Showing papers on "Entrepreneurship published in 1989"

Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship

Abstract: About 4.2 million men and women operate businesses on a full-time basis. Comprising more than a tenth of all workers, they run most of our nation’s firms and employ about a tenth of all wage workers. The fraction of the labor force that is self-employed has increased since the mid-1970s after a long period of decline.1 This paper examines the process of selection into self-employment over the life cycle and the determinants of self-employment earnings using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men (NLS) for 1966–1981 and the Current Population Surveys for 1968–1987.

Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases

Abstract: Over 750,000 students worldwide have used this best-selling book to understand and explore strategic management through their academic and professional careers. Available in two versions (Text and Text & Cases),Exploring Corporate Strategyhas established a reputation as a pre-eminent textbook in its field, based upon the expertise of authorship, range of cases, depth of commentary and wealth of supporting resources. The 8th edition builds on these strengths, including coverage of key topic areas in this fast-moving discipline such as internationalisation, innovation and entrepreneurship. It is written for students of Strategic Management at all levels.

The Entrepreneurship Paradigm (I): A Philosophical Look at its Research Methodologies

Abstract: Entrepreneurship research is still developing as a management science. This is especially visible when entrepreneurship research is compared to the disciplines from which it emerged, and it needs to develop its own methods and theories. Entrepreneurship research uses concepts garnered from diverse disciplines, which requires consideration of the central questions and the appropriate tools with which to study them. Several recommendations for research methods for an entrepreneurship paradigm are made: (1) less physics envy - avoid reductionism in entrepreneurship research and focus on the research as a whole through case studies; (2) fewer theoretical models and more empirical models - the present empirical knowledge of entrepreneurship research is inadequate for building robust theories; (3) less concern with sophisticated statistical analyses - entrepreneurial ventures begin with unique events and understanding them is one of the aims of entrepreneurship research. No amount of complex statistical analysis will substitute for field studies of the unique events; (4) more field research - entrepreneurship research will not get to the heart of the startup process unless it observed happening in the field; (5) more longitudinal studies - entrepreneurship is a process that evolves with time and doing only cross-sectional studies would cause much of the richness that comes from longitudinal studies to be lost; (6) dedicated researchers - better quality empirical research is needed that is exploratory or grounded and to achieve this more researchers are needed; (7) original field-derived data bases - it is difficult to do valid research on data bases that others have built since there may be unknown pitfalls, therefore entrepreneurship research should create its own data sets built from raw data; and (8) less obsession with revolutionary science - it is better to stress excellence in research, rather than glorifying extraordinary science and depreciating ordinary science. Excellent routine science is often more valuable than revolutionary science. (SFL)

In Search of the Meaning of Entrepreneurship

Abstract: This paper is an attempt to build a bridge between the popular and the academic usage of the terms entrepreneur and entrepreneurship, and to identify the raw materials needed to construct an interpretive framework capable of illuminating the nature of entrepreneurship and its role in economic theory. We review briefly the contributions made to this topic by Cantillon, Schumpeter, Schultz and Kirzner. We advance a ‘synthetic’ definition of the entrepreneur as someone who specializes in taking responsibility for and making judgemental decisions that affect the location, the form, and the use of goods, resources, or institutions. We then conclude with some observations on the basic choice confronting economics regarding the place of entrepreneurship in economic analysis.

Role Model Performance Effects on Development of Entrepreneurial Career Preference

Abstract: Critics of the trait approach to the study of entrepreneurship have called for adaptation of theory from other disciplines to explain entrepreneurial behavior. This study responds by focusing on th...

). Entrepreneurs in academe: An exploration of behaviors among life scientists

Abstract: This research was supported by the Andrew Mellon Foundation and the Department of Health and Human Services, grant DHHS-100A-83. We thank our colleagues, Thomas A. Louis, Jack Fowler, Stanley E. Seashore, Ronald G. Corwin, James Hearn, and David Wise for their helpful comments on earlier drafts, as well as three anonymous ASQ reviewers. The remaining flaws are, of course, our own. This paper explores entrepreneurship in the research university, a setting in which there has been a marked change over the past half century in norms governing relationships between scholars and the commercial sector. A survey of life science faculty members in research universities is used to distinguish five types of academic entrepreneurship: (1) engaging in large-scale science (externally funded research), (2) earning supplemental income, (3) gaining industry support for university research, (4) obtaining patents or generating trade secrets, and (5) commercialization-forming or holding equity in private companies based on a faculty member's own research. The results suggest models for the different types of entrepreneurship. Individual characteristics and attitudes are the most important predictors of large-scale science and supplemental income, which are more traditional, while local group norms play a more important role in predicting active involvement in commercialization. University policies and structures have little effect on entrepreneurship. Implications for organizational theory and the role of the university are discussed.'

