Showing papers on "Energy source published in 1984"

Stable Carbon Isotope Compositions of Crude Oils: Application to Source Depositional Environments and Petroleum Alteration

Abstract: The carbon isotopic composition of the C15+ saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions and the gas chromatographs of the C15+ saturate fraction of 339 oils were geochemically and statistically evaluated. Results of this study show that the average isotopic compositions of the C15+ aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of oils sourced from terrigenous or marine organic matter are identical. The average isotopic composition of the C15+ saturate fraction of oils derived from terrigenous organic sources is slightly more negative (0.9^pmil) than the average for marine oils, but this difference is insufficient to be used as a reliable source indicator. Reports in the literature stating that marine oils are isotopically more positive than te rigenous oils, and that the difference can be utilized to distinguish between the two are, therefore, not supported by this study. The isotopic differences between oils sourced from terrigenous and marine organic matter do not manifest themselves in the range of absolute values of one oil fraction but rather in the isotopic relationship between the saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. The isotopic relationship is the following: Oils of terrigenous organic source: ^dgr13Caro = 1.12^dgr13Csat + 5.45; Oils of marine organic source: ^dgr13Caro = 1.10^dgr13Csat + 3.75. The difference between the two equations was evaluated statistically and a statistical parameter, CV (the canonical variable), CV = -2.53^dgr13Csat + 2.22^dgr13Caro - 11.65, was used to distinguish between marine and terrigenous oils. CV values larger than 0.47 indicate predominantly a terrigenous organic source for the oil, whereas CV values smaller than 0.47 indicate mostly a marine organic source. Thermal maturity differences in oils and isotopic variations in the source beds can cause as much as 2^pmil variations in the isotopic composition of one family of oils. Finally, stable carbon isotopes can, in some situations, help correlate biodegraded oils to their nondegraded counterparts.

The primary source: Tropical forests and our future

Abstract: Tropical forests form the most diverse and complex ecosystem on earth-a virtual powerhouse of evolution-containing 40 percent of all living species. They provide us with food, medicines, germplasm stocks to replenish our crops, and new types of energy sources. It is clear we cannot afford to lose our tropical forests. But we are losing them-to the overexploitation of multinational corporations, to the severe economic needs of the Third World, and to the consumerist appetites of the developed nations. Where is this happening and why? The answers to these critical questions are set forth eloquently by Norman Myers, one of the world's leading experts on the environment and the author of The Long African Day, The Sinking Ark, and A Wealth of Species. Dr. Myers delineates the scope of the problem and offers a blueprint for its solution.

Hydrocarbon stratum retorting means and method

Abstract: The system and the method of the present invention for the in-situ retorting of a hydrocarbon stratum, having a borehole traversing it, with electrical energy at a radio frequency (hereinafter referred to as rf energy) includes apparatus for conducting the rf energy from an rf energy source down a borehole. The apparatus has an outer conductor and inner conductor. A first plurality of electrodes is inserted into the hydrocarbon stratum. A second plurality of electrodes spatially related to the first plurality of electrodes, is also inserted into a hydrocarbon stratum. A first conductive device makes contact between the outer conductor of the apparatus and the first plurality of electrodes. A second conductive device makes electrical contact between the inner conductor of the apparatus and the second plurality of electrodes so that when the rf source provides the rf energy, the rf energy is applied acorss that portion of the hydrocarbon stratum between the two pluralities of electrodes.

Bioluminescence of cellular ATP: a new method for evaluating cytotoxic agents in vitro.

Abstract: Rat Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, human MCF-7 cell line and a specimen of ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma were cultured in vitro and exposed to different cytostatic drugs. The drug effects were evaluated by bioluminescence, i.e., by measuring the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic energy source of the living cells. The intracellular ATP was released by TCA or NRS -reagent, and the ATP levels were measured directly from an aliquot of the growth medium without any extraction or precipitation steps. ATP level was significantly correlated with cell number, viability, [3H]-thymidine incorporation and stem cell assay. The most important advantages of bioluminescence method was speed, technical simplicity and good sensitivity (about 500 cells/sample easily quantitated, the results are seen directly within a few seconds) and flexibility (any cell line and drug may be studied by many different test designs). ATP method obviously describes the "well- being" of the cultured cells. According to our experience, the ATP-bioluminescence method is a powerful alternative to any other cell growth estimation method in vitro. It can be used especially in primary screening of the cytostatic activity of any known or unknown substance as well as in attempts to select an individual drug therapy for patients with cancer.

