fixing organisms in associative symbiosis with plant roots found in a northern climatic region in acidic soils ranging down to pH 4.0.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tried to reconcile the facts that there are often useful correlations between ablation or run-off and air temperature while net radiation is usually the major source of ablation energy.
Abstract: The paper tries to reconcile the facts that there are often useful correlations between ablation or run-off and air temperature while net radiation is usually the major source of ablation energy. Equations are derived from the energy balance to describe statistics for the ablation-temperature relation in terms of statistics for the relations between individual energy fluxes and air temperature. As examples, statistics are evaluated for four published series from Arctic Canada. Although the net radiation is the largest energy source in all four cases, the ablation rate is moderately well correlated with temperature and poorly correlated with net radiation. This is because the sensible heat flux is more variable than the radiation in three cases and is itself better correlated with temperature in all four cases. The major contributions to the increase of ablation rate with temperature (on average 6.3 kg m−2 d−1 deg−1) are due to sensible heat, followed by latent heat with a small contribution from net radiation. The resulting ablation-temperature model explains about half the variance of ablation rate. The main application of such a simple model is for the estimation of ablation totals in areas where glaciological and hydrological data are sparse.