Entrepreneurship and Small Business

Abstract: Preface - Acknowledgements - David and Goliath - Heroes and Super-heroes - Opportunity and Innovation - Start-up - Start-up Making it Happen - Start-up Control and Decision-making - E-business - Developing a Business Plan - From Entrepreneur to Leader - Growth Success - Growth Take-off - Financing Small Firms - The Family Firm - The Exit

Analysing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: a Political-Economy Framework

Abstract: The demand for public services and physical infrastructure in developing countries is growing steadily as populations increase, and as expectations of achieving better standards of living are raised by national development plans and international assistance programmes. Local services and infrastructure not only contribute to social welfare but also enhance the productivity of labour, allow markets to work more effectively, and create opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship (World Bank, 1975; USAID, 1982). But in many developing countries local services and infrastructure are either provided by central governments ineffectively and inefficiently, or by community organizations and private businesses only sporadically (Moris, 1976; Ayubi, 1982; Harris, 1983). Local institutions often lack the incentives, adequate funds, technical expertise, and management capacity to provide services. Thus in many developing countries there are few services of any kind in areas outside of the national capital (Rondinelli and Ruddle, 1978). Furthermore, the maintenance of physical infrastructure that does exist is notoriously poor in developing countries, and as a result services and facilities deteriorate quickly (Tendler, 1979). The World Bank reports that roads it financed during the 1960s and 1970s are deteriorating so fast that many will be unusable before the borrowing countries can repay the loans for their construction. The cost of needed road maintenance in developing countries is now approaching US$40 billion (Roth, 1987b). The problems of providing and maintaining public services and infrastructure have brought increasing calls for decentralization and

Entrepreneurship: Starting, Developing, and Managing a New Enterprise

Abstract: The text is intended for the undergraduate course in entrepreneurship and has been designed to instruct students on how to formulate, plan, and implement a new venture. Students are exposed to detailed descriptions of 'how to' embark on a new venture in a logical manner.

Imitation, Entrepreneurship, and Long-Run Growth

Abstract: Despite the widespread belief that entrepreneurship is a key factor in economic development, there have been few attempts to develop formal models to analyze the phenomenon. This paper presents a model in which endogenous entrepreneurial activity is a key determinant of economic growth. The theory also differs from standard models in that growth is driven by the imitative activities of entrepreneurs. Previous theories have focused on the direct production of knowledge, underemphasizing the importance of imitation in the growth process. The paper also examines external effects arising from these entrepreneurial activities--effects distinct from those studied by Paul Romer.

Continued entrepreneurship and small firm growth

Abstract: The label entrepreneur is often used for the founder of a firm. Do owner-managers of small firms then remain entrepreneurial? Do they actually innovate, expand, and start additional ventures?While ...

Entrepreneurship: a social psychological perspective

Abstract: Entrepreneurship can be advanced by identifying other theories of human behavior that can be transferred to the study of the field. Research paradigms such as the contingency and transactional models of leadership hold great promise. Entrepreneurial behaviors are complexly determined and require research models that reflect the richness of the processes exhibited. A social psychological approach to the field has not yet matured. Future research using more sophisticated behavioral models will have significant impact on the understanding of the development of entrepreneurial behaviors.

Types of entrepreneurs and firms: The case of new Spanish firms

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to present an empirical analysis of the sequence relating the performance of the firm to its behavior, which in turn depends upon the origin and personal characteristics of the entrepreneurs. The data are drawn from new Spanish firms. A typology of new entrepreneurs is constructed, based on their basic work aspirations. Each type of entrepreneur is then examined, in terms of the origin and personal characteristics of the members of the class. The results of the study show that significant differences exist among the entrepreneurs and firms of each type, especially in terms of the size of the firm (number of employees) and its evolution over time. The implications of these results, for the theory of entrepreneurship and for the design of policies towards the creation of new firms, are then derived.

The study of international business: a plea for a more interdisciplinary approach

Abstract: scholastic efforts to study and teach international business is entirely dependent on our capability to marshal and organise the necessary human and other assets so as to supply a range of end products which are acceptable to the academic community of which we are part, our paymasters and the main purchasers of our products, viz, the business community. Of course, the determinants of success of the practice and study of IB are interrelated; and, in our particular pursuit for excellence, there is no unique or sure-fire recipe for success. But, I observe, that in an ever increasingly complex world of international business, which is dominated by rapid and far-reaching changes in technology and by environmental turbulence, this is no less true of successful practitioners. Rarely, in seeking to identify the reasons for business achievement, is one able to find a single common denominator. Sometimes excellence is primarily based on innovatory ingenuity; sometimes on the access to or control of key inputs or markets; sometimes on aggressive or novel methods of advertising and marketing; sometimes on super-efficient capital budgeting; sometimes on dynamic and imaginative entrepreneurship; sometimes on the diversity of operational experiences and capabilities; and sometimes on an unusual aptitude to manage human relationships. But in most cases, success is founded on some amalgam of these, and it is the way in which these discrete-though increasingly interdependent-advantages are &ombined with each other and with complementary assets in different countries and cultures, which contemporary research suggests is the key competitive advantages of international firms. Call it what you will-e.g.,