Energy from Biomass and Wastes

Abstract: Some of the technological developments discussed at a symposium on biomass and wastes are presented. Evidence indicates that combustion processes fed with biomass and wastes can form dioxins, but these hazards seem to be minimal. Biomass production is discussed in relation to tree rotation and herbaceous crops. Research on production of aquatic biomass has concentrated on microalgae. Wood combustion technology is discussed for both residential, industrial, and utility applicatons and municipal solid waste. Research on anaerobic digestion is evaluated. Many commercial systems have been installed by industry and farm owners for combined waste treatment-energy recovery applications. One approach to natural production of liquid fuels by biomass combines photosynthesis and gene manipulation.

The Role of Energy in Productivity Growth

Abstract: The role of energy in the growth of productivity is analyzed. An econometric model of production and technical change is presented. Using the model, the authors offer a tentative explanation of the disparate trends in energy intensity and productivity growth. 20 references.

Nondigestibility of a new sweetener, "Neosugar," in the rat.

Abstract: The digestion of Neosugar, a mixture of 1F-(1-beta-fructofuranosyl)n-1 sucrose [n = 2, 1-kestose (GF2); n = 3, nystose (GF3); n = 4, 1F-beta-fructofuranosyl nystose (GF4)] was investigated in vitro and in vivo by using the rat. The results obtained were as follows. GF2 and GF3 were not hydrolyzed by a pancreatic homogenate. The GF2- and GF3-hydrolyzing activities of the enzymes in the intestinal mucosa homogenate were negligible compared with the activities of maltase and sucrase. GF2 and GF3 added to the incubation mixture did not affect the activities of sucrase and maltase in the intestinal mucosa. Long-term ingestion of Neosugar did not cause induction or suppression of GF2- and GF3-hydrolyzing enzymes in the small intestine. [U-14C]Neosugar injected intravenously was rapidly excreted in the urine without having undergone any degradation. These results indicate that Neosugar, which consists of GF2, GF3 and GF4, is scarcely hydrolyzed by the digestive enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract and internal organs, and that suggests to us that Neosugar is not utilized as an energy source in the body.

Glutamine: a major energy source for cultured mammalian cells.

Abstract: Cultured mammalian cells have two primary mechanisms for obtaining energy necessary for growth: carbohydrate metabolism to lactate and glutamine oxidation to CO2. In tissue culture medium containing both glucose and glutamine, the contribution of glutamine oxidation to the energy requirement ranges between 30 and 50%. As the glucose concentration is decreased, or when glucose is replaced by other carbohydrates, the rate of glutamine oxidation increases and glutamine becomes the sole energy source for cultured cells. The rate of glutamine oxidation is regulated by the presence of glucose. The apparent absolute requirement for glucose or other carbohydrates in tissue culture medium is related to its role in anabolic reactions rather than in energy production. Oxidation of glucose, fatty acids, or ketone bodies does not contribute significantly to the energy needs of cultured mammalian cells. The data also suggest that consideration should be given to glutamine as an important energy source in vivo.

Oil shale retorting processes: A technical overview

Abstract: The challenge facing the oil shale industry is to devise a simple and efficient retorting process that operates at low cost. This will require a thorough understanding of the important physical and chemical processes that occur during retorting, mathematical modeling to analyze the complex interactions, and sophisticated engineering to design a retorting process having the minimum cost. Retorting processes can be classified into two groups, one using hot gas as the heat transfer medium and one using hot solid material. The authors have constructed mathematical models of two generic processes from each of these groups to represent state-of-the-art processes as well as those under development. The models are based on detailed reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and process physics. Using these models, they have calculated the process characteristics and the complete mass and energy balances for 50,000-barrel/day shale oil plants. They made comparisons of these four processes to illustrate their advantages and disadvantages. The comparisons include retort vessel volume, heat exchange capacity, power requirements, water requirements, and waste gas volume. The results indicate no present easy choice of a best process. Oil shale process technology is neither highly developed nor mature, and substantial improvements can be expected from further research and development,more » and from industrial experience. The hot gas processes can be viewed as first-generation technology, and the hot solid processes, if they can be successfully developed, may be second-generation technology.« less

Scientific basis for Nuclear Waste Management VIII

Abstract: Papers were presented at the following sessions: Leaching Mechanisms; Materials Performance in Repositing Environments; Spent Fuel Studies; Geochemical Interactions; Natural Analogues; Radiation Effects; Research at the US Department of Energy Materials Characterization Center; Processing Technology; Materials Science of Concrete in Waste Management; and Low-Level Waste Studies. Industrial papers were indexed separately.

