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Showing papers on "Entrepreneurship published in 1983"


Journal ArticleDOI
Danny Miller1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived a crude typology of firms: Simple firms are small and their power is centralized at the top, while planning firms are big, their goal being smooth and efficient operation through the use of formal controls and plans.
Abstract: The objective of the research was to discover the chief determinants of entrepreneurship, the process by which organizations renew themselves and their markets by pioneering, innovation, and risk taking. Some authors have argued that personality factors of the leader are what determine entrepreneurship, others have highlighted the role played by the structure of the organization, while a final group have pointed to the importance of strategy making. We believed that the manner and extent to which entrepreneurship would be influenced by all of these factors would in large measure depend upon the nature of the organization. Based upon the work of a number of authors we derived a crude typology of firms: Simple firms are small and their power is centralized at the top. Planning firms are bigger, their goal being smooth and efficient operation through the use of formal controls and plans. Organic firms strive to be adaptive to their environments, emphasizing expertise-based power and open communications. The predictiveness of the typology was established upon a sample of 52 firms using hypothesis-testing and analysis of variance techniques. We conjectured that in Simple firms entrepreneurship would be determined by the characteristics of the leader; in Planning firms it would be facilitated by explicit and well integrated product-market strategies, and in Organic firms it would be a function of environment and structure. These hypotheses were largely borne out by correlational and multiple regression analyses. Any programs which aim to stimulate entrepreneurship would benefit greatly from tailoring recommendations to the nature of the target firms.

5,067 citations


Book
01 Jan 1983

2,516 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how major firms utilize R&D activities to create new businesses through internal corporate venturing (ICV) using a qualitative method, which was done for one large, U.S.-based high-technology firm.
Abstract: Examines how major firms utilize R&D activities to create new businesses through internal corporate venturing (ICV). Using a qualitative method, this analysis was done for one large, U.S.-based high-technology firm. This firm has a new venture division, which was formed in the early 1970s. Data were obtained from the study of six major projects that were ongoing at the time of the research. This data collection included interviews with 61 firm employees involved in the projects. The key and peripheral managerial activities of the grounded process model of ICV and the flow of these activities through four venture stages are presented. The four major processes in the model are definition, impetus, strategic context determination, and structural context determination. Among the findings: It is usually the autonomous strategic initiatives of individuals at the operational level that provide the ideas for much of corporate entrepreneurship. As a result of the very autonomous nature of these initiatives, management has difficulty deciding how to deal with the new initiatives and often ignores administrative issues through the entrepreneurial process. Middle-level managers are found to play a key role in linking these autonomous initiatives to the corporate strategy of these diversified major firms. (SRD)

2,053 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A study of short-term turnaround attempts by mature industrial-product business units found that efficiency-oriented moves, but not entrepreneurial initiatives, were associated with successful turn-around.
Abstract: A study of short-term turnaround attempts by mature industrial-product business units found that efficiency-oriented moves, but not entrepreneurial initiatives, were associated with successful turn...

424 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Wayne Long1
01 Oct 1983
TL;DR: This article reviewed various definitions of entrepreneurship employed by a number of theoretical economists since 1730 and found that three recurring themes emerge from their definitions, namely that entrepreneurship involves: uncertainty and risk, complementary managerial competence, and creative opportunism.
Abstract: This paper reviews various definitions of entrepreneurship employed by a number of theoretical economists since Richard Cantillon (circa 1730). Three recurring themes emerge from their definitions, namely that “entrepreneurship” involves: 1) uncertainty and risk, 2) complementary managerial competence, and 3) creative opportunism. The authors argue that modern definitions of entrepreneurship that exclude any of these three fundamental dimensions are basically incomplete.