From Tourist to Tourism Entrepreneur, from Consumption to Production: Evidence from Cornwall, England

Abstract: There has been little research on the social and cultural aspects of tourism entrepreneurship. In this paper the social routes to tourism entrepreneurship are investigated, with emphasis on two major channels - those of the ex-employer and the ex-employee. Data are reported from a case study of Cornwall where 411 firms were interviewed as part of a stratified sample, representing different local economic environments and different sectors of tourism. An analysis of previous occupational experience and of access to capital only provides a partial explanation of entrepreneurship in Cornish tourism. Further analysis of business motivations and of migration patterns reveals an important dimension of noneconomic decisionmaking. This raises questions as to whether tourism entrepreneurship can be seen as a form of consumption rather than production and to its relationship with the entrepreneurial middle class as a whole. -Authors

Small business economics

Abstract: The paper presents an overview of small-business economics. Small businesses are shown to comprise a substantial and expanding segment of the U.S. economy. The role of small businesses in the economy is considered from the standpoint of various economic theories of the size distribution of firms. Firm-size related empirical regularities are reviewed and their implications for economic theory is discussed. Several small-business policy issues are discussed, including the role of small businesses in labor, macroeconomic, and regulatory policies, along with a review of research on small-business economics that might help guide these policies.

Structural Opportunity or Ethnic Advantage? Immigrant Business Development in New York

Abstract: Research on ethnic enterprise emerged in the United States as part of an attempt to explain the historical differences in business activity between blacks and other ethnic groups. In Beyond the Mel...

Malays in Singapore: Culture, Economy, and Ideology

Abstract: Preface acknowledgments tables Introduction PART I CULTURE, ECONOMY, AND THE HOUSEHOLD: Conceptual framework: Householding and Malay kinship: Householding Kinship, commodification, and the gift Household membership and consumption rights: Household membership Consumption rights Householding: Husband and wife: The obligations of maintenance and housework Budgetary margins and the distribution of rewards Domestic labour: An undervalued commodity Property division: Separate economics and the balance of power Householding: The Malay cultural heritage and the Islamic Law Divorce Householding: Parents and children: The care of a young child Parents and working children Parents and unmarried working daughters Parents and unmarried working sons Authority and the flow of giving Parents and children: Old age The personal life span and the afterlife Kinship sentiment and the value of children Householding relationships and the expansion of economic resources: Individual salvation and the dispersal of inheritance Parental investment in children: Land and education The Malay household and business enterprise PART II: STRUCTURING PRACTICES: CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION IN SINGAPORE 1959-1984: The formation of the Singapore Malay community The pattern of migration and settlement Ethnic sentiment and the development of new cultural forms Malays in the national economic and educational system: The economic position of Malays and Chinese prior to 1959 Chinese and Malay economic positions 1959-1980 Labour-force participation and household size Entrepreneurship Discrimination The distribution of opportunities and rewards in the national economy The national education system Malays and education The cultural basis of class differentiation: The impact of external conditions on household form The sense of class and the achievement of social mobility Individual and community: The cultural heritage Class and hierarchy in the presence of the Chinese Malay entrepreneurship: The Malay niche in entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship within the Malay Community The competitive context: Chinese householding and entrepreneurship: The Chinese household The Chinese family and business PART III CULTURE, ECONOMY, AND IDEOLOGY: Culture, economy, and idealogy: Culture and Malay backwardness: The development of the orthodox view Economic differentiation and cultural orthodoxy in the 1980s Ideology in Singapore: Cultural explanations for structural inequalities Conclusion.

Financing the small firm

Abstract: This study presents a framework to delineate financing the small firm. Special consideration is given to small firms' unique financing sources such as trade and bank credit, entrepreneur's own resources, informal investment, and venture capital. The small firm has limited or no access to many traditional debt and equity markets that supply long term financing to the corporate world, and therefore operates in segmented and imperfect financial markets. The links between small firms' financing opportunities and managerial goals are traced from the start-up stage through establishing a mature firm. As the small firm matures, it operates in a broader financial market. This study establishes the foundation for future empirical research.