Human coronary laser recanalization.

Abstract: Five patients undergoing distal saphenous vein bypass had an attempt at intraoperative laser vaporization of a proximal coronary stenosis. Laser treatment of three patients was technically successful. One patient's successfully treated native vessel was competing with the graft at angiographic restudy 25 days after the procedure. This first human intraoperative laser recanalization trial generated questions regarding the energy source, power parameters, and catheter modifications required for satisfactory clinical laser therapy. The trial is directing future experiments toward more efficient and complete laser vaporization of atherosclerotic plaques in the human coronary vasculature.

Energy and agriculture.

Abstract: Energy and agriculture are both extremely broad subjects and their interactions - the subject of this book - cover almost the full spectrum of the agricultural sciences. Yet the subject is a relatively new one whose importance first received widespread recognition barely a decade ago, following the dramatic increase in oil prices during 1973. The impact of this increase was such as to promote a world-wide debate on the future direction that agriculture should take. This debate was, and is, of particular concern in countries where agriculture plays a leading role in economic and social development. During the last half century many national agricultural systems have been transformed from almost closed, self-sufficient systems with few locally produced inputs geared to satisfy local requirements, to intensive, open systems, utilizing large quantities of energy-rich inputs such as fossil fuel for manufactured agro-chemicals, water distribution and imported animal feedstuffs to produce a range of sophisticated products, often for export, which in tum require many energy-rich inputs for their marketing. This industrialization of agriculture has proved to be very successful in many respects and indeed was accepted as a general model for agricultural development allowing increased productivity and efficiency per unit land, labor and water, even in areas with limited natural resources.

Recent Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry Applied to Hydrocarbon Exploration

Abstract: This paper presents a critical review of recent advances in the study of generation, maturation, and migration of petroleum. The different source potentials for generating hydrocarbons depend on the type of kerogen. In addition to the classic types I, II, and III, a residual, oxidized organic matter is also observed, which has no potential for hydrocarbon generation. Coal is widely considered as a potential source for gas, but some coals may generate sizeable amounts of oil as well. The development of routine analytical tools, particularly pyrolysis, makes possible the preparation of geochemical logs that are the basis for screening samples and for interpreting other analyses. Among optical techniques, the major subjects of discussion concern the nature of amorphous organ c matter, which may encompass different chemical types of kerogen, and the applicability of vitrinite reflectance techniques to type I and II kerogens. Following important advances in identification of biological markers in sediments and crude oils, these markers are used for oil-source rock correlation, and proposed for reconstruction of depositional environment and subsequent thermal evolution. Migration of hydrocarbons is now better understood, and the importance of a hydrocarbon-phase migration is widely recognized. Overpressuring of pore fluids is mainly responsible for expulsion of petroleum. Geologic models of basin evolution (subsidence, compaction, thermal history) and geochemical models (hydrocarbon generation and migration) become progressively available. Their integration int a comprehensive model should be one of the major developments in future petroleum exploration.

Methane from anaerobic fermentation.

Abstract: Conventional anaerobic digestion is an established technology for wastewater stabilization, but methane production rates and net energy yields are generally too low to make the process competitive as a source of methane. Numerous improvements are being developed to make conversion of plant biomass to methane and simultaneous waste stabilization-methane production practical. Among these improvements are innovative-digester designs and process configurations. Efforts to commercialize modern anaerobic digestion technology are progressing.

Peptostreptococcus productus strain that grows rapidly with CO as the energy source.

