Showing papers on "Energy source published in 1983"
TL;DR: The authors found that all but one of the U.S. recessions since World War II have been preceded, typically with a lag of around three-fourths of a year, by a dramatic increase in the price of crude petroleum.
Abstract: All but one of the U.S. recessions since World War II have been preceded, typically with a lag of around three-fourths of a year, by a dramatic increase in the price of crude petroleum. This does not mean that oil shocks caused these recessions. Evidence is presented, however, that even over the period 1948-72 this correlation is statistically significant and nonspurious, supporting the proposition that oil shocks were a contributing factor in at least some of the U.S. recessions prior to 1972. By extension, energy price increases may account for much of post-OPEC macroeconomic performance.
3,391 citations
TL;DR: During a cruise from Hamburg to Montevideo, aerosol samples representing air masses from Europe, the Sahara, tropical Africa, South America, and open oceanic regions were collected and the ratio of soot carbon to fine carbon suggests that most of the particulate organic carbon over the Atlantic is of continental origin.
Abstract: During a cruise from Hamburg to Montevideo, aerosol samples representing air masses from Europe, the Sahara, tropical Africa, South America, and open oceanic regions were collected. They showed significant amounts of soot carbon over large areas of the remote Atlantic, often similar to concentrations in rural continental areas. Back-trajectories and the ratios of soot carbon to total fine (less than 1.7 micrometers in diameter) carbon and of excess fine potassium (the portion not attributable to soil dust or sea salt) to soot carbon indicate that biomass burning in tropical regions is an important source of soot carbon to the world atmosphere. The ratio of excess potassium to soot carbon in the fine fraction of aerosols is proposed as an indicator of the relative contributions of biomass and fossil-fuel burning to soot carbon aerosols. The ratio of soot carbon to fine carbon suggests that most of the particulate organic carbon over the Atlantic is of continental origin.
655 citations
TL;DR: Experimental data indicate that although both protein and fat enhance high-protein, low-energy diets, carbohydrate is a more effective supplement than fat.
553 citations
TL;DR: The data imply that the antimicrobial activity of glycinol, glyceollin, and coumestrol are due to a general interaction with the bacterial membrane, which is different from that of the other phytoalexins examined.
Abstract: The biochemical basis for the ability of the pterocarpan phytoalexin glycinol (3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan) to inhibit the growth of bacteria was examined. Glycinol at bacteriostatic concentrations ( e.g. 50 micrograms per milliliter) inhibits the ability of Erwinia carotovora to incorporate [ 3 H]leucine, [ 3 H]thymidine, or [ 3 H]uridine into biopolymers. Exposure of Escherichia coli membrane vesicles to glycinol at 20 micrograms per milliliter results in inhibition of respiration-linked transport of [ 14 C]lactose and [ 14 C]glycine into the vesicles when either d-lactate or succinate is supplied as the energy source. The ability of E. coli membrane vesicles to transport [ 14 C]α-methyl glucoside, a vectorial phosphorylation-mediated process, is also inhibited by glycinol at 20 micrograms per milliliter. Furthermore, exposure of membrane vesicles to glycinol (50 micrograms per milliliter) at 20°C results in the leakage of accumulated [ 14 C]α-methyl glucoside-6-phosphate. The effects of the phytoalexins glyceollin, capsidiol, and coumestrol, and daidzein, a compound structurally related to glycinol but without antibiotic activity, upon the E. coli membrane vesicle respiration-linked transport of [ 14 C]glycine and of [ 14 C]α-methyl glucoside was also examined. Glyceollin and coumestrol (50 micrograms per milliliter), but not daidzein, inhibit both membrane-associated transport processes. These data imply that the antimicrobial activity of glycinol, glyceollin, and coumestrol are due to a general interaction with the bacterial membrane. Capsidiol (50 micrograms per milliliter) inhibits d-lactate-dependent transport of [ 14 C]glycine but not vectorial phosphorylation-mediated transport of [ 14 C]α-methyl glucoside. Thus, capsidiol9s mechanism of antimicrobial action seems to differ from that of the other phytoalexins examined.
488 citations
TL;DR: It seems that symbiotic relationships with bacteria are widespread among sulphide-habitat marine invertebrates, and may have a significant role in their nutrition.