187 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The North Indian Peasant goes to Market (The Marwaris: From Traders to Industrialists) by Thomas A. A. Timberg as mentioned in this paper is a good example of the suitcase method of doing Indian history.
Abstract: BooK REvIEWs-SouTH AstA land remained that of the peasant (pp. 63-64). Here, as elsewhere in the study, the author's tendency is to collapse his findings into such neat but simple polarities as tradition and modernity. Similar problems vitiate his use of the concept of the peasant household, which is described in the introduction as central to his thesis. But the concept is never fully developed and seems to mean little more than peasant families who are engaged in subsistence agriculture and, by definition, either impervious to, or pitted against, the mechanisms of the market. When Swarczberg finally elaborates on the concept in the conclusion (chap. 5), he is content ro cull long quotes from Karl Polanyi and other authorities. A. V. Chayanov's theory of peasant economy crops up belatedly in this section, too lace to supply a framework of analysis for viewing the wider economic and social articulations of the peasant household. Alas, The North Indian Peasant Goes to Market does not live up to its title. A. y ANG University of Utah ANAND The Marwaris: From Traders to Industrialists. By THOMAS A. T1MBERG. New Delhi: Vikas, 1979. vi, 176 pp. Appendixes, Bibliography, Glossary, Index. $15. 95. (Distributed by Advent Books, New York.) The Marwaris are emigrant businessmen from Rajasthan and have contributed significantly to India's economic development. For this book, Thomas Timberg did extensive research in India on the Marwaris. In addition to public and English language materials, he used privately held family and business records, Gujarati and Hindi publications, and interviewed relevant informants. The book is often interest- ing and informative, but it is also immensely frustrating. There are three major problems with this book. One is its poor organization and editing, perhaps stemming from its origin as a Ph.D. thesis. Historical themes are prominent- the nineteenth-century migrations. of Marwari firms from Rajasthan, their relationships with various political and economic powers, their changing investment patterns over time-but the author's sense of chronology is hazy. The disorderly presentation of historical data prevents the reader from, for example, following the development of an argument about traditional Marwari family firms and their adaptability to the modern economy, but it is not clear that Timberg is making such an argument. That brings us to the second major problem-the lack of an argument and the failure co use the data co test anything. Many of the elements for hypothesis testing are present: significant issues and a review of the social science literature on them co date (entrepreneurship, migration theory); detailed census data on Marwari places of origin and settlement; case studies of particularly successful great firms. But these elements are not linked together to address a problem. They are simply presented, an example of what a colleague calls the suitcase method of doing Indian history-the collection of lots of fascinating material in India and its unpacking, more or less as collected, on arrival home. Unfortunately, even the usual benefits of the suitcase method - a sound chronology and the reproduction of detailed, reliable information chat others can use-are denied us because of the third major problem with this book. The data and

82 citations


01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Serra and Serra as discussed by the authors have three young and beautiful granddaughters Selma, Polly and Noah, born into the digital age and poised for the challenges and opportunities of a brave new world.
Abstract: To my three young and beautiful granddaughters Selma, Polly and Noah, born into the digital age and poised for the challenges and opportunities of a brave new world. And to my wife Linda Serra whose love and companionship helps me cope with the world as it is now.

78 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1983
TL;DR: A comparison of the psychological characteristics of entrepreneurship students with others in the general student body is made in this article, where the results of two psychological and one risk-taking tests, admin...
Abstract: A comparison of the psychological characteristics of entrepreneurship students with others in the general student body. Analysis of the results of two psychological and one risk-taking tests, admin...

70 citations


BookDOI
TL;DR: The Princeton Legacy Library as mentioned in this paper uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press, which preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions.
Abstract: This multidisciplinary study of entrepreneurship in Russian society from the sixteenth to the twentieth century demonstrates the crucial influence of central government on economic initiative. Originally published in 1983. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Posted Content
Danny Miller1
TL;DR: In this paper, a tripartite typology of the firm is proposed and the predictiveness of the typology was validated by data from interviews with 52 firms in Montreal, Canada, representing a range of industries and firm sizes.
Abstract: Various factors have been identified as determinants of entrepreneurial behavior in firms, including leader personality, organizational structure, and strategy-making. The author argues that the manner and extent that entrepreneurship is influenced by these factors depends on the nature of the organization. Incorporating the type of firm in analysis may help to explain contradictory findings among prior studies. A tripartite typology of the firm is proposed. (1) Simple firms are small, and their power is centralized at the top. (2) Planning firms are bigger; their goal is smooth and efficient operation through formal controls and plans. (3) Organic firms seek to be adaptive to their environments and emphasize expertise-based power and open communication. It is hypothesized that in Simple firms, characteristics of the leader determine entrepreneurship; in Planning firms, explicit and well-integrated product-market strategies determine entrepreneurial activities; and in Organic firms, environment and structure determine whether entrepreneurial behavior is undertaken. The predictiveness of the typology was validated by data from interviews with 52 firms in Montreal, Canada, representing a range of industries and firm sizes. Analysis also largely supported the hypotheses concerning firm behavior. Concludes that any program to stimulate entrepreneurship must take into account the type of firm targeted. (TNM)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: One result of this renewed government attention seems to lie in recognition of the employment potential of small firms rather than in the contribution that training and education might make to productivity and efficiency as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: One result of the recent upsurge of national, and indeed international, political interest in the small firm sector of the economy has been a focus on the role of management training and development in the small firm and on the wider, but related, issue of education and training for entrepreneurship. The basis for this renewed government attention seems to lie in recognition of the employment potential of small firms rather than in the contribution that training and education might make to productivity and efficiency. Added to the weight of official concern is pressure from individuals who, without the early possibility of becoming an employee, are being forced to look to their own resources and initiative. It is, therefore, scarcely surprising that much of the recent stimulus to small firms training has come from government training schemes and, in the UK, from local community‐based ventures aimed at improving local job prospects. The accent in the UK has been on encouraging the new small business start up.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined some of the factors which influence the creation of small businesses and the development of entrepreneurship in Northern Ireland and gave particular attention to the investigation of the macroeconomic constraints on the process of new-business formation, which influenced the decision of individuals to establish businesses themselves.
Abstract: This paper examines some of the factors which influence the creation of small businesses and the development of entrepreneurship in Northern Ireland. Particular attention is given to the investigation of the macroeconomic constraints on the process of new-business formation, which influence the decision of individuals to establish businesses themselves. Data on company registrations in Northern Ireland over the period 1951–1980 give some support to the proposition that new-business formation is a response to two sets of factors, ‘push’ factors and ‘pull’ factors. Push factors encourage an individual to leave paid employment (or more rarely unemployment) to establish his own business, and it is argued that the threat of unemployment is a significant factor in this decision. Pull factors operate in the opposite manner, making more attractive the opportunities and benefits of self-employment. Of particular interest in this respect is the apparent importance of upturns, or perceived upturns, in economic activ...