Abstract: Anaerobic bacteria were enriched with a sewage digestor sludge inoculum and a mineral medium supplemented with B-vitamins and 0.05% yeast extract and with a 50% CO-30% N2-20% CO2 (2 atm [202 kPa]) gas phase. Microscopic observation revealed an abundance of gram-positive cocci, 1.0 by 1.4 micron, which occurred in pairs or chains. The coccus, strain U-1, was isolated by using roll tubes with CO as the energy source. Based on morphology, sugars fermented, fermentation products from glucose (H2, acetate, lactate, and succinate), and other features, strain U-1 was identified as Peptostreptococcus productus IIb (similar to the type strain). The doubling time with up to 50% CO was 1.5 h; acetate and CO2 were the major products. In addition, no significant change in the doubling time was observed with 90% CO. Some stock strains were also able to use CO, although not as well. Strain U-1 produced acetate during growth with H2-CO2. Other C1 compounds did not support growth. Most probable numbers of CO utilizers morphologically identical with strain U-1 were 7.5 X 10(6) and 1.1 X 10(5) cells per g for anaerobic digestor sludge and human feces, respectively.

Degradation of 4-Chlorobenzoic Acid by Arthrobacter sp.

Abstract: A mixed population, enriched and established in a defined medium, from a sewage sludge inoculum was capable of complete mineralization of 4-chlorobenzoate. An organism, identified as Arthrobacter sp., was isolated from the consortium and shown to be capable of utilizing 4-chlorobenzoate as the sole carbon and energy source in pure culture. This organism (strain TM-1), dehalogenated 4-chlorobenzoate as the initial step in the degradative pathway. The product, 4-hydroxybenzoate, was further metabolized via protocatechuate. The ability of strain TM-1 to degrade 4-chlorobenzoate in liquid medium at 25°C was improved by the use of continuous culture and repeated sequential subculturing. Other chlorinated benzoates and the parent compound benzoate did not support growth of strain TM-1. An active cell extract was prepared and shown to dehalogenate 4-chloro-, 4-fluoro-, and 4-bromobenzoate. Dehalogenase activity had an optimum pH of 6.8 and an optimum temperature of 20°C and was inhibited by dissolved oxygen and stimulated by manganese (Mn2+). Strain improvement resulted in an increase in the specific activity of the cell extract from 0.09 to 0.85 nmol of 4-hydroxybenzoate per min per mg of protein and a decrease in the doubling time of the organism from 50 to 1.6 h.

Association of hydrogen metabolism with unitrophic or mixotrophic growth of Methanosarcina barkeri on carbon monoxide.

Abstract: Methanosarcina barkeri was adapted to grow on carbon monoxide by sequential transfer of the culture in medium that contained CO (100% of culture headspace). These experiments document the ability of the organism to grow slowly (65-h doubling time) and to produce methane and CO/sub 2/ either on CO as the sole carbon and energy source or by the simultaneous consumption of methanol and CO. During growth on CO as carbon and energy source, net hydrogen formation occurred when the CO partial pressure in the culture headspace was greater than 20% CO, but hydrogen was consumed when the CO concentration was below this value.

Dynamic ion exchange chromatography for determination of number of fissions in thorium-uranium dioxide fuels

Abstract: High-performance liquid chromatography and the use of /sup 138/La as a fission monitor have been examined for the determination of the number of fissions and burnup in (Th, U)O/sub 2/ fuels. The fission product /sup 139/La in a solution of irradiated fuel was separated on a reversed phase dynamically modified with 1-octanesulfonate, and the eluted metal ions were monitored by an ''on-line'' postcolumn reaction system. The relative standard deviation of the peak heights for lanthanum in 13 fuel solutions over a 1 month period was 0.96%, and the agreement between the HPLC burnup results and those obtained by standard mass spectrometric techniques was within 0.1%; the largest source of uncertainty for the determination of the number of fissions was that associated with fission yield values. Other uses of this chromatographic system were also examined briefly. 24 references, 3 figures, 1 table.