Abstract: The primary base of the food chain of the dense animal populations found clustered around deep-sea hydrothermal vents1,2 appears to be chemoautotrophic bacteria, whose energy source is geothermally reduced hydrogen sulphide emitted from the vents3,4. Recently, a symbiotic association has been postulated5 between chemoautotrophic sulphur-oxidizing bacteria and the vent tubeworm, Riftia pachyptila Jones (phylum Pogonophora) on the basis of histological5 and enzymatic6 evidence. Hydrothermal vents thus appear to be a spectacular example of the role of reduced inorganic elements in animal nutrition. Marine muds and salt marsh sediments also produce a continuous supply of reduced sulphur compounds7,8, so the possibility arises that they support similar symbiotic associations5,9. I now present microscopic, enzymatic, and physiological evidence for the occurrence of intracellular sulphur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria in a bivalve, Solemya velum Say (phylum Mollusca), found in reducing muds of eelgrass beds. Bacterial symbionts were also observed in other animals from a variety of sulphide-rich habitats. It thus seems that symbiotic relationships with bacteria are widespread among sulphide-habitat marine invertebrates, and may have a significant role in their nutrition.
378 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the molar distribution and physical properties of petroleum fractions such as heptanes-plus (C/sub 7/ +) were characterized using the gamma probability function.
Abstract: Methods are developed for characterizing the molar distribution (mole fraction/molecular weight relation) and physical properties of petroleum fractions such as heptanes-plus (C/sub 7/ +). These methods should enhance equation-of-state (EOS) predictions when experimental data are lacking. The three-parameter gamma probability function is used to characterize the molar distribution, as well as to fit experimental weight and molar distributions and to generate synthetic distributions of heptanes-plus fractions. Equations are provided for calculating physical properties such as critical pressure and temperature of single carbon-number (SCN) groups. A simple three-parameter equation is also presented for calculating the Watson characterization factor from molecular weight and specific gravity. Finally, a regrouping scheme is developed to reduce extended analyses to only a few multiple-carbon-number (MCN) groups. Two sets of mixing rules are considered, giving essentially the same results when used with the proposed regrouping procedure.
361 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the natural distribution of carbon isotopes between hydrocarbon gas components is used for determining a gas's maturity, correlating a reservoired gas to its source, and recognizing gas mixtures.
Abstract: The natural distribution of carbon isotopes between hydrocarbon gas components is used for (1) determining a gas's maturity, (2) correlating a reservoired gas to its source, (3) correlating one reservoired gas with another, and (4) recognizing gas mixtures. Calculated separations of carbon isotopes between the normal alkane components of a natural gas have been related to source rock maturity by use of a single, continuous diagram, independent of source type. Actual data from a wide variety of geologic settings and geologic ages confirm this relationship and demonstrate its applicability to the source rock Levels of Organic Metamorphism ranging from 8 to 13, covering the entire range of oil and wet-gas generation. At greater maturities, the wet-gas components are found to undergo thermal degradation, losing their usefulness for correlation. Three examples showing indigenous gas (west Texas), non-indigenous gas (Gippsland basin, Australia), and gas mixtures from multiple sources (southeastern Alberta) illustrate exploration applications.
269 citations
TL;DR: The upper and lower members of the Mississippian and Devonian Bakken Formation in the United States portion of the Williston basin are black shales that are extremely rich in organic matter and are the source of much of the oil found in the basin this paper.
Abstract: The upper and lower members of the Mississippian and Devonian Bakken Formation in the United States portion of the Williston basin are black shales that are extremely rich in organic matter and are the source of much of the oil found in the basin. Organic-carbon values are calculated from formation-density logs using the equation: TOC = (154.497/^rgr) - 57.261, where TOC is organic-carbon content (wt. %) and ^rgr is formation density (g/cm3). Test calculations comparing this equation to laboratory organic-carbon analyses from 39 wells in North Dakota show an average absolute difference of 1.1% in organic-carbon content. Organic-carbon content, calculated at 159 locations in North Dakota and 107 in Montana, averages 12.1% for the upper member of the Bakken Formation and 11.5% for the lower member. There is a regional depletion of organic carbon, paralleling present-day isotherms, that reflects the conversion of organic matter to oil and subsequent expulsion of the oil from the formation. The mass of organic carbon in the Bakken Formation is approximately evenly divided between the upper and lower members, and it totals about 126 × 1012 kg in the study area, of which 102 × 1012 kg are in the thermally mature region. The assumption that 167 mg HC/g TOC have migrated out of the mature Bakken shales leads to a tentative estimate that hydrocarbons equivalent to 132 billion bbl of 43° (API gravity) oil have been expelled from the United States portion of the upper and lower members of the Bakken Formation.