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate why economic theory has avoided the topic of entrepreneurship and propose a framework for classifying analytic approaches to entrepreneurship, and identify four levels of entrepreneurship analysis: the entrepreneur as a profit-maximizing decision-maker with full relevant information; entrepreneur as one who possesses certain personal characteristics such as boldness or acumen; a market consequences approach that superimposes entrepreneurial activity on an equilibrium market model; and a market consequence approach that does not presume a background equilibria.
Abstract: Investigates why economic theory has avoided the topic of entrepreneurship and proposes a framework for classifying analytic approaches to entrepreneurship The absence of the entrepreneur in modern economic theory is explained by the fact that the marketplace agitation brought about by entrepreneurial activity is precisely the element from which it is necessary for economic analysis to abstract Walrasian equilibrium analysis is compared to the work of Schumpeter to illustrate the possibility of an analytical approach that includes entrepreneurship Four levels of entrepreneurship analysis are identified: the entrepreneur as a profit-maximizing decision-maker with full relevant information; the entrepreneur as one who possesses certain personal characteristics such as boldness or acumen; a market consequences approach that superimposes entrepreneurial activity on an equilibrium market model; and a market consequences approach that does not presume a background equilibrium market model The first and second levels are rejected as being viable avenues for theoretical economic explanation and the author suggests that economists should pursue the implications, within market processes, of entrepreneurial activity, which entails developing theory at the third and fourth levels (CAR)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a formal model is constructed of the relationship between state entrepreneurship, material consequences for the techno-bureaucratic elite, and important domestic and international constraints, and it is demonstrated that there is an inverse relationship between the tendencies to reach stable levels of state entrepreneurship and the longterm potential for economic growth.
Abstract: A common characteristic of dependent industrializing countries is a substantial direct entrepreneurial role for the state. One explanation for this is that in dependent industrializing countries the system of allocation and production has been captured by a key group, the techno-bureaucratic elite. The argument is that this elite lends its political support to the state, in return for the state substituting as entrepreneur in the industrialization process. In this article we analyze the theoretical implications of this explanation of the entrepreneurial state. A formal model is constructed of the relationship between state entrepreneurship, material consequences for the techno-bureaucratic elite, and important domestic and international constraints. We then use deductive methods to analyze the logic of state entrepreneurship. Among other things, we show how cyclical fluctuations in the global economy are reflected in constantly changing levels of state entrepreneurship, and we investigate the consequences of alternative kinds of dependency syndromes for histories of entrepreneurial substitution and for streams of benefits to the techno-bureaucratic elite. It is demonstrated that there is an inverse relationship between the tendencies to reach stable levels of state entrepreneurship and the long-term potential for economic growth.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most popular approach among economic anthropologists and sociologists has been to conduct group surveys of the attitudes and behavior of small-scale traders and market-stall operators against the background of specific urban or rural settings as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Entrepreneurship in Africa can be analyzed from a number of perspectives. One approach, undoubtedly the most popular among economic anthropologists and sociologists, has been to conduct group surveys of the attitudes and behavior of small-scale traders and market-stall operators against the background of specific urban or rural settings. These studies have emphasized the importance of religion, ethnic group affiliation, family or clan structure, specialization, and the development of long-distance trading networks through migration or diaspora. Another type of study pioneered by Polly Hill, and since taken up by other field economists and historians, has been to analyze the individual innovation, cooperative effort, and adaptation of traditional institutions involved in the development of export crop agriculture (groundnuts, cocoa, coffee) by small farmers in Africa.



Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a description of a master's degree program in entrepreneurship at a western Canadian university and examine the current logic and justification for the program and the strategy of implementation and delivery.
Abstract: This article is a description of a master's degree program in entrepreneurship at a western Canadian university. The paper examines the current logic and justification for the program and the strategy of implementation and delivery. The objective of the program is the education of future entrepreneurs. The objective of this article is to provide a description which may benefit others who desire to develop a similar program.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The reform of the Hungarian economic mechanism during 1979 and 1982 is discussed in this paper, where the first steps towards disintegration of trusts and large enterprises and towards formation of small enterprises and cooperatives are regarded as promising, as are the measures that give more scope to entrepreneurship and legalization of activities in the second economy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The linkages among entrepreneurship, creativity, innovation and economic growth are only vaguely understood presently as mentioned in this paper, and this paper is an attempt to improve that understanding by incorporating new insights from several disciplines.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a conceptual framework which differentiates entrepreneurs according to the relative mix of capital and labour utilised. And they identified four sub-categories within the entrepreneurial middle class and explored the implications for social mobility on the basis of capital accumulation.
Abstract: Opportunities for entrepreneurship within modern economies are concentrated primarily within the service sector. On the basis of recent empirical research this paper develops a conceptual framework which differentiates entrepreneurs according to the relative mix of capital and labour utilised. Four sub-categories within the entrepreneurial middle class are identified and the implications for social mobility on the basis of capital accumulation are explored. In particular, attention is drawn to the significance of employment relationships as a factor which limits the growth of labour-intensive businesses. Despite its neglect within sociological theory the entrepreneurial middle class continues as a significant force within contemporary economies, and several areas for future research are suggested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theoretical foundation for marketing based on the ideas of the Austrian school of economists, which provides the basis for a theory of entrepreneurship and marketing, which they call methodological individualism.
Abstract: This article presents a theoretical foundation for marketing based on the ideas of the Austrian school of economists. After a discussion of the methodological foundations of Austrian economics, which reject the statistical and experimental methods of the physical sciences as the means to verify theory in the social sciences, the article presents the Austrians' principle of methodological individualism, which provides the basis for a theory of entrepreneurship and marketing.

01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The Frances Ohoyo Training Manual as mentioned in this paper provides self-help in six areas of leadership development for American Indian and Alaska Native women, focusing on the theories and development of leadership skills, the vulnerability of rndian women to pdverty, nontraditional' careers for Indian women, entrepreneueship, politics, and tribal sovereignty issues.
Abstract: DOCUMENT RESUME RC 014 757' Verble, Sedelta D.; Walton, M. Frances Ohoyo Training Manual. Leadership: Self Help American Indian-Alaska Native Women. OHOYO ResourCe Center, Wichita Falls, TX. Women's Educational Equity Act Program (ED); Washington, DC. 83 G008006076'. 497p; OHOYO, Inc., P; 0; Box 4073, Wichita Falls, TX 76308 ($4;00 plus postage and handling) ;. Guides Non-Classroom Use (055)-1 M 02/PC20 Plus Postage.' ctivism; Adult Edur-Stion; Alaska Natives; American Indian Culture; *American Indiant; Economic Development; Economic Status; Educational Attainment; Employment Opportunities; *Entrepreneurship; *Females; Information Sources; *Leadeiship Training; Networks; *Occupational Kspiration; Political Issues; Poverty; Role Models; *Self Help Programs; Skill bevelopment; Supplementary Reading Materials; Tribal, Sovereignty; Tribes T e training'manual provides self-help in six areas of leadership de opment for American Indian and Alaska Native women. Following an, introduction describinghow to use the manua' are six chapters focusing on the.theories and development of leadership skills, the Nulnerability of rndian women to pdverty, nontraditional' careers for Indian wpmen, entrepreneueship, politics, and tribal sovereignty issues. Each Chapter contains a,cOntent outline, narrative material, exercises both in and following the narrative, references,'and suggestions for further reading. The manual also contains an annotated bibliography of approximately 200 related items. Each entry contains the author, title, publication date, and annotation for the item. The appendices contain information regarding writing political letters and list the membership of various congressional committees. (SB) **********************************************F************************ Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the .original document. , * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *_ *********** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *** * * * * * * * * * *.*

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1983


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Marguerat as mentioned in this paper presents a scientific description of the entrepreneurship of the Cameroonian Bamileke, which has led to the country's pre-eminent position in the national economy.
Abstract: Y. Marguerat — Entrepreneurs from the Highlands: Bamileke in Cameroon. ; Resume of a geography D. Lit. thesis on the Cameroon Bamileke written by one of them. This is the first attempt at a scientific description of their justly reputed entrepreneurship, which has led them to assume a pre-eminent position in the national economy. For evident political reasons, the hostile reactions of other Cameroonian groups are only alluded to in this otherwise fascinating account.