Generation and migration of light hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Light hydrocarbons (containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms) are formed from disseminated organic matter in sediments at the parts-per-billion level by biological and low-temperature ( 50°C) cracking reactions. The cooler reactions produce mainly branched hydrocarbons, whereas the hotter reactions yield more straight chains. Hydrocarbon generation zones in the subsurface can be recognized on the basis of hydrocarbon distribution patterns. Hydrocarbons with tertiary carbon atoms form at lower temperatures than those with quaternary carbons. Methane and ethane migrate vertically through fine-grained shales by diffusion and solution, whereas many of the C3+ hydrocarbons show little or no vertical migration. Concentrations of light hydrocarbons, including methane, in fine-grained source rocks decrease to low values in deep, high-temperature (>200°C) sediments. This decrease may be one reason why no economic accumulation of gas has been found to date deeper than 8.2 kilometers (27,000 feet).

Investigations of the potential effects of underwater noise from petroleum-industry activities on migrating gray-whale behavior. Phase 2: January 1984 migration

Abstract: The study supplements work performed during 1983 in the Monterey, California region in determining the degree of behavioral response of migrating gray whales to acoustic stimuli associated with oil and gas exploration and development activities. A computer-implemented trackline program analyzed the theodolite data for any possible changes in distance from shore, speed, linearity of track, orientation toward the sound source, and course heading of the whale group. A history of marine seismic exploration off California was compiled that showed no long-term relationship with growth rates in the gray whale population.

Implantable hyperthermia device and system

Abstract: A system for generating heat and sensing the temperature in an internal body organ such as in a tumor and for gaining information about the tumor for diagnosis and other purposes comprising a first system portion which is preferably entirely implantable beneath the skin of the person being treated or diagnosed including a probe (12) device having electrical heater (34) and sensor elements (36) in it for implanting extending into the tumor to be treated and including an internal control unit (16) also implantable under the skin and operatively connected to the heater (34) and sensor elements (36) in the probe (12), the internal control unit (16) also including an electronic control unit for controlling the energizing of the heater element (34) and having a sensor responsive portion responsive to the temperature sensed by the sensor element (36), and a transmitter/receiver device (50) and a second system portion including an external control unit (22) having a transmitter/receiver device (234) for positioning on the skin adjacent to the internal transmitter/receiver device (50) for exchanging information between the internal (16) and the external control units (22), the external control unit (22) also including a computer (203) and associated computer control devices and software. The external control unit (22) also includes system elements for controlling the application of electric energy to the heater element (34) to generate heat in the body organ. The internal control unit (16) may also include a rechargeable energy source rechargeable under control of the external control unit (22).

Effect of Low Protein-High Calory or Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Diet on Reproduction of Rainbow Trout

Abstract: A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate effects of quality of diets, given to rainbow trout broodstock for 3 months before their spawning, on the reproduction and egg quality by feeding various diets, with different levels of protein and lipid or a diet without supplemental essential fatty aid (EFA). The growth rate and feed efficiency were high in the broodstock receiving the diet containing 36% protein and 18% lipid and in addition eyed rate and total hatch were also high in the eggs produced by the broodstock of this group. The growth and feed efficiency in the fish kept on the diet containing 28% protein becamen slow from around 60 days after feeding. Feeding the diet containing beef tallow as a part of energy source gave good results with regard to reproduction, comparable to those obtained in the broodstock fed on a commercial high protein diet. The EFA-deficient diet was found to result in low growth rates, eyed eggs and hatchability, and these results were also found to be effectively improved by supplementing ethyl linoleate to the diet, indicating importance of EFA for reproduction. The results of this study have demonstrated that egg quality was greatly affected by the nutritional quality of diets given to rainbow trout broodstock for a short-period of 3 months before their spawning.

Interference Competition and the Coexistence of Two Competitors on a Single Limiting Resource

Abstract: This paper proposes a mechanistic model of competition between two species for a single, nonaccumulating food resource. Actual organisms to which it may apply are sessile species like terrestrial plants and suspension-feeding benthic marine invertebrates whose energy source rains down upon them from the surrounding environment. The model's assumptions describe general functions involving population growth, resource consumption, resource availability, and interference. The pop- ulation consequences of competition thereby arise in a specified way from the properties of individual organisms. The generality of the various component functions allows them to accommodate a wide range of species' morphological, physiological, and behavioral properties as well as relevant features of the physical environment. Accordingly, the overall model potentially approximates a correspond- ingly broad array of natural cases of competition. This model demonstrates the theoretical possibility that two species jointly limited by the same energy resource can coexist at a globally stable equilibrium point. The proof of this assertion involves standard isocline analysis. It reveals that, in this case, coexistence depends upon species' interference as well as resource exploitation properties. In particular, the two can coexist if each species interferes less with resource acquisition by the other than with resource acquisition by itself and if this difference is great enough to overwhelm the advantage of the more efficient exploitation competitor. The model includes the effects of space competition and abiotic disturbances. Field testing is discussed.