259 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of catalytic hydrotreatment of liquid fuels is presented, focusing mainly on hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reactions, which occur simultaneously with hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation.
Abstract: Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reactions occur simultaneously with hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) during catalytic hydrotreatment of liquid fuels. Extensive research activities in the areas of HDS and HDN have been dictated by environmental concern to limit SO2 and NOX emissions. Different aspects of catalytic HDN and HDS have been reviewed frequently, most recently by Katzer and Sivasubramanian [1] and Furimsky [2], respectively. HDO has not attracted as much attention. This may be attributed to the very low amounts of oxygen found in conventional crudes, the main source of commercial fuels. Also, during HDO, the O is removed in an environmentally harmfulness form.
244 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the reduction of NO by carbonaceous solid has been studied in a packed bed reactor, and the reaction rate per unit total surface area is found to be first order in NO, to have an apparent activation energy of 44 kcal/mole for temperatures higher than 873K, enhanced by the presence of CO, and to vary by approximately an order of magnitude between graphite and coal chars.
231 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the production and persistence of microbial biomass and also urease, phosphate and casein-hydrolysing activities were investigated when either glucose or ryegrass were added, as energy sources, with 15 NO 3 − to a clay-loam soil.
Abstract: The production and persistence of microbial biomass and also urease, phosphate and casein-hydrolysing activities were investigated when either glucose or ryegrass were added, as energy sources, with 15 NO 3 − to a clay-loam soil. Both direct count and fumigation methods were used to determine soil microbial biomass. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities increased after the addition of energy sources. Increases in phosphatase and urease activities coincided mainly with increases in bacterial biomass and with the rapid immobilization of labeled N. Conversely, the increase in casein-hydrolysing activities preceded the phase of net mineralization that occurred during the later period of incubation. Although microbial biomass and the biochemical activities tested increased in the soils treated with energy supplies, they eventually decreased to the level of the control soil. Even the increases in biomass and enzyme activities present at zero time, as a result of the addition to the soil of exogenous microorganisms and enzymes with the ryegrass, were not maintained after extensive incubation. The influence of homeostatie mechanisms which tend to maintain a stable biological composition in the soil microbial population is discussed. A possible relationship between the available “active” or “biological” space, total microbial biomass and total enzyme activity in soil is suggested.
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of fire, ablation, heat flow in porous rock, thermal stress and dissolving coal are discussed, and alternative energy sources such as geothermal reservoirs and solar radiation are also discussed.
Abstract: Topics discussed in this book include modelling the effects of fire, ablation, heat flow in porous rock, thermal stress and dissolving coal. Alternative energy sources such as geothermal reservoirs and solar radiation are also discussed. Includes bibliographies at the end of the papers, a cited author index, and a subject index. Contents, abridged: Exact finite element solutions for linear steady state thermal problems. Steep gradient modelling in diffusion problems. Numerical solution of coupled conduction-convection problems using lumped-parameter methods. The prediction of turbulent heat transfer by the finite element methods. The influence of creep and transformation plasticity in the analysis of stresses due to heat treatment. Heat and moisture movement in wood composite materials during the pressing operation-a simplified model. Index.
TL;DR: Of three different tissue compartments, abdomen, cephalothorax, and digestive gland, the abdomen contributed the most protein and lipid during 14 days of starvation, while Digestive gland, although containing the largest percentage wet wt of lipid, accounted for only 8.3% of the total lipid in the prawn.
TL;DR: The steel industry and waste incineration, followed by volcanic action and zinc production, are estimated to account for the largest emissions of atmospheric cadmium in the region.