Heterotrophic Utilization and Regeneration of Nitrogen

Abstract: Because organic nitrogen compounds represent both a nitrogen and an energy source for heterotrophic microorganisms in the sea, a discussion of the processes of their utilization and mineralization can bring insights either into specific aspects of the nitrogen cycle or into general mechanisms of organic matter metabolism in the sea. This paper will be mainly devoted to the latter aspect. There are indeed some technical advantages in focusing on nitrogen instead of on carbon for studying organic matter utilization in the sea, owing to the greater sensitivity of analytical methods for organic nitrogen than for organic carbon. However, parallelism or lack of parallelism between nitrogen and carbon utilization processes will be underlined.

Mechanisms of Teratogenesis

Abstract: This review discusses the mechanisms involved in congenital malformations that are primarily environmentally produced. The etiology of human malformations in the 1st year of life is genetic in 20-25% of cases environmental in 9-10% of cases and unknown (polygenic or multifactorial) in the remaining instances. Environmentally produced malformations demonstrate stage sensitivity a dose-response relationship threshold effects and genetic variability. It has been suggested that mechanisms of teratogenesis include mutation chromosomal aberrations mitotic interference altered nucleic acid synthesis and function lack of precursors and substrates for biosynthesis altered energy sources enzyme inhibition osmolar imbalance altered membrane characteristics and other mechanisms. However the fact that an environmental agent can induce 1 of these pathologic processes does not guarantee that exposure will result in teratogenesis nor does it enable prediction of teratogensis in a human if an agent exhibits 1 of these characteristics in an experimental test system. Agents that have been proven to cause congenital malformations in humans include alcohol aminopterin and methotrexate androgens coumarin derivatives diethylstilbestrol diphenylhydantoin methylmercury oxazolidine-24-diones polychlorinated biphenyls progestins radiation tetracycline thalidomide and drugs used to treat maternal hyperthyroidism. Continued investigation of the etiology and mechanisms of teratogenesis is needed to prevent exposure to environmental teratogens.

Aldehyde emissions from wood-burning fireplaces

Abstract: Aldehyde emissions from wood-burning fireplaces were measured. Total aldehydes ranged from 0.6 to 2.3 g/kg of wood burned based on tests with cedar, jack pine, red oak, and ash. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and p-tolualdehyde were the major aldehydes emitted with formaldehyde comprising 21-42% of the total. Aldehyde and particle emissions were inversely correlated with burn rate and may also be related to wood type. On the basis of our measurements, nationwide aldehyde emissions from residental wood burning were estimated to be between 14 and 54 Gg/year. This value is comparable to both power plant and automobile aldehyde emission sources. It is likely that residental wood burning is a major source of primary aldehydes during the winter. 20 references.

Thorium dioxide: properties and nuclear applications

Abstract: This is the sixth book on reactor materials published under sponsorship of the Naval Reactors Office of the United States Department of Energy, formerly the United States Atomic Energy Commission. This book presents a comprehensive compilation of the most significant properties of thorium dioxide, much like the book Uranium Dioxide: Properties and Nuclear Applications presented information on the fuel material used in the Shippingport Pressurized Water Reactor core.

Trichosporon adeninovorans sp. nov., a yeast species utilizing adenine, xanthine, uric acid, putrescine and primary n-alkylamines as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy.

Abstract: A new yeast species, Trichosporon adeninovorans, was isolated from soil by the enrichment culture method. Apart from adenine, the strain utilized uric acid, guanine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 6,8-dihydroxypurine, putrescine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine and octylamine as sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy. The structure of the cell wall of Tr. adeninovorans was ascomycetous. On the subcellular level growth on adenine or uric acid was accompanied with the development of microbodies in the cell. These cell organelles probably were the site of urate oxidase, an enzyme that, after growth on purine substrates, together with allantoinase was present at high activities. Low activities of adenine amidohydrolase and xanthine dehydrogenase were also demonstrated.