TL;DR: In this article, the mean field intermicellar energy potential for water-in-oil (W/O) micelles of micro-emulsions is derived.
Abstract: A calculation of the mean field intermicellar energy potential is developed for water-in-oil (W/O) micelles of microemulsions. Short-range attractive interactions are evaluated for penetrable particles formed by a spherical aqueous core and a concentric spherical layer. Hamaker's treatment is generalized to the internal energy of the overlapped region of penetrated micelles. Attractive interactions are calculated through integration of semiempirical interatomic potentials in the overlapping region. Other contributions and particularly entropic terms are considered. The general behavior of the resulting potential is discussed and applications are indicated.
TL;DR: In this article, a stoma opens when the surrounding guard cell pair increases in turgidity due to active accumulation of potassium in the guard cell vacuole and the intracellular compartmentation of potassium evokes compensatory accumulation of a yet-unidentified solute in the cell cytoplasm.
Abstract: A stoma opens when the surrounding guard cell pair increases in turgidity. The increase results from active accumulation of potassium in the guard cell vacuole. The intracellular compartmentation of potassium evokes compensatory accumulation of a yet-unidentified solute in the guard cell cytoplasm. The source of potassium is other epidermal cells; this indicates that stomatal movements in situ are under control of these cells also. Presumably, guard cell potassium uptake, which is from the apoplast, is mediated by a proton -extruding ATPase on the guard cell plasmalemma. The energy source is. oxidative phosphorylation and, to a lesser extent, photosynthetic electron transport. Except for high flux capacity and different responses to applied chemicals, potassium uptake by guard cells is similar to potassium uptake by other plant cells.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the (formula: see text) is the energy source for the flagellar motors of YN-1 cells and the chemical potential of Na+ and the membrane potential were found to be equivalent as the energy sources for motility.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the annealing processes are grouped according to the time durations of anneal and with reference to the thermal response time of the silicon, and designated as adiabatic for 10−2 sec.
Abstract: Short time annealing has recently become of interest in silicon processing as a technique to activate ion implanted dopants, remove defects, and regrow amorphized silicon, with minimal diffusion of the dopant atoms. Short time annealing is carried out using a variety of energy sources ranging from arc lamps and resistance heaters with heating times of a few tens of seconds, to laser, electron, and ion sources with heating times of a few milliseconds down to nanoseconds. The annealing processes are grouped according to the time durations of the anneal and with reference to the thermal response time of the silicon. These are designated as adiabatic for 10−2 sec. Processes in the adiabatic regime result in surface melting, regrowth of silicon free of extended defects, and complete dopant activation. However, the dopant diffuses throughout the melt zone. In the thermal flux and isothermal annealing regimes the dopant can be activated, and amorphous silicon regrown epitaxially with little dopant diffusion. In the limited results reported to date, the complete removal of extended defects has not been achieved. Further investigation may yield new results in extended defect removal.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The views and opinions of authors expressed in this article do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
Abstract: DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
TL;DR: Mutant yeast strains that exhibit different metabolic product patterns can be induced and isolated from Candida sp.
Abstract: The utilization and conversion of D-xylose, D-xylulose, L-arabinose, and xylitol by yeast strains have been investigated with the following results: (1) The majority of yeasts tested utilize D-xylose and produce polyols, ethanol, and organic acids. The type and amount of products formed varies with the yeast strains used. The most commonly detected product is xylitol. (2)The majority of yeasts tested utilize D-xylulose aerobically and fermentatively to produce ethanol, xylitol, D-arabitol, and organic acids. The type and amount of products varies depending upon the yeast strains used. (3) Xylitol is a poor carbon and energy source for most yeasts tested. Some yeast strains produce small amounts of ethanol from xylitol. (4) Most yeast strains utilize L-arabinose, and L-arabitol is the common product. Small amounts of ethanol are also produced by some yeast strains. (5) Of the four substrates examined, D-xylulose was the perferred substrate, followed by D-xylose, L-arabinose, and xylitol. (6) Mutant yeast strains that exhibit different metabolic product patterns can be induced and isolated from Candida sp. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and other yeasts. These mutant strains can be used for ethanol production from D-xylose as well as for the study of metabolic regulation of pentose utilization in yeasts.
TL;DR: The type strain Fontaine ofClostridium thermoaceticum proliferated on H2/CO2 as energy source and was culturally adapted to grow on 100% CO in the headspace and has a single carbon growth physiology.
Abstract: The type strain Fontaine ofClostridium thermoaceticum proliferated on H2/CO2 as energy source and was culturally adapted to grow on 100% CO in the headspace. The doubling times at 55°C on CO or H2/CO2 were 16 and 18 h, respectively. Under these conditions, the substrate-product transformation stoichiometries observed were: 4H2+2.1CO2→0.9 acetate and 4CO→2CO2+1.1 acetate. It is concluded thatC. thermoaceticum has a single carbon growth physiology.
TL;DR: In this article, the phase space density of the oxygen ions calculated from the spectra has a positive radial gradient between 6 and 17 R_J, indicating an inward diffusive flow.
Abstract: Observations of 1 to 20 MeV/nuc oxygen, sodium, and sulfur ions in the Jovian magnetosphere are reported. Measurements made by the cosmic ray subsystem on Voyager 1 and 2 are used to calculate abundances and energy spectra in the region from 5 to 20 Jovian radii (R_J). The phase space density of the oxygen ions calculated from the spectra has a positive radial gradient between 6 and 17 R_J, indicating an inward diffusive flow. The upper limit for the diffusion coefficient D at 9 R_J is ∼10^(−5) s^(−1). This limit, combined with the analysis of Voyager plasma observations by Siscoe et al. (1981), implies an upper limit to the production rate of oxygen and sulfur ions from Io of ∼10^(28) ions/s. If D(9 R_J) is ∼4×10^(−6) s^(−1), then ∼2×10^(24) oxygen and sulfur ions with > 70 MeV/nuc-G are lost per second as they diffuse inward from 12 to 8 R_J. Assuming these ions are scattered into the loss cone, they deliver ∼4×10^(12) W to the Jovian atmosphere. Extrapolations to lower magnetic moments suggest that the 10^(13)–10^(14) W required to produce the observed ultraviolet auroral emissions could result from the precipitation of ∼10^(26) oxygen and sulfur ions/s with magnetic moments ≳10 to 30 MeV/nuc-G (≳35 to 100 keV/nuc at 10 R_J). The ions with ≳70 MeV/nuc-G deposit their energy between ∼67° and ∼72° magnetic latitude at an average depth of ∼10^(19) cm^(−2) of H_2 (∼500-km altitude), which is above the homopause. If the extrapolated spectrum extends down to ∼10 MeV/nuc-G, then 10 times more energy (∼10^(13) W) is carried inward across 10 R_J by the energetic oxygen and sulfur ions than flows outward with the plasma, indicating the presence of an energy source in the middle or outer magnetosphere.
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TL;DR: Any increase in commercial-scale production appears to be limited to those regions of the world where low-cost carbon and energy sources are available and conventional animal feedstuff proteins, such as soybean meal or fish meal, are in short supply.
Abstract: Both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic microorganisms, grown on various carbon and energy sources, are used in fermentation processes for the production of single-cell proteins. Commercial-scale production has been limited to two algal processes, one bacterial process, and several yeast and fungal processes. High capital and operating costs and the need for extensive nutritional and toxicological assessments have limited the development and commercialization of new processes. Any increase in commercial-scale production appears to be limited to those regions of the world where low-cost carbon and energy sources are available and conventional animal feedstuff proteins, such as soybean meal or fish meal, are in short supply.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the carbohydrate metabolism of gastropod tissues and D-glucose, the most common monosaccharide and has been detected in the blood and tissues of many gastropods.
Abstract: Publisher Summary
This chapter discusses the carbohydrate metabolism of gastropods. D-glucose is the most common monosaccharide and has been detected in the blood and tissues of many gastropods. Other sugars also occur, in particular D-galactose, that are either stereoisomers or derivatives of monosaccharides. Glycogen and galactogen are the main storage polysaccharides. Whereas glycogen occurs in most gastropod tissues and serves as a general energy source, galactogen is generally confined to the albumen gland and eggs of adult pulmonate snails and the albumen gland region of the palliai oviduct of some prosobranchs, and it serves as a specialized energy source in reproduction. Glycogen is a branched-chain homopolysaccharide of D-glucose in α-1,4 linkage with branches joined through α-1,6 linkages. The degree of branching and the length of the outer branches of the glycogen from the snail Biomphalaria glabrata are similar to those of glycogens from other animal sources.
TL;DR: The value of currently used bioassays for the evaluation of the role of trace metal compounds, either as major biologically active components or as modifiers of biological effects of organic compounds is assessed and some problems related to the application and interpretation of short-termBioassays are considered.
Abstract: Metallic elements contained in coal, oil and gasoline are mobilized by combustion processes and may be emitted into the atmosphere, mainly as components of submicron particles. The information abou...
TL;DR: In the case of la Soufriere, the origin of the phreatic eruptions is best described by an abnormal energy input (versus steady-state) from a crustal magma chamber as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, an inexpensive and simple method for the transformation of large quantities of rape oil into its methyl ester is outlined, and the specifications of this improved fuel are given and the results of a long-term engine test are discussed.
TL;DR: A sequential Michaelis-Menten model was developed to account for the observed pattern of biodegradation, and it was found that relative differences in the K(m) and V(max) parameters for substrate and intermediate dehalogenations alone were insufficient to explain the transitory accumulation of intermediates.
Abstract: The kinetic parameters associated with the microbial dehalogenation of 3-chlorobenzoate, 3,5-dichlorobenzoate, and 4-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzoate were measured in anoxic sediment slurries and in an enriched methanogenic culture grown on 3-chlorobenzoate. The initial dehalogenation of the substrates exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent Km values for the above substrates ranged from 30 to 67 μM. The pattern of degradation, however, was unusual. The enrichment culture accumulated partially dehalogenated intermediates to 72 and 98% of that possible when incubated with either 3,5-dichloro- or 4-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzoate, respectively, but did not accumulate significant amounts of benzoate when 3-chlorobenzoate was the sole carbon and energy source. The accumulated intermediates were rapidly metabolized only after the parent substrate concentrations were nearly depleted (<5 μM). A sequential Michaelis-Menten model was developed to account for the observed pattern of biodegradation. Using this model, we found that relative differences in the Km and Vmax parameters for substrate and intermediate dehalogenations alone were insufficient to explain the transitory accumulation of intermediates. However, by inserting a competitive inhibition term, with the primary substrate as the inhibitor, the observed pattern of degradation was simulated. Apparently, the dichlorinated substrates competitively inhibit the dehalogenation of the monochlorinated substrates. Similar kinetic patterns were noted for sediments, although the rates were slower than in the enrichment culture.
TL;DR: In this article, a high-temperature direct-contact thermal energy storage element for use in a system for storage and retrieval of thermal energy in the range of about 400° to about 3000° F.
TL;DR: A new halophilic species is described that was isolated from the hypersaline surface sediments of Great Salt Lake, Utah, via transfer from MPN end-dilution tubes that contained a complex organic medium, an obligate anaerobe that proliferated optimally at approximately 13% salt, but did not grow significantly at <2% or ≥30% salt.
Abstract: A new halophilic species is described that was isolated from the hypersaline (>20%) surface sediments of Great Salt Lake, Utah, via transfer from MPN end-dilution tubes that contained a complex organic medium. The organism was an obligate anaerobe that proliferated optimally at approximately 13% salt, but did not grow significantly at 5°C and <60°C, the pH range was between 6.0 and 9.0. The doubling time for growth in complex medium with 25% NaCl was 7 h. The organism utilized carbohydrates, peptides, and amino acids. Butyrate, acetate, propionate. H2, and CO2 were the major fermentation end products formed. Glucose, mannose, fructose,n-acetyl glucosamine, and pectin were used as energy sources for growth. Methylmercaptan was produced from methionine degradation. The nameHaloanaerobium praevalens gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed for the type strain GSL which has been deposited as DSM 2228. The taxonomic relationships ofH. praevalens to other obligate halophiles and anaerobes, as well as its biological role in the Great Salt Lake microbial ecosystem, are